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Valente SA, Lopes GR, Ferreira I, Galrinho MF, Almeida M, Ferreira P, Cruz MT, Coimbra MA, Passos CP. Polysaccharide-Based Carriers for Pulmonary Insulin Delivery: The Potential of Coffee as an Unconventional Source. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041213. [PMID: 37111698 PMCID: PMC10144660 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive routes for insulin delivery are emerging as alternatives to currently painful subcutaneous injections. For pulmonary delivery, formulations may be in powdered particle form, using carriers such as polysaccharides to stabilise the active principle. Roasted coffee beans and spent coffee grounds (SCG) are rich in polysaccharides, namely galactomannans and arabinogalactans. In this work, the polysaccharides were obtained from roasted coffee and SCG for the preparation of insulin-loaded microparticles. The galactomannan and arabinogalactan-rich fractions of coffee beverages were purified by ultrafiltration and separated by graded ethanol precipitations at 50% and 75%, respectively. For SCG, galactomannan-rich and arabinogalactan-rich fractions were recovered by microwave-assisted extraction at 150 °C and at 180 °C, followed by ultrafiltration. Each extract was spray-dried with insulin 10% (w/w). All microparticles had a raisin-like morphology and average diameters of 1-5 µm, which are appropriate for pulmonary delivery. Galactomannan-based microparticles, independently of their source, released insulin in a gradual manner, while arabinogalactan-based ones presented a burst release. The microparticles were seen to be non-cytotoxic for cells representative of the lung, specifically lung epithelial cells (A549) and macrophages (Raw 264.7) up to 1 mg/mL. This work shows how coffee can be a sustainable source of polysaccharide carriers for insulin delivery via the pulmonary route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Valente
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Guido R Lopes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel F Galrinho
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Almeida
- CICECO, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula Ferreira
- CICECO, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria T Cruz
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel A Coimbra
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cláudia P Passos
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Petitjean M, Isasi JR. Locust Bean Gum, a Vegetable Hydrocolloid with Industrial and Biopharmaceutical Applications. Molecules 2022; 27. [PMID: 36500357 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Locust bean gum (LBG), a vegetable galactomannan extracted from carob tree seeds, is extensively used in the food industry as a thickening agent (E410). Its molecular conformation in aqueous solutions determines its solubility and rheological performance. LBG is an interesting polysaccharide also because of its synergistic behavior with other biopolymers (xanthan gum, carrageenan, etc.). In addition, this hydrocolloid is easily modified by derivatization or crosslinking. These LBG-related products, besides their applications in the food industry, can be used as encapsulation and drug delivery devices, packaging materials, batteries, and catalyst supports, among other biopharmaceutical and industrial uses. As the new derivatized or crosslinked polymers based on LBG are mainly biodegradable and non-toxic, the use of this polysaccharide (by itself or combined with other biopolymers) will contribute to generating greener products, considering the origin of raw materials used, the modification procedures selected and the final destination of the products.
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Santos MB, Isabel ICA, Garcia-Rojas EE. Ultrasonic depolymerization of aqueous tara gum solutions: kinetic, thermodynamic and physicochemical properties. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:4640-4646. [PMID: 35174497 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tara gum (TG) is characterized by its high viscosity and medium solubility, which is a result of its high molecular mass. However, for many applications, these characteristics are undesirable, making the use of TG infeasible. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of high-intensity ultrasound on the depolymerization of aqueous solutions of TG. The effect of ultrasonication was investigated by viscometry analysis as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and solubility. RESULTS The intrinsic viscosity (η) and the molecular weight (Mw ) of TG decreased after ultrasound, achieving a molecular weight reduction of 13.50 × 105 g mol-1 after 60 min of sonication at 25 °C compared to 22.04 × 105 g mol-1 before treatment. Degradation kinetics were applied to estimate the rate constant of degradation (k). It was found that the k value of TG increased with increasing temperature from 25 to 55 °C. Partially hydrolyzed TG showed greater solubility at the two temperatures investigated (25 and 80 °C). Ultrasonic treatment did not change the chemical structure of the TG molecules according to the structural analysis by FTIR, confirming its action only as breaking the structure of the polymer. CONCLUSION Ultrasound is a simple method for effectively reducing the molecular weight and viscosity and increasing the solubility of TG without using chemical reagents. The synthesis of partially hydrolyzed TG expands its potential for use in food products, including as a soluble dietary fiber. