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Coelho M, Mahar R, Belew GD, Torres A, Barosa C, Cabral F, Viegas I, Gastaldelli A, Mendes VM, Manadas B, Jones JG, Merritt ME. Enrichment of hepatic glycogen and plasma glucose from H₂ 18 O informs gluconeogenic and indirect pathway fluxes in naturally feeding mice. NMR Biomed 2023; 36:e4837. [PMID: 36151589 PMCID: PMC9845176 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Deuterated water (2 H2 O) is a widely used tracer of carbohydrate biosynthesis in both preclinical and clinical settings, but the significant kinetic isotope effects (KIE) of 2 H can distort metabolic information and mediate toxicity. 18 O-water (H2 18 O) has no significant KIE and is incorporated into specific carbohydrate oxygens via well-defined mechanisms, but to date it has not been evaluated in any animal model. Mice were given H2 18 O during overnight feeding and 18 O-enrichments of liver glycogen, triglyceride glycerol (TG), and blood glucose were quantified by 13 C NMR and mass spectrometry (MS). Enrichment of oxygens 5 and 6 relative to body water informed indirect pathway contributions from the Krebs cycle and triose phosphate sources. Compared with mice fed normal chow (NC), mice whose NC was supplemented with a fructose/glucose mix (i.e., a high sugar [HS] diet) had significantly higher indirect pathway contributions from triose phosphate sources, consistent with fructose glycogenesis. Blood glucose and liver TG 18 O-enrichments were quantified by MS. Blood glucose 18 O-enrichment was significantly higher for HS versus NC mice and was consistent with gluconeogenic fructose metabolism. TG 18 O-enrichment was extensive for both NC and HS mice, indicating a high turnover of liver triglyceride, independent of diet. Thus H2 18 O informs hepatic carbohydrate biosynthesis in similar detail to 2 H2 O but without KIE-associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Coelho
- CNC ‐ Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Rohit Mahar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Getachew D. Belew
- CNC ‐ Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Alejandra Torres
- CNC ‐ Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Cristina Barosa
- CNC ‐ Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Fernando Cabral
- CNC ‐ Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Ivan Viegas
- Center for Functional Ecology, Department of Life SciencesUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | | | - Vera M. Mendes
- CNC ‐ Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC ‐ Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - John G. Jones
- CNC ‐ Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Matthew E. Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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Yu X, Meng Z, Fang T, Liu X, Cheng Y, Xu L, Liu X, Li X, Xue M, Li T, Sun B, Chen L. Empagliflozin Inhibits Hepatic Gluconeogenesis and Increases Glycogen Synthesis by AMPK/CREB/GSK3β Signalling Pathway. Front Physiol 2022; 13:817542. [PMID: 35299662 PMCID: PMC8921641 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.817542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Increases in glucose production and decreases in hepatic glycogen storage induce glucose metabolic abnormalities in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Empagliflozin, a sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is an effective hypoglycemic drug; however, the effects of empagliflozin on hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of empagliflozin on hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Empagliflozin was administered via gavage to db/db mice for 8 weeks, and human hepatocyte HL7702 cells were treated with empagliflozin after palmitic acid (PA) stimulation. Compared with the control db/db mice, empagliflozin-treated mice showed a significant reduction in urine glucose levels, blood glucose levels, body weight and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) blood glucose levels. Moreover, the expression levels and activities of key gluconeogenesis enzymes PEPCK and G6Pase were dramatically reduced in the empagliflozin-treated mice, and the protein expression levels of AMPK/CREB/GSK3β signalling pathway-related molecules were significantly changed. In HL7702 cells, empagliflozin ameliorated glucose production and PEPCK and G6Pase expression and activity. Empagliflozin could also prevent the decreases in glycogen content and regulate the protein expression levels of AMPK/CREB/GSK3β signalling pathway-related molecules. Then, we selected the AMPK agonist AICAR and inhibitor compound C to further verify the effects of the AMPK signalling pathway on hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis. The results of the 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AIACR) intervention in HL7702 cells were consistent with those of empagliflozin treatment, and the effects of empagliflozin were abolished by compound C. In summary, empagliflozin could maintain glucose homoeostasis by reducing gluconeogenesis and increasing glycogenesis through the AMPK/CREB/GSK3β signalling pathway.
