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Paval DR, Di Virgilio TG, Skipworth RJE, Gallagher IJ. The Emerging Role of Intelectin-1 in Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:767859. [PMID: 35186726 PMCID: PMC8850632 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.767859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intelectin (ITLN) is an adipokine with two homologs-ITLN1 and ITLN2-that has various physiological functions. Studies analyzing the relationship between ITLN and cancer are focused on ITLN1; the available literature on ITLN2 and cancer is limited. This review aims to evaluate the role of ITLN1 in cancer without imposing any inclusion criteria, to examine pro- and anticancer roles for ITLN1 and to discuss whether the relationship between ITLN and cancer is mediated by obesity. FINDINGS Overall, ITLN1 level was highly variable in cancer patients but different from healthy individuals. Compared with control groups, patients with gastrointestinal and prostate cancer showed increased concentrations of circulating ITLN1, while patients with gynecological, breast, bladder, and renal cancer had lower ITLN1 levels. Several studies also evaluated tissue and tumor expression of ITLN1. In gastrointestinal cancer, ITLN1 was increased in tumor tissue compared with adjacent healthy tissue and elevated in the visceral adipose tissue of patients compared with controls. Consequently, the high levels of circulating ITLN1 might be determined by the tumor and by the cancer-associated weight loss in gastrointestinal cancer. ITLN1 can activate the phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway. The improper regulation of this pathway may contribute to a series of cellular events that favor tumor development and progression. Obesity has been linked with an increased risk of developing some cancers. Indeed, low circulating ITLN1 levels may be a marker of the metabolic effects of obesity, rather than obesity per se, and might contribute to a deregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. CONCLUSIONS ITLN1 could be associated with cancer formation and progression. Since circulating ITLN1 levels are highly variable and differ between cancer types, the local tumor production of ITLN1 could be more relevant in determining malignant behavior. Future research should aim to identify the source of ITLN1 variability, to understand the differences in ITLN1 between distinct tumor types, and to further explore the signaling pathways through which this adipokine influences cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Robert Paval
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard J E Skipworth
- Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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2
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Nonnecke EB, Castillo PA, Johansson MEV, Hollox EJ, Shen B, Lönnerdal B, Bevins CL. Human intelectin-2 (ITLN2) is selectively expressed by secretory Paneth cells. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22200. [PMID: 35182405 PMCID: PMC9262044 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101870r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Intelectins (intestinal lectins) are highly conserved across chordate evolution and have been implicated in various human diseases, including Crohn's disease (CD). The human genome encodes two intelectin genes, intelectin-1 (ITLN1) and intelectin-2 (ITLN2). Other than its high sequence similarity with ITLN1, little is known about ITLN2. To address this void in knowledge, we report that ITLN2 exhibits discrete, yet notable differences from ITLN1 in primary structure, including a unique amino terminus, as well as changes in amino acid residues associated with the glycan-binding activity of ITLN1. We identified that ITLN2 is a highly abundant Paneth cell-specific product, which localizes to secretory granules, and is expressed as a multimeric protein in the small intestine. In surgical specimens of ileal CD, ITLN2 mRNA levels were reduced approximately five-fold compared to control specimens. The ileal expression of ITLN2 was unaffected by previously reported disease-associated variants in ITLN2 and CD-associated variants in neighboring ITLN1 as well as NOD2 and ATG16L1. ITLN2 mRNA expression was undetectable in control colon tissue; however, in both ulcerative colitis (UC) and colonic CD, metaplastic Paneth cells were found to express ITLN2. Together, the data reported establish the groundwork for understanding ITLN2 function(s) in the intestine, including its possible role in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Nonnecke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Patricia A Castillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Malin E V Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Edward J Hollox