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Barreto Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (PPGCTA), Universidade Federal Rural de Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Ianne Caroline Alves Isabel
- Laboratório de Engenharia e Tecnologia Agroindustrial (LETA), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Volta Redonda, Brazil
| | - Edwin Elard Garcia-Rojas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (PPGCTA), Universidade Federal Rural de Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Brazil
- Laboratório de Engenharia e Tecnologia Agroindustrial (LETA), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Volta Redonda, Brazil
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Vismaya KU, Noorjasmine TN, Syam Das S, Kesavan L, Baby Chakrapani PS, Krishnakumar IM, Kumar CVS. Natural self-emulsifying reversible hybrid-hydrogel delivery (N'SERH) of tocopherol enhances bioavailability and modulates alcohol-induced reproductive toxicity in rats. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14305. [PMID: 34879438 DOI: 10.1111/and.14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-tocopherol (α-Toc), an antioxidant vitamin, has been widely prescribing in the treatment of infertility, in spite of its limited oral bioavailability. The present study describes the enhanced bioavailability and efficacy of a novel 'natural self-emulsifying reversible hydrogel' (N'SERH)-based oral delivery form of α-Toc-rich sunflower oil (Tα-fen) using fenugreek galactomannan hydrogel scaffold (hybrid-FENUMATTM ). Tα-fen was characterised by FTIR, SEM, TEM and DLS as a hybrid-hydrogel powder. The bioavailability study on thirty (n = 30) male Sprague Dawley rats randomised into two groups indicated 4.84-fold increase in the oral bioavailability when the formulation was provided at 15 mg/kg b. wt. of α-Toc by oral gavage. The efficacy study on 24 animals randomised into four groups as control, ethanol treated (4 mg/kg b. wt.), ethanol+unformulated, UTα (15 mg/kg b. wt.) and ethanol+formulation, Tα-fen (15 mg/kg b. wt.) revealed significant improvement (*p < 0.05) and reversal of alcohol-induced reproductive toxicity as evident from the enhanced sperm count, motility and viability parameters, testosterone levels, fructose content, and SDH activity and plasma antioxidant status among Tα-fen-treated rats, compared with unformulated, UTα-treated group. Histopathology further confirmed the reversal of the alterations in the testes morphology of Tα-fen-treated animals, indicating its promising potential in the treatment of reproductive health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- K U Vismaya
- Department of Zoology, Government Victoria College, Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - T N Noorjasmine
- Department of Zoology, Government Victoria College, Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - S Syam Das
- R&D Centre Akay Natural Ingredients, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Lakshmi Kesavan
- Molecular Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - P S Baby Chakrapani
- Centre for Neuroscience, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Llavata B, Albors A, Martin-Esparza ME. High Fibre Gluten-Free Fresh Pasta with Tiger Nut, Chickpea and Fenugreek: Technofunctional, Sensory and Nutritional Properties. Foods 2019; 9:foods9010011. [PMID: 31877757 PMCID: PMC7022698 DOI: 10.3390/foods9010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluten-free pasta production with a low glycaemic index and improved nutritional profile is still a challenge for the food industry. In this study, pasta was produced from fenugreek (FF), chickpea (CPF) and tiger nut (TNF) flours. CPF and FF are interesting for a balanced contribution of soluble and insoluble fibre by combining the health benefits of each type of fibre that promotes health. TNF, also rich in insoluble fibre, can provide additional healthy properties. The partial substitution of TNF for FF (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% w/w solids) was assessed, and the relation linking chemical composition, structure, cooking and rheological properties and predictive in-vitro starch digestion (eGI, expected glycaemic index) was analysed. The results revealed that FF, rich in galactomannans, not only improves the nutritional profile and lowers the eGI but also helps to naturally enhance the structure of the pasta product and, thus, cooking behaviour (higher swelling index and fewer cooking losses).