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Qu X, Guan P, Xu L, Liu B, Li M, Xu Z, Huang X, Han L. Riligustilide alleviates hepatic insulin resistance and gluconeogenesis in T2DM mice through multitarget actions. Phytother Res 2021; 36:462-474. [PMID: 34897854 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Riligustilide (RG), one of the dimeric phthalides of Angelica sinensis and Ligusticum chuanxiong, was confirmed effective against many diseases. However, its effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been clearly elucidated yet. The current study was designed to investigate the hypoglycemic potential by which RG affects the pathogenesis of T2DM. Comprehensive insights into the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of RG on attenuating aberrant metabolism of glucose were determined in high-fat diet-induced T2DM mice and insulin-resistant (IR) HepG2 cells. In high-fat diet-induced C57BL/6J mice, RG administration significantly reduced hyperglycemia, decreased hyperinsulinemia, and ameliorated glucose intolerance. Mechanistically, RG activated PPARγ and insulin signaling pathway to improve insulin sensitivity, and increase glucose uptake as well as glycogenesis. In addition, RG also upregulated AMPK-TORC2-FoxO1 axis to attenuate gluconeogenesis in vivo and in vitro. According to the findings, RG may be a promising candidate for the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Qu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peipei Guan
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lixiao Xu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Minglei Li
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhaonan Xu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xueshi Huang
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Han
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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4
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Endoh M, Baba M, Endoh T, Hirayama A, Nakamura-Ishizu A, Umemoto T, Hashimoto M, Nagashima K, Soga T, Lang M, Schmidt LS, Linehan WM, Suda T. A FLCN-TFE3 Feedback Loop Prevents Excessive Glycogenesis and Phagocyte Activation by Regulating Lysosome Activity. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1823-1834.e5. [PMID: 32049013 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor folliculin (FLCN) suppresses nuclear translocation of TFE3, a master transcription factor for lysosomal biogenesis, via regulation of amino-acid-sensing Rag GTPases. However, the importance of this lysosomal regulation in mammalian physiology remains unclear. Following hematopoietic-lineage-specific Flcn deletion in mice, we found expansion of vacuolated phagocytes that accumulate glycogen in their cytoplasm, phenotypes reminiscent of lysosomal storage disorder (LSD). We report that TFE3 acts in a feedback loop to transcriptionally activate FLCN expression, and FLCN loss disrupts this loop, augmenting TFE3 activity. Tfe3 deletion in Flcn knockout mice reduces the number of phagocytes and ameliorates LSD-like phenotypes. We further reveal that TFE3 stimulates glycogenesis by promoting the expression of glycogenesis genes, including Gys1 and Gyg, upon loss of Flcn. Taken together, we propose that the FLCN-TFE3 feedback loop acts as a rheostat to control lysosome activity and prevents excessive glycogenesis and LSD-like phagocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Endoh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore 117599, Singapore; International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Masaya Baba
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Tamie Endoh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore 117599, Singapore; International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Ayako Nakamura-Ishizu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore 117599, Singapore; International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Terumasa Umemoto
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Michihiro Hashimoto
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kunio Nagashima
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Martin Lang
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Laura S Schmidt
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Toshio Suda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore 117599, Singapore; International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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Sadiku P, Willson JA, Ryan EM, Sammut D, Coelho P, Watts ER, Grecian R, Young JM, Bewley M, Arienti S, Mirchandani AS, Sanchez Garcia MA, Morrison T, Zhang A, Reyes L, Griessler T, Jheeta P, Paterson GG, Graham CJ, Thomson JP, Baillie K, Thompson AAR, Morgan JM, Acosta-Sanchez A, Dardé VM, Duran J, Guinovart JJ, Rodriguez-Blanco G, Von Kriegsheim A, Meehan RR, Mazzone M, Dockrell DH, Ghesquiere B, Carmeliet P, Whyte MKB, Walmsley SR. Neutrophils Fuel Effective Immune Responses through Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenesis. Cell Metab 2021; 33:411-423.e4. [PMID: 33306983 PMCID: PMC7863914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils can function and survive in injured and infected tissues, where oxygen and metabolic substrates are limited. Using radioactive flux assays and LC-MS tracing with U-13C glucose, glutamine, and pyruvate, we observe that neutrophils require the generation of intracellular glycogen stores by gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis for effective survival and bacterial killing. These metabolic adaptations are dynamic, with net increases in glycogen stores observed following LPS challenge or altitude-induced hypoxia. Neutrophils from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have reduced glycogen cycling, resulting in impaired function. Metabolic specialization of neutrophils may therefore underpin disease pathology and allow selective therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranvera Sadiku
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Joseph A Willson
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Eilise M Ryan
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David Sammut
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Patricia Coelho
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Emily R Watts
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Robert Grecian
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jason M Young
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Martin Bewley
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Simone Arienti
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ananda S Mirchandani
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Manuel A Sanchez Garcia
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Tyler Morrison
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ailing Zhang
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Leila Reyes
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Tobias Griessler
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Privjyot Jheeta
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Gordon G Paterson
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Christopher J Graham
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - John P Thomson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kenneth Baillie
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - A A Roger Thompson
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Jessie-May Morgan
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Abel Acosta-Sanchez
- Metabolomics Expertise Centre, VIB-KU Leuven Centre for Cancer Biology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Veronica M Dardé
- Metabolomics Expertise Centre, VIB-KU Leuven Centre for Cancer Biology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jordi Duran
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Joan J Guinovart
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid 28029, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Gio Rodriguez-Blanco
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Alex Von Kriegsheim
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard R Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, VIB-KU Leuven Centre for Cancer Biology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - David H Dockrell
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Bart Ghesquiere
- Metabolomics Expertise Centre, VIB-KU Leuven Centre for Cancer Biology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Moira K B Whyte
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sarah R Walmsley
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Cao T, Chen Q, Zhang B, Wu X, Zeng C, Zhang S, Cai H. Clozapine Induced Disturbances in Hepatic Glucose Metabolism: The Potential Role of PGRMC1 Signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:727371. [PMID: 34970218 PMCID: PMC8712644 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.727371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly emerging evidence has implicated that progesterone receptor component 1 (PGRMC1) plays a novel role not only in the lipid disturbance induced by atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPD) but also in the deterioration of glucose homoeostasis induced by clozapine (CLZ) treatment. The present study aimed to investigate the role of PGRMC1 signaling on hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis in male rats following CLZ treatment (20 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks). Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAV) were constructed for the knockdown or overexpression of hepatic PGRMC1. Meanwhile, AG205, the specific inhibitor of PGRMC1 was also used for functional validation of PGRMC1. Hepatic protein expressions were measured by western blotting. Meanwhile, plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon, HbA1c and hepatic glycogen were also determined by assay kits. Additionally, concentrations of progesterone (PROG) in plasma, liver and adrenal gland were measured by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Our study demonstrated that CLZ promoted the process of gluconeogenesis and repressed glycogenesis, respectively mediated by PI3K-Akt-FOXO1 and GSK3β signaling via inhibition of PGRMC1-EGFR/GLP1R in rat liver, along with an increase in fasting blood glucose, HbA1c levels and a decrease in insulin and hepatic glycogen levels. Furthermore, through PGRMC1-EGFR/GLP1R-PI3K-Akt pathway, knockdown or inhibition (by AG205) of PGRMC1 mimics, whereas its overexpression moderately alleviates CLZ-induced glucose disturbances. Potentially, the PGRMC1 target may be regarded as a novel therapeutic strategy for AAPD-induced hepatic glucose metabolism disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - BiKui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - XiangXin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - CuiRong Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - ShuangYang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - HuaLin Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: HuaLin Cai,
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7
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Scarini JF, Rosa LF, Souza RADL, Egal ESA, Tincani AJ, Martins AS, Kowalski LP, Graner E, Coletta RD, Carlos R, Gondak RDO, de Almeida OP, Altemani AMDAM, Bastos DC, Mariano FV. Gene and immunohistochemical expression of HIF-1α, GLUT-1, FASN, and adipophilin in carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma development. Oral Dis 2020; 26:1190-1199. [PMID: 32180291 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the gene and immunohistochemical expression of HIF-1α, GLUT-1, FASN, and adipophilin in normal salivary gland (NSG), pleomorphic adenoma (PA), and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS The gene expression was investigated by the real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) method in 9 samples of frozen tissues of normal salivary gland, 13 PA, and 10 CXPA. We validated the reactions by immunohistochemistry on 20 samples from NSG, 85 PA, and 44 CXPA. RESULTS Our results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in HIF-1α gene and immunohistochemistry expression among the tissues studied while FASN gene and immunohistochemistry expression increased along the carcinogenesis of the PA. GLUT-1 was significantly more expressed in tumor tissues (PA and CXPA), although protein is mainly expressed in transformed cells than in PA and NSG. In contrast, adipophilin was significantly more expressed in NSG while the expression of the protein increased in PA and CXPA. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the data presented here suggest that neoplastic cells reprogram the expression of GLUT-1 and adipophilin to adapt to the tumor microenvironment and reinforce, through immunohistochemical results, a possible transcriptional and post-translational regulatory mechanisms that act on the expression of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alfio José Tincani
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgard Graner
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School/UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Roman Carlos
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Laboratory, Head and Neck Clinical Center, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Sun HJ, Cao L, Zhu MY, Wu ZY, Shen CY, Nie XW, Bian JS. DR-region of Na +/K +-ATPase is a target to ameliorate hepatic insulin resistance in obese diabetic mice. Theranostics 2020; 10:6149-6166. [PMID: 32483445 PMCID: PMC7255017 DOI: 10.7150/thno.46053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced hepatic Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity and NKAα1 expression are engaged in the pathologies of metabolism diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the potential roles of NKAα1 in hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis in both hepatocytes and obese diabetic mice. Methods: Insulin resistance was mimicked by glucosamine (GlcN) in either human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells or primary mouse primary hepatocytes. Obese diabetic mice were induced by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding for 12 weeks. Results: We found that both NKA activity and NKAα1 protein level were downregulated in GlcN-treated hepatocytes and in the livers of obese diabetic mice. Pharmacological inhibition of NKA with ouabain worsened, while activation of NKAα1 with an antibody against an extracellular DR region of NKAα1 subunit (DR-Ab) prevented GlcN-induced increase in gluconeogenesis and decrease in glycogenesis. Likewise, the above results were also corroborated by the opposite effects of genetic knockout/overexpression of NKAα1 on both gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis. In obese diabetic mice, hepatic activation or overexpression of NKAα1 stimulated the PI3K/Akt pathway to suppress hyperglycemia and improve insulin resistance. More importantly, loss of NKA activities in NKAα1+/- mice was associated with more susceptibility to insulin resistance following HFD feeding. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that NKAα1 is a physiological regulator of glucose homoeostasis and its DR-region is a novel target to treat hepatic insulin resistance.