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Charles L Bevins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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3
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Christodoulatos GS, Antonakos G, Karampela I, Psallida S, Stratigou T, Vallianou N, Lekka A, Marinou I, Vogiatzakis E, Kokoris S, Papavassiliou AG, Dalamaga M. Circulating Omentin-1 as a Biomarker at the Intersection of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Occurrence and Cardiometabolic Risk: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111609. [PMID: 34827610 PMCID: PMC8615461 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant circulating omentin-1, which is an anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic adipokine, has been reported in various solid tumors. Therefore, we investigated whether circulating omentin-1 could be associated with postmenopausal BC (PBC) and could be used as a potential diagnostic and clinical tool taking into consideration clinicopathologic features, tumor markers, as well as anthropometric, metabolic, and inflammatory parameters. Serum omentin-1, tumor markers (CA15-3 and CEA); metabolic (insulin, glucose, HOMA index, and serum lipids), anthropometric (BMI, waist circumference, and fat mass), and inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6, hsCRP) parameters; classic adipokines (leptin and adiponectin); the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) score; and cardiovascular (CVD) risk were determined in 103 postmenopausal women with pathologically confirmed incident invasive BC, 103 controls matched on age, 51 patients with benign breast lesions (BBL), and 50 obese postmenopausal women of similar age. The mean serum omentin-1 was significantly lower in cases than in controls and patients with BBL (p < 0.001). In the patients, omentin-1 was inversely associated with tumor, metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers, cancer stage, and the number of infiltrated lymph nodes (p < 0.05). In all study participants, omentin-1 was negatively correlated with CVD risk and positively correlated with MedDiet score. Lower circulating omentin-1 was independently associated with PBC occurrence above and beyond known risk factors. According to the ROC curve analysis, the overall diagnostic performance of omentin-1 (0.84, 95% CI 0.79–0.89) is similar to CA15-3. Circulating omentin-1 may be a biomarker at the intersection of PBC and cardiometabolic risk in postmenopausal women, and could be modulated by the adoption of a MedDiet. Further mechanistic and large multicentric prospective and longitudinal studies are required to elucidate the ontological role of omentin-1 in BC and CVD risks, as well as its diagnostic and prognostic ability and its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimos Socrates Christodoulatos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.S.C.); (S.P.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Georgios Antonakos
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry & Laboratory of Hematology and Blood Bank Unit, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon General University Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece; (G.A.); (S.K.)
| | - Irene Karampela
- 2nd Department of Critical Care, Medical School, University of Athens, Attikon General University Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Sotiria Psallida
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.S.C.); (S.P.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Theodora Stratigou
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Evaggelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ypsilantou Street, 10676 Athens, Greece; (T.S.); (N.V.)
| | - Natalia Vallianou
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Evaggelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ypsilantou Street, 10676 Athens, Greece; (T.S.); (N.V.)
| | - Antigoni Lekka
- Laboratory Department, NIMTS-Army Share Fund General Hospital, 12 Monis Petraki and Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ioanna Marinou
- Laboratory Department, Sotiria Athens General Hospital, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece; (I.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Evaggelos Vogiatzakis
- Laboratory Department, Sotiria Athens General Hospital, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece; (I.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Styliani Kokoris
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry & Laboratory of Hematology and Blood Bank Unit, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon General University Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece; (G.A.); (S.K.)