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Moreira ASP, Simões J, Nunes FM, Evtuguin DV, Domingues P, Coimbra MA, Domingues MRM. Nonenzymatic Transglycosylation Reactions Induced by Roasting: New Insights from Models Mimicking Coffee Bean Regions with Distinct Polysaccharide Composition. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:1831-1840. [PMID: 26855252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three mixtures containing different molar proportions of (β1→4)-D-mannotriose and (α1→5)-L-arabinotriose, oligosaccharides structurally related to coffee polysaccharides (galactomannans and arabinogalactans), were roasted at 200 °C for different periods. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n)) analyses of labeled ((18)O) and unlabeled samples allowed identification of not only nonhybrid oligosaccharides but also hybrid oligosaccharides composed of both hexose and pentose units. The identification of hybrid oligosaccharides allowed us to infer the occurrence of nonenzymatic transglycosylation reactions involving both oligosaccharides in the starting mixtures. Also, it was observed that using different proportions of the oligosaccharides in the starting mixtures and extents of thermal treatment led to a variation in the composition of the compounds formed. These results have led to the conclusion that, depending on the distribution of the polysaccharides in the bean cell walls and the roasting conditions, different nonhybrid and hybrid structures can be formed during coffee roasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S P Moreira
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Simões
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando M Nunes
- CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro , 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Dmitry V Evtuguin
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuel A Coimbra
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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da Silva Ferreira C, Piedade MTF, Tiné MAS, Rossatto DR, Parolin P, Buckeridge MS. The role of carbohydrates in seed germination and seedling establishment of Himatanthus sucuuba, an Amazonian tree with populations adapted to flooded and non-flooded conditions. Ann Bot 2009; 104:1111-9. [PMID: 19770164 PMCID: PMC2766203 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In the Amazonian floodplains plants withstand annual periods of flooding which can last 7 months. Under these conditions seedlings remain submerged in the dark for long periods since light penetration in the water is limited. Himatanthus sucuuba is a tree species found in the 'várzea' (VZ) floodplains and adjacent non-flooded 'terra-firme' (TF) forests. Biochemical traits which enhance flood tolerance and colonization success of H. sucuuba in periodically flooded environments were investigated. METHODS Storage carbohydrates of seeds of VZ and TF populations were extracted and analysed by HPAEC/PAD. Starch was analysed by enzyme (glucoamylase) degradation followed by quantification of glucose oxidase. Carbohydrate composition of roots of VZ and TF seedlings was studied after experimental exposure to a 15-d period of submersion in light versus darkness. KEY RESULTS The endosperm contains a large proportion of the seed reserves, raffinose being the main non-structural carbohydrate. Around 93 % of the cell wall storage polysaccharides (percentage dry weight basis) in the endosperm of VZ seeds was composed of mannose, while soluble sugars accounted for 2.5%. In contrast, 74 % of the endosperm in TF seeds was composed of galactomannans, while 22 % of the endosperm was soluble sugars. This suggested a larger carbohydrate allocation to germination in TF populations whereas VZ populations allocate comparatively more to carbohydrates mobilized during seedling development. The concentration of root non-structural carbohydrates in non-flooded seedlings strongly decreased after a 15-d period of darkness, whereas flooded seedlings were less affected. These effects were more pronounced in TF seedlings, which showed significantly lower root non-structural carbohydrate concentrations. CONCLUSIONS There seem to be metabolic adjustments in VZ but not TF seedlings that lead to adaptation to the combined stresses of darkness and flooding. This seems to be important for the survival of the species in these contrasting environments, leading these populations to different directions during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane da Silva Ferreira
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Projeto INPA/Max-Planck, 69011-970, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Botany, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70904-970, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Aurélio Silva Tiné
- Instituto de Botânica, Seção de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Plantas, São Paulo, SP, 04301-012, Brazil
| | | | - Pia Parolin
- Biocentre Klein Flottbek, Dept of Plant Systematics, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcos Silveira Buckeridge
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, São Paulo, SP, 05422-970, Brazil
- Corresponding author. E-mail
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Pré M, Caillet V, Sobilo J, McCarthy J. Characterization and expression analysis of genes directing galactomannan synthesis in coffee. Ann Bot 2008; 102:207-20. [PMID: 18562467 PMCID: PMC2712370 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Galactomannans act as storage reserves for the seeds in some plants, such as guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) and coffee (Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora). In coffee, the galactomannans can represent up to 25 % of the mass of the mature green coffee grain, and they exert a significant influence on the production of different types of coffee products. The objective of the current work was to isolate and characterize cDNA encoding proteins responsible for galactomannan synthesis in coffee and to study the expression of the corresponding transcripts in the developing coffee grain from C. arabica and C. canephora, which potentially exhibit slight galactomannan variations. Comparative gene expression analysis was also carried out for several other tissues of C. arabica and C. canephora. METHODS cDNA banks, RACE-PCR and genome walking were used to generate full-length cDNA for two putative coffee mannan synthases (ManS) and two galactomannan galactosyl transferases (GMGT). Gene-specific probe-primer sets were then generated and used to carry out comparative expression analysis of the corresponding genes in different coffee tissues using quantitative RT-PCR. KEY RESULTS Two of the putative galactomannan biosynthetic genes, ManS1 and GMGT1, were demonstrated to have very high expression in the developing coffee grain of both Coffea species during endosperm development, consistent with our proposal that these two genes are responsible for the production of the majority of the galactomannans found in the grain. In contrast, the expression data presented indicates that the ManS2 gene product is probably involved in the synthesis of the galactomannans found in green tissue. CONCLUSIONS The identification of genes implicated in galactomannan synthesis in coffee are presented. The data obtained will enable more detailed studies on the biosynthesis of this important component of coffee grain and contribute to a better understanding of some functional differences between grain from C. arabica and C. canephora.
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