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Abstract
Eukaryotic protein kinases (EPKs) regulate almost every biological process and have evolved to be dynamic molecular switches; this is in stark contrast to metabolic enzymes, which have evolved to be efficient catalysts. In particular, the highly conserved active site of every EPK is dynamically and transiently assembled by a process that is highly regulated and unique for every protein kinase. We review here the essential features of the kinase core, focusing on the conserved motifs and residues that are embedded in every kinase. We explore, in particular, how the hydrophobic core architecture specifically drives the dynamic assembly of the regulatory spine and consequently the organization of the active site where the γ-phosphate of ATP is positioned by a convergence of conserved motifs including a conserved regulatory triad for transfer to a protein substrate. In conclusion, we show how the flanking N- and C-terminal tails often classified as intrinsically disordered regions, as well as flanking domains, contribute in a highly kinase-specific manner to the regulation of the conserved kinase core. Understanding this process as well as how one kinase activates another remains as two of the big challenges for the kinase signaling community. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(6):672-684, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hiruy S Meharena
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexandr P Kornev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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10
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Rajagopal G, Bhaskaran RS, Karundevi B. Maternal di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure alters hepatic insulin signal transduction and glucoregulatory events in rat F 1 male offspring. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:751-763. [PMID: 30565266 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a commonly used plasticizer with endocrine disrupting properties. Its widespread use resulted in constant human exposure including fetal development and postnatal life. Epidemiological and experimental data have shown that DEHP has a negative influence on glucose homeostasis. However, the evidence regarding the effect of maternal DEHP exposure on hepatic glucose homeostasis is scarce. Hence, we investigated whether DEHP exposure during gestation and lactation disrupts glucose homeostasis in the rat F1 male offspring at adulthood. Pregnant rats were divided into three groups and administered with DEHP (10 and 100 mg/kg/day) or olive oil from gestational day 9 to postnatal day 21 (lactation period) through oral gavage. DEHP-exposed offspring exhibited hyperglycemia, impaired glucose and insulin tolerances along with hyperinsulinemia at postnatal day 80. DEHP exposure significantly reduced the levels of insulin signaling molecules such as insulin receptors, IRS1, Akt and its phosphorylated forms. GSK3β and FoxO1 proteins increased in DEHP-exposed groups whereas its phosphorylated forms decreased. Treated groups showed decreased glycogen synthase activity and glycogen concentration. Glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA level and enzyme activity increased in DEHP-treated groups. The interaction between FoxO1-glucose-6-phosphatase and FoxO1-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was also increased. This study suggests that DEHP exposure impairs insulin signal transduction and alters glucoregulatory events leading to the development of type 2 diabetes in F1 male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokulapriya Rajagopal
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai, 600 113, India
| | - Ravi Sankar Bhaskaran
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai, 600 113, India
| | - Balasubramanian Karundevi
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai, 600 113, India
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11
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Yuan X, Huang H, Huang Y, Wang J, Yan J, Ding L, Zhang C, Zhang L. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 knockdown enhances glucose uptake and alters glucose metabolism in AML12 hepatocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:930-938. [PMID: 28440735 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217694435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor known to induce the expression of a variety of antioxidant and detoxification genes. Recently, increasing evidence has revealed roles for Nrf2 in glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism; however, the exact functions of Nrf2 in hepatocyte biology are largely unclear. In the current study, the transient knockdown of Nrf2 via siRNA transfection enhanced the glucose uptake of fasting AML12 hepatocytes to 325.3 ± 11.1% ( P < 0.05) of that of untransfected control cells. The impacts of Nrf2 knockdown (NK) on the antioxidant system, inflammatory response, and glucose metabolism were then examined in AML12 cells under both high-glucose (33 mmol/L) and low-glucose (4.5 mmol/L) conditions. NK lowered the gene and protein expression of the anti-oxidases heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 and increased p-eukaryotic initiation factor-2αS51, p-nuclear factor-κB p65S276, and its downstream proinflammatory factors, including interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-α, matrix metalloproteinase 2, and matrix metalloproteinase 9, at the protein level. NK also altered the protein expression of fibroblast growth factor 21, glucose transporter type 4, insulin-like growth factor 1, forkhead box protein O1, p-AKTS473, and p-GSK3α/βY279/Y216, which are involved in glucose uptake, glycogenesis, and gluconeogenesis in AML12 cells. Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of the central role of Nrf2 in the regulation of glucose metabolism in AML12 hepatocytes, in addition to its classical roles in the regulation of redox signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress and proinflammatory responses, and support the potential of Nrf2 as a therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of obesity and other associated metabolic syndromes. Impact statement Increasing evidence supports the complexity of Nrf2 functions beyond the antioxidant and detoxification response. Previous in vivo studies employing either Nrf2-knockout or Nrf2-activated mice have achieved a similar endpoint: protection against an obese and insulin-resistant phenotype that includes impaired lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. These apparently paradoxical observations led us to evaluate the impact of Nrf2 in liver cells in the absence of any influence from the systemic environment, including changes in the secretion of adipokines and proinflammatory cytokines by adipose tissues. In the present study, Nrf2 knockdown was sufficient to induce fundamental changes in the glucose metabolism of AML12 hepatocytes in addition to its classical cytoprotective functions. We also discuss similarities and differences between our in vitro study and previous in vivo studies, which may be helpful to dissect and better understand in vivo data that represents the culmination of both local and systemic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yuan
- Institute on Aging, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Huijing Huang
- Institute on Aging, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Institute on Aging, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jinli Wang
- Institute on Aging, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jinhua Yan
- Institute on Aging, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ling Ding
- Institute on Aging, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Cuntai Zhang
- Institute on Aging, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Institute on Aging, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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12
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Wang S, Wang L, Dou L, Guo J, Fang W, Li M, Meng X, Man Y, Shen T, Huang X, Li J. MicroRNA 152 regulates hepatic glycogenesis by targeting PTEN. FEBS J 2016; 283:1935-46. [PMID: 26996529 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic insulin resistance, defined as a diminished ability of hepatocytes to respond to the action of insulin, plays an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Aberrant expression of mmu-miR-152-3p (miR-152) is related to the pathogenesis of tumors such as hepatitis B virus related hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the role of miR-152 in hepatic insulin resistance remains unknown. In the present study, we identified the potential role of miR-152 in regulating hepatic glycogenesis. The expression of miR-152 and the level of glycogen were significantly downregulated in the liver of db/db mice and mice fed a high fat diet. In vivo and in vitro results suggest that inhibition of miR-152 expression induced impaired glycogenesis in hepatocytes. Interestingly, miR-152 expression, glycogen synthesis and protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase (AKT/GSK) pathway activation were significantly decreased in the liver of mice injected with 16 μg·mL(-1) interleukin 6 (IL-6) by pumps for 7 days and in NCTC 1469 cells treated with 10 ng·mL(-1) IL-6 for 24 h. Moreover, hepatic overexpression of miR-152 rescued IL-6-induced impaired glycogenesis. Finally, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was identified as a direct target of miR-152 to mediate hepatic glycogen synthesis. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into the effects of miR-152 on the regulation of the AKT/GSK pathway and the synthesis of glycogen in hepatocytes. Downregulated miR-152 induced impaired hepatic glycogenesis by targeting PTEN. PTEN participated in miR-152-mediated glycogenesis in hepatocytes via regulation of the AKT/GSK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyue Wang
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, China.,Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Family Planning Service Center, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Dou
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, China
| | - Weiwei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, China
| | - Meng Li
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, China
| | - Yong Man
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, China
| | - Xiuqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, China
| | - Jian Li
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, China
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13