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.S.C.); (S.P.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.S.C.); (S.P.); (A.G.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-21-058-3040
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Nagata S, Tanuma M. Embryonic Epidermal Lectins in Three Amphibian Species, Rana ornativentris, Bufo japonicus formosus, and Cynops pyrrhogaster. Zoolog Sci 2020; 37:338-345. [PMID: 32729712 DOI: 10.2108/zs190150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intelectins (Itlns) are secretory lectins found in several chordate species that recognize carbohydrates on the bacterial cell surface depending on Ca2 + . In newly hatched larvae of Rana ornativentris (R. orn), Bufo japonicus formosus (B. jpn), and Cynops pyrrhogaster (C. pyr), an anti-Itln monoclonal antibody (mAb) labeled a subset of epidermal cells in whole-mount immunocytochemical assays. In western blot analyses, the mAb identified protein bands at approximately 33-37 kDa in the larval extracts and concentrated larval culture media. Using RT-PCR and RACE techniques, we isolated cDNAs from newly hatched larvae that encoded proteins of 343 (R. orn), 336 (B. jpn), and 337 (C. pyr) amino acids having 70%, 71%, and 60% identities with that of the Xenopus laevis embryonic epidermal lectin (XEEL), respectively. The proteins, designated REEL, BEEL, and CEEL, showed characteristics conserved among reported Itln proteins, and their amino acid sequences following the signal peptides were identical to those of the N-terminal peptides determined on Itln proteins in the respective larval extracts. Recombinant REEL (rREEL), rBEEL, and rCEEL proteins produced by HEK-293T cells were homo-oligomers of 34-37 kDa subunit peptides, which were similar to the Itlns found in the newly hatched larvae. The rEELs showed carbohydrate-binding specificities similar to that of XEEL and agglutinated Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus cells depending on Ca2 + . These results suggest that REEL, BEEL, and CEEL are Itlns produced and secreted by epidermal cells of R. orn, B. jpn, and C. pyr larvae, respectively, and that Itlns have a conserved role as pathogen recognition molecules in the larval innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saburo Nagata
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Mejirodai 2-8-1, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan,
| | - Mayuko Tanuma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Mejirodai 2-8-1, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
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5
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Chen L, Li J, Yang G. A comparative review of intelectins. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12882. [PMID: 32243627 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intelectin (ITLN) is a new type of glycan-binding lectin. It has been demonstrated to agglutinate bacteria probably due to its carbohydrate-binding capacity, suggesting its role in an innate immune response. It is involved not only in many physiological processes but also in some human diseases such as asthma, heart disease, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer. Up to now, intelectin orthologs have been identified in placozoans, urochordatas, cephalochordates and several vertebrates, such as cyclostomata, fish, amphibians and mammals. Although the sequences of intelectins in different species are conserved, their expression patterns, quaternary structures and functions differ considerably among and within species. We summarize the evolution of the intelectin gene family, the tissue distribution, structure and functions of intelectins. We conclude that intelectin plays a role in innate immune response and there are still potential functions of intelectin awaiting discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinyi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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6
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Jha CK, Mir R, Elfaki I, Javid J, Babakr AT, Banu S, Chahal SMS. Evaluation of the Association of Omentin 1 rs2274907 A>T and rs2274908 G>A Gene Polymorphisms with Coronary Artery Disease in Indian Population: A Case Control Study. J Pers Med 2019; 9:jpm9020030. [PMID: 31174318 PMCID: PMC6617120 DOI: 10.3390/jpm9020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death all over the world. CAD is caused by atherosclerosis which is induced by the interaction of genetic factors and environmental factors. Traditional environmental risk factors include hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, lack of exercise, obesity, poor diet and others. Genome-wide association studies have revealed the association of certain gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to CAD. Omentin 1 is an adipokine secreted by the visceral adipose tissues and has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and enhances insulin sensitivity. In this study, we examined the role of omentin-1 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs2274907 A>T and rs2274908 G>A) in CAD. We genotyped 100 CAD patients and 100 matched healthy controls from the south Indian population using an amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS-PCR) and allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR). Our result indicated the rs2274908 G>A is not associated with CAD. Results showed that there was a significant difference in rs2274907 A>T genotype distribution between controls and CAD cases (P-value < 0.05). Results indicated that the AT genotype of the rs2274907 is associated with CAD with OR = 3.0 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.64 to 5.49), 1.65 (1.27 to 2.163), P = 0.002. The T allele of the rs2274907 was also associated with CAD with OR = 1.82 (95% CI, 1.193 to 2.80), 1.37 (1.08 to 1.74), P = 0.005. Rs2274907 genotype distribution was also correlated with serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), hypertension and diabetes. We conclude that the AT genotype and the T allele of the rs2274907 A>T is associated with Cad in the south Indian population. Further studies on the effect of the rs2274907 A>T on omentin-1 function are recommended, and future well-designed studies with larger sample sizes and in different populations are required to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan K Jha
- Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Punjab 147002, India.
| | - Rashid Mir
- Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research chair, Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Imadeldin Elfaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jamsheed Javid
- Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research chair, Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullatif Taha Babakr
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 57039, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shaheena Banu
- Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular science and Research, Bangalore 560069, India.
| | - S M S Chahal
- Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Punjab 147002, India.