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Liu TY, Shi CX, Gao R, Sun HJ, Xiong XQ, Ding L, Chen Q, Li YH, Wang JJ, Kang YM, Zhu GQ. Irisin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis and increases glycogen synthesis via the PI3K/Akt pathway in type 2 diabetic mice and hepatocytes. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:839-50. [PMID: 26201094 DOI: 10.1042/CS20150009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased glucose production and reduced hepatic glycogen storage contribute to metabolic abnormalities in diabetes. Irisin, a newly identified myokine, induces the browning of white adipose tissue, but its effects on gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis are unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of irisin on gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis in hepatocytes with insulin resistance, and its therapeutic role in type 2 diabetic mice. Insulin resistance was induced by glucosamine (GlcN) or palmitate in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and mouse primary hepatocytes. Type 2 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin/high-fat diet (STZ/HFD) in mice. In HepG2 cells, irisin ameliorated the GlcN-induced increases in glucose production, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) expression, and glycogen synthase (GS) phosphorylation; it prevented GlcN-induced decreases in glycogen content and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) p110α subunit level, and the phosphorylation of Akt/protein kinase B, forkhead box transcription factor O1 (FOXO1) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3). These effects of irisin were abolished by the inhibition of PI3K or Akt. The effects of irisin were confirmed in mouse primary hepatocytes with GlcN-induced insulin resistance and in human HepG2 cells with palmitate-induced insulin resistance. In diabetic mice, persistent subcutaneous perfusion of irisin improved the insulin sensitivity, reduced fasting blood glucose, increased GSK3 and Akt phosphorylation, glycogen content and irisin level, and suppressed GS phosphorylation and PEPCK and G6Pase expression in the liver. Irisin improves glucose homoeostasis by reducing gluconeogenesis via PI3K/Akt/FOXO1-mediated PEPCK and G6Pase down-regulation and increasing glycogenesis via PI3K/Akt/GSK3-mediated GS activation. Irisin may be regarded as a novel therapeutic strategy for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Narasimhan A, Chinnaiyan M, Karundevi B. Ferulic acid exerts its antidiabetic effect by modulating insulin-signalling molecules in the liver of high-fat diet and fructose-induced type-2 diabetic adult male rat. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015. [PMID: 26201855 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA) is a phenolic phytochemical known for its antidiabetic property The present study is designed to evaluate the mechanism behind its antidiabetic property in high-fat and fructose-induced type 2 diabetic adult male rats. Animals were divided into 5 groups: (i) control, (ii) diabetic control, (iii) diabetic animals treated with FA (50 mg/(kg body weight · day)(-1), orally) for 30 days, (iv) diabetic animals treated with metformin (50 mg/(kg body weight · day)(-1), orally) for 30 days, and (v) control rats treated with FA. FA treatment to diabetic animals restored blood glucose, serum insulin, glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance to normal range. Hepatic glycogen concentration, activity of glycogen synthase, and glucokinase were significantly decreased, whereas activity of glycogen phosphorylase and enzymes of gluconeogenesis (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase)) were increased in diabetic animals and FA restored these to normal levels similar to that of metformin. FA improved the insulin signalling molecules and reduced the negative regulators of insulin signalling. The messenger RNA of gluconeogenic enzyme genes (PEPCK and G6Pase) and the interaction between forkhead transcription factor-O1 and promoters of gluconeogenic enzyme genes (PEPCK and G6Pase) was reduced significantly by ferulic acid. It is concluded from the present study that FA treatment to type 2 diabetic rats improves insulin sensitivity and hepatic glycogenesis but inhibits gluconeogenesis and negative regulators of insulin signalling to maintain normal glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akilavalli Narasimhan
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr.ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.,Department of Endocrinology, Dr.ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Mayilvanan Chinnaiyan
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr.ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.,Department of Endocrinology, Dr.ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Balasubramanian Karundevi
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr.ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.,Department of Endocrinology, Dr.ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
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15
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Labbé SM, Caron A, Bakan I, Laplante M, Carpentier AC, Lecomte R, Richard D. In vivo measurement of energy substrate contribution to cold-induced brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. FASEB J 2015; 29:2046-58. [PMID: 25681456 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-266247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of cold on brown adipose tissue (BAT) energy substrate utilization in vivo using the positron emission tomography tracers [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (glucose uptake), 14(R,S)-[(18)F]fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid [nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) uptake], and [(11)C]acetate (oxidative activity). The measurements were performed in rats adapted to 27°C, which were acutely subjected to cold (10°C) for 2 and 6 hours, and in rats chronically adapted to 10°C for 21 days, which were