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7
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Howell M, Dumitrescu DG, Blankenship LR, Herkert D, Hatzios SK. Functional characterization of a subtilisin-like serine protease from Vibrio cholerae. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9888-9900. [PMID: 31076508 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the human diarrheal disease cholera, exports numerous enzymes that facilitate its adaptation to both intestinal and aquatic niches. These secreted enzymes can mediate nutrient acquisition, biofilm assembly, and V. cholerae interactions with its host. We recently identified a V. cholerae-secreted serine protease, IvaP, that is active in V. cholerae-infected rabbits and human choleric stool. IvaP alters the activity of several host and pathogen enzymes in the gut and, along with other secreted V. cholerae proteases, decreases binding of intelectin, an intestinal carbohydrate-binding protein, to V. cholerae in vivo IvaP bears homology to subtilisin-like enzymes, a large family of serine proteases primarily comprised of secreted endopeptidases. Following secretion, IvaP is cleaved at least three times to yield a truncated enzyme with serine hydrolase activity, yet little is known about the mechanism of extracellular maturation. Here, we show that IvaP maturation requires a series of sequential N- and C-terminal cleavage events congruent with the enzyme's mosaic protein domain structure. Using a catalytically inactive reporter protein, we determined that IvaP can be partially processed in trans, but intramolecular proteolysis is most likely required to generate the mature enzyme. Unlike many other subtilisin-like enzymes, the IvaP cleavage pattern is consistent with stepwise processing of the N-terminal propeptide, which could temporarily inhibit, and be cleaved by, the purified enzyme. Furthermore, IvaP was able to cleave purified intelectin, which inhibited intelectin binding to V. cholerae These results suggest that IvaP plays a role in modulating intelectin-V. cholerae interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Howell
- From the Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and.,the Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
| | - Daniel G Dumitrescu
- From the Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and.,the Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516.,Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 and
| | - Lauren R Blankenship
- From the Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and.,the Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
| | - Darby Herkert
- From the Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and.,the Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
| | - Stavroula K Hatzios
- From the Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and .,the Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516.,Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 and
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8
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Nagata S. Xenopus laevis macrophage-like cells produce XCL-1, an intelectin family serum lectin that recognizes bacteria. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:872-878. [PMID: 29604105 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus laevis Ca2+ -dependent lectin-1 (XCL-1) is an intelectin family serum lectin that selectively recognizes carbohydrate chains on the bacterial cell surface. Immunofluorescence examination of control spleen tissues from normal X. laevis revealed cells producing XCL-1 (XCL-1+ cells) exclusively in red pulps. Intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) caused a marked increase in the number of XCL-1+ cells in red pulps on day 3, followed by a rapid decrease to near control levels by day 7. XCL-1+ cells were also detected in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and peritoneal exudate cells (PECs), and their numbers increased upon LPS injection until day 7. The XCL-1+ cells exhibited the morphological characteristics of macrophages, with a large oval or lobulated nucleus and abundant cytoplasm with vacuoles and dendritic projections. Western blot analyses revealed concurrent increases in XCL-1 levels in the spleen, PBLs, and PECs. When LPS-stimulated frogs were intraperitoneally injected with paraformaldehyde-fixed, green fluorescent protein-labeled E. coli cells (GFP-Eco), these were phagocytosed by XCL-1+ PECs. The purified XCL-1 protein agglutinated GFP-Eco in a Ca2+ -dependent manner, which was blocked effectively by xylose and partly by LPS and Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan, but not by sucrose. These results indicate that X. laevis macrophage-like cells produce XCL-1 and suggest that XCL-1 promotes the clearance of invaded bacteria by facilitating phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saburo Nagata
- Saburo Nagata, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Wangkanont K, Wesener DA, Vidani JA, Kiessling LL, Forest KT. Structures of Xenopus Embryonic Epidermal Lectin Reveal a Conserved Mechanism of Microbial Glycan Recognition. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5596-5610. [PMID: 26755729 PMCID: PMC4786701 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.709212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intelectins (X-type lectins), broadly distributed throughout chordates, have been implicated in innate immunity. Xenopus laevis embryonic epidermal lectin (XEEL), an intelectin secreted into environmental water by the X. laevis embryo, is postulated to function as a defense against microbes. XEEL is homologous (64% identical) to human intelectin-1 (hIntL-1), which is also implicated in innate immune defense. We showed previously that hIntL-1 binds microbial glycans bearing exocyclic vicinal diol groups. It is unknown whether XEEL has the same ligand specificity. Also unclear is whether XEEL and hIntL-1 have similar quaternary structures, as XEEL lacks the corresponding cysteine residues in hIntL-1 that stabilize the disulfide-linked trimer. These observations prompted us to further characterize XEEL. We found that hIntL-1 and XEEL have similar structural features. Even without the corresponding intermolecular disulfide bonds present in hIntL-1, the carbohydrate recognition domain of XEEL (XEELCRD) forms a stable trimer in solution. The structure of XEELCRD in complex with d-glycerol-1-phosphate, a residue present in microbe-specific glycans, indicated that the exocyclic vicinal diol coordinates to a protein-bound calcium ion. This ligand-binding mode is conserved between XEEL and hIntL-1. The domain architecture of full-length XEEL is reminiscent of a barbell, with two sets of three glycan-binding sites oriented in opposite directions. This orientation is consistent with our observation that XEEL can promote the agglutination of specific serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. These data support a role for XEEL in innate immunity, and they highlight structural and functional conservation of X-type lectins among chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura L. Kiessling
- From the Departments of Chemistry, ,Biochemistry, and , To whom correspondence may be addressed: Dept. of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706. Tel.: 608-262-0541; E-mail:
| | - Katrina T. Forest
- Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, To whom correspondence may be addressed: Dept. of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706. Tel.: 608-265-3566; E-mail:
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10
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Su P, Zheng Z, Pang Y, Xue Z, Gou M, Han Y, Liu G, Zan Q, Li Q. Preparation, identfication, and activity assay of lamprey (lampetra japonica) natural intelectins. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2014; 36:368-78. [PMID: 25275839 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2014.955583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Intelectins play an important role in innate immune response. In a previous study, lamprey inteletins purified by galactose-Sepharose were inactive and insoluble. Herein, we provided a simple and effective method to purify natural intelectins from the serum of lamprey (Lethenteron japonicum) using proteinG agarose. SDS-PAGE, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to analyze the purified proteins. The purified proteins were identified to be lamprey serum lectin and intelectinB. The activity analysis results indicated that the proteins had certain extent agglutination activity. The effective method will be useful to study their immune functions and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Su
- a College of Life Science , Liaoning Normal University , Dalian , China
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11
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Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional protein and a member of the transferrin family. LF and lysozyme in breast milk kill bacteria. In the stomach, pepsin digests and releases a potent peptide antibiotic called lactoferricin from native LF. The antimicrobial characteristics of LF may facilitate a healthy intestinal microbiome. LF is the major whey in human milk; its highest concentration is in colostrum. This fact highlights early feeding of colostrum and also fresh mature milk as a way to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Sherman
- Division of Neonatology, Women's and Children's Hospital, University of Missouri Health System, University of Missouri, Suite 206, 404 Keene Street, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