returned to 27°C for 2 and 6 hours. Cold exposure (acutely and chronically) led to increases in BAT oxidative activity, which was accompanied by concomitant increases in glucose and NEFA uptake. The increases were particularly high in cold-adapted rats and largely readily reduced by the return to a warm environment. The cold-induced increase in oxidative activity was meaningfully blunted by nicotinic acid, a lipolysis inhibitor, which emphasizes in vivo the key role of intracellular lipid in BAT thermogenesis. The changes in BAT oxidative activity and glucose and NEFA uptakes were paralleled by inductions of genes involved in not only oxidative metabolism but also in energy substrate replenishment (triglyceride and glycogen synthesis). The capacity of BAT for energy substrate replenishment is remarkable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien M Labbé
- *Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, and Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Alexandre Caron
- *Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, and Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Inan Bakan
- *Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, and Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- *Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, and Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- *Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, and Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Roger Lecomte
- *Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, and Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- *Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, and Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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Zeqiraj E, Tang X, Hunter RW, García-Rocha M, Judd A, Deak M, von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff A, Kurinov I, Guinovart JJ, Tyers M, Sakamoto K, Sicheri F. Structural basis for the recruitment of glycogen synthase by glycogenin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2831-40. [PMID: 24982189 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402926111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen is a primary form of energy storage in eukaryotes that is essential for glucose homeostasis. The glycogen polymer is synthesized from glucose through the cooperative action of glycogen synthase (GS), glycogenin (GN), and glycogen branching enzyme and forms particles that range in size from 10 to 290 nm. GS is regulated by allosteric activation upon glucose-6-phosphate binding and inactivation by phosphorylation on its N- and C-terminal regulatory tails. GS alone is incapable of starting synthesis of a glycogen particle de novo, but instead it extends preexisting chains initiated by glycogenin. The molecular determinants by which GS recognizes self-glucosylated GN, the first step in glycogenesis, are unknown. We describe the crystal structure of Caenorhabditis elegans GS in complex with a minimal GS targeting sequence in GN and show that a 34-residue region of GN binds to a conserved surface on GS that is distinct from previously characterized allosteric and binding surfaces on the enzyme. The interaction identified in the GS-GN costructure is required for GS-GN interaction and for glycogen synthesis in a cell-free system and in intact cells. The interaction of full-length GS-GN proteins is enhanced by an avidity effect imparted by a dimeric state of GN and a tetrameric state of GS. Finally, the structure of the N- and C-terminal regulatory tails of GS provide a basis for understanding phosphoregulation of glycogen synthesis. These results uncover a central molecular mechanism that governs glycogen metabolism.
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Abstract
Hypothalamic and autonomic nervous regulation of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism in the liver and of lipid metabolism in adipose tissues is described. The direct neural mechanism underlying this regulation has been evaluated. Electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH)-splanchnic nerve system causes glycogenolysis in the liver by rapid activation of glycogen phosphorylase, whereas electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic nucleus (LH)-vagus nerve system promotes glycogenesis in the liver by activation of glycogen synthetase, through direct neural and neural-hormonal mechanisms. Studies on chemical coding of the hypothalamic neurones have revealed that norepinephrine-sensitive neurones in the VMH and acetylcholine-sensitive neurones in the LH are specifically involved in the regulation of liver phosphorylase and glycogen synthetase, respectively. Acetylcholine-sensitive neurones of the LH were also found to be concerned in regulation of hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase activity, through intermediation of the cholinergic system in the LH-vagal pathway. Finally, it has been shown that the VMH acts as a regulatory centre for lipolysis in adipose tissues by modulating activation of the sympathetic nervous system. In addition, stimulation of the VMH enhanced lipogenesis in brown adipose tissue preferentially, probably through a mechanism mediated by sympathetic innervation of this tissue. The latter finding suggests that both the breakdown and resynthesis of triglycerides in brown adipose tissue, but not in white adipose tissue, are accelerated by stimulation of the VMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shimazu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shigenobu, Ehime, Japan
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