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Gu N, Tian Y, Di Z, Han C, Lei H, Zhang G. Shuanghuanglian injection downregulates nuclear factor-kappa B expression in mice with viral encephalitis. Neural Regen Res 2012; 7:2592-9. [PMID: 25368635 PMCID: PMC4200726 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.33.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A mouse model of viral encephalitis was induced by intracranial injection of a Coxsackie virus B3 suspension. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR and western blot assay were applied to detect mRNA and protein expression of intelectin-2 and nuclear factor-kappa B in the viral encephalitis and control groups. Nuclear factor-kappa B and intelectin-2 mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased in mice with viral encephalitis. After intraperitoneal injection of Shuanghuanglian at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg for 5 successive days, intelectin-2 and nuclear factor-kappa B protein and mRNA expression were significantly decreased. To elucidate the relationship between intelectin-2 and nuclear factor-kappa B, mice with viral encephalitis were administered an intracerebral injection of 107 pfu recombinant lentivirus expressing intelectin shRNA. Both protein and mRNA levels of intelectin and nuclear factor-kappa B in brain tissue of mice were significantly decreased. Experimental findings suggest that Shuanghuanglian injection may downregulate nuclear factor-kappa B production via suppression of intelectin production, thus inhibiting inflammation associated with viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naibing Gu
- Department of Neurology, Xi’an Center Hospital, Xi’an 710003, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Xi’an Center Hospital, Xi’an 710003, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhengli Di
- Department of Neurology, Xi’an Center Hospital, Xi’an 710003, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Caiping Han
- Department of Neurology, Xi’an Center Hospital, Xi’an 710003, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui Lei
- Department of Neurology, Xi’an Center Hospital, Xi’an 710003, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Gejuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xi’an Center Hospital, Xi’an 710003, Shaanxi Province, China
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Wang T, Moreno-Vinasco L, Huang Y, Lang GD, Linares JD, Goonewardena SN, Grabavoy A, Samet JM, Geyh AS, Breysse PN, Lussier YA, Natarajan V, Garcia JG. Murine lung responses to ambient particulate matter: genomic analysis and influence on airway hyperresponsiveness. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116:1500-8. [PMID: 19057703 PMCID: PMC2592270 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a complex disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and chronic airway inflammation. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that exposures to environmental factors such as ambient particulate matter (PM), a major air pollutant, contribute to increased asthma prevalence and exacerbations. OBJECTIVE We investigated pathophysiologic responses to Baltimore, Maryland, ambient PM (median diameter, 1.78 mum) in a murine model of asthma and attempted to identify PM-specific genomic/molecular signatures. METHODS We exposed ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized A/J mice intratracheally to PM (20 mg/kg), and assayed both AHR and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) on days 1, 4, and 7 after PM exposure. Lung gene expression profiling was analyzed in OVA- and PM-challenged mice. RESULTS Consistent with this murine model of asthma, we observed significant increases in airway responsiveness in OVA-treated mice, with PM exposure inducing significant changes in AHR in both naive mice and OVA-induced asthmatic mice. PM evoked eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration into airways, elevated BAL protein content, and stimulated secretion of type 1 T helper (T(H)1) cytokines [interferon-gamma, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha] and T(H)2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, eotaxin) into murine airways. Furthermore, PM consistently induced expression of genes involved in innate immune responses, chemotaxis, and complement system pathways. CONCLUSION This study is consistent with emerging epidemiologic evidence and indicates that PM exposure evokes proinflammatory and allergic molecular signatures that may directly contribute to the asthma susceptibility in naive subjects and increased severity in affected asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Liliana Moreno-Vinasco
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yong Huang
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gabriel D. Lang
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jered D. Linares
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sascha N. Goonewardena
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alayna Grabavoy
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Samet
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison S. Geyh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick N. Breysse
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yves A. Lussier
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joe G.N. Garcia
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Address correspondence to J.G.N. Garcia, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., W604, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Telephone: (773) 702-1051. Fax: (773) 702-4427. E-mail:
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