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Rodríguez Á, Maneiro M, Lence E, Otero JM, van Raaij MJ, Thompson P, Hawkins AR, González-Bello C. Quinate-based ligands for irreversible inactivation of the bacterial virulence factor DHQ1 enzyme-A molecular insight. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1111598. [PMID: 36762206 PMCID: PMC9902378 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1111598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Irreversible inhibition of the enzyme type I dehydroquinase (DHQ1), a promising target for anti-virulence drug development, has been explored by enhancing the electrophilicity of specific positions of the ligand towards covalent lysine modification. For ligand design, we made use of the advantages offered by the intrinsic acid-base properties of the amino substituents introduced in the quinate scaffold, namely compounds 6-7 (R configuration at C3), to generate a potential leaving group, as well as the recognition pattern of the enzyme. The reactivity of the C2-C3 bond (Re face) in the scaffold was also explored using compound 8. The results of the present study show that replacement of the C3 hydroxy group of (-)-quinic acid by a hydroxyamino substituent (compound 6) provides a time-dependent irreversible inhibitor, while compound 7, in which the latter functionality was substituted by an amino group, and the introduction of an oxirane ring at C2-C3 bond, compound 8, do not allow covalent modification of the enzyme. These outcomes were supported by resolution of the crystal structures of DHQ1 from Staphylococcus aureus (Sa-DHQ1) and Salmonella typhi (St-DHQ1) chemically modified by 6 at a resolution of 1.65 and 1.90 Å, respectively, and of St-DHQ1 in the complex with 8 (1.55 Å). The combination of these structural studies with extensive molecular dynamics simulation studies allowed us to understand the molecular basis of the type of inhibition observed. This study is a good example of the importance of achieving the correct geometry between the reactive center of the ligand (electrophile) and the enzyme nucleophile (lysine residue) to allow selective covalent modification. The outcomes obtained with the hydroxyamino derivative 6 also open up new possibilities in the design of irreversible inhibitors based on the use of amino substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Rodríguez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Maneiro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emilio Lence
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José M. Otero
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mark J. van Raaij
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Thompson
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair R. Hawkins
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Concepción González-Bello
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain,*Correspondence: Concepción González-Bello,
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Ramos-Llorca A, Decraecker L, Cacheux VMY, Zeiburlina I, De bruyn M, Battut L, Moreno-Cinos C, Ceradini D, Espinosa E, Dietrich G, Berg M, De Meester I, Van Der Veken P, Boeckxstaens G, Lambeir AM, Denadai-Souza A, Augustyns K. Chemically diverse activity-based probes with unexpected inhibitory mechanisms targeting trypsin-like serine proteases. Front Chem 2023; 10:1089959. [PMID: 36688031 PMCID: PMC9849758 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1089959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity-based probes (ABP) are molecules that bind covalently to the active form of an enzyme family, making them an attractive tool for target and biomarker identification and drug discovery. The present study describes the synthesis and biochemical characterization of novel activity-based probes targeting trypsin-like serine proteases. We developed an extensive library of activity-based probes with "clickable" affinity tags and a diaryl phosphonate warhead. A wide diversity was achieved by including natural amino acid analogs as well as basic polar residues as side chains. A detailed enzymatic characterization was performed in a panel of trypsin-like serine proteases. Their inhibitory potencies and kinetic profile were examined, and their IC50 values, mechanism of inhibition, and kinetic constants were determined. The activity-based probes with a benzyl guanidine side chain showed the highest inhibitory effects in the panel. Surprisingly, some of the high-affinity probes presented a reversible inhibitory mechanism. On the other hand, probes with different side chains exhibited the expected irreversible mechanism. For the first time, we demonstrate that not only irreversible probes but also reversible probes can tightly label recombinant proteases and proteases released from human mast cells. Even under denaturing SDS-PAGE conditions, reversible slow-tight-binding probes can label proteases due to the formation of high-affinity complexes and slow dissociation rates. This unexpected finding will transform the view on the required irreversible nature of activity-based probes. The diversity of this library of activity-based probes combined with a detailed enzyme kinetic characterization will advance their applications in proteomic studies and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ramos-Llorca
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lisse Decraecker
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuroimmune Interactions, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valérie M. Y. Cacheux
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Irena Zeiburlina
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuroimmune Interactions, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michelle De bruyn
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Louise Battut
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Carlos Moreno-Cinos
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Eric Espinosa
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Dietrich
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Maya Berg
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Boeckxstaens
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuroimmune Interactions, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Denadai-Souza
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuroimmune Interactions, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium,*Correspondence: Koen Augustyns,
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Mons E, Roet S, Kim RQ, Mulder MPC. A Comprehensive Guide for Assessing Covalent Inhibition in Enzymatic Assays Illustrated with Kinetic Simulations. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e419. [PMID: 35671150 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Covalent inhibition has become more accepted in the past two decades, as illustrated by the clinical approval of several irreversible inhibitors designed to covalently modify their target. Elucidation of the structure-activity relationship and potency of such inhibitors requires a detailed kinetic evaluation. Here, we elucidate the relationship between the experimental read-out and the underlying inhibitor binding kinetics. Interactive kinetic simulation scripts are employed to highlight the effects of in vitro enzyme activity assay conditions and inhibitor binding mode, thereby showcasing which assumptions and corrections are crucial. Four stepwise protocols to assess the biochemical potency of (ir)reversible covalent enzyme inhibitors targeting a nucleophilic active site residue are included, with accompanying data analysis tailored to the covalent binding mode. Together, this will serve as a guide to make an educated decision regarding the most suitable method to assess covalent inhibition potency. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol I: Progress curve analysis of substrate association competition Basic Data Analysis Protocol 1A: Two-step irreversible covalent inhibition Basic Data Analysis Protocol 1B: One-step irreversible covalent inhibition Basic Data Analysis Protocol 1C: Two-step reversible covalent inhibition Basic Data Analysis Protocol 1D: Two-step irreversible covalent inhibition with substrate depletion Basic Protocol II: Incubation time-dependent potency IC50 (t) Basic Data Analysis Protocol 2: Two-step irreversible covalent inhibition Basic Protocol III: Preincubation time-dependent inhibition without dilution Basic Data Analysis Protocol 3: Preincubation time-dependent inhibition without dilution Basic Data Analysis Protocol 3Ai: Two-step irreversible covalent inhibition Alternative Data Analysis Protocol 3Aii: Two-step irreversible covalent inhibition Basic Data Analysis Protocol 3Bi: One-step irreversible covalent inhibition Alternative Data Analysis Protocol 3Bii: One-step irreversible covalent inhibition Basic Data Analysis Protocol 3C: Two-step reversible covalent inhibition Basic Protocol IV: Preincubation time-dependent inhibition with dilution/competition Basic Data Analysis Protocol 4: Preincubation time-dependent inhibition with dilution Basic Data Analysis Protocol 4Ai: Two-step irreversible covalent inhibition Alternative Data Analysis Protocol 4Aii: Two-step irreversible covalent inhibition Basic Data Analysis Protocol 4Bi: One-step irreversible covalent inhibition Alternative Data Analysis Protocol 4Bii: One-step irreversible covalent inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Mons
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Current: Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Roet
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Robbert Q Kim
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique P C Mulder
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
There have been recent renewed interests in the importance of suicide enzyme inhibition. The principal objective of this review is to investigate all types of suicide inhibitions for natural enzymes, artificial biocatalysts as well as therapeutic potential of enzyme suicide inhibition. It is discussed the suicide inhibition beneficial in drug design and treatments and non-beneficial achievements for some industrial enzymes such as HRP peroxidase enzyme. The design of biomimetic artificial enzymes explained to prevent inhibition by protecting the active site via environmental conditions. Suicide enzyme inhibition development can be the key mechanism against sever diseases such as SARS. In this report, suicide enzyme inactivation classes are classified based on target enzyme groups via their substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Hajizadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), The University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI USA
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Pandey S, Calvey G, Katz AM, Malla TN, Koua FHM, Martin-Garcia JM, Poudyal I, Yang JH, Vakili M, Yefanov O, Zielinski KA, Bajt S, Awel S, Doerner K, Frank M, Gelisio L, Jernigan R, Kirkwood H, Kloos M, Koliyadu J, Mariani V, Miller MD, Mills G, Nelson G, Olmos JL, Sadri A, Sato T, Tolstikova A, Xu W, Ourmazd A, Spence JCH, Schwander P, Barty A, Chapman HN, Fromme P, Mancuso AP, Phillips GN, Bean R, Pollack L, Schmidt M. Observation of substrate diffusion and ligand binding in enzyme crystals using high-repetition-rate mix-and-inject serial crystallography. IUCrJ 2021; 8:878-895. [PMID: 34804542 PMCID: PMC8562667 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521008125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Here, we illustrate what happens inside the catalytic cleft of an enzyme when substrate or ligand binds on single-millisecond timescales. The initial phase of the enzymatic cycle is observed with near-atomic resolution using the most advanced X-ray source currently available: the European XFEL (EuXFEL). The high repetition rate of the EuXFEL combined with our mix-and-inject technology enables the initial phase of ceftriaxone binding to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-lactamase to be followed using time-resolved crystallography in real time. It is shown how a diffusion coefficient in enzyme crystals can be derived directly from the X-ray data, enabling the determination of ligand and enzyme-ligand concentrations at any position in the crystal volume as a function of time. In addition, the structure of the irreversible inhibitor sulbactam bound to the enzyme at a 66 ms time delay after mixing is described. This demonstrates that the EuXFEL can be used as an important tool for biomedically relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Pandey
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 North Maryland Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - George Calvey
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 254 Clark Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Andrea M. Katz
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 254 Clark Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tek Narsingh Malla
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 North Maryland Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Faisal H. M. Koua
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jose M. Martin-Garcia
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, Spanish National Research Council, Calle de Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ishwor Poudyal
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 North Maryland Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Jay-How Yang
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | | | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kara A. Zielinski
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 254 Clark Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sasa Bajt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Salah Awel
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Frank
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Luca Gelisio
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Jernigan
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | | | - Marco Kloos
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Valerio Mariani
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Mitchell D. Miller
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Grant Mills
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Garrett Nelson
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jose L. Olmos
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alireza Sadri
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tokushi Sato
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Alexandra Tolstikova
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Weijun Xu
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Abbas Ourmazd
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 North Maryland Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - John C. H. Spence
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Peter Schwander
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 North Maryland Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Anton Barty
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry N. Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Fromme
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Adrian P. Mancuso
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - George N. Phillips
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Richard Bean
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Lois Pollack
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 254 Clark Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 North Maryland Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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Higuchi K, Kopel JJ, Sivaprakasam S, Jaramillo-Martinez V, Sutton RB, Urbatsch IL, Ganapathy V. Functional analysis of a species-specific inhibitor selective for human Na+-coupled citrate transporter (NaCT/SLC13A5/mINDY). Biochem J 2020; 477:4149-65. [PMID: 33079129 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20200592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Na+-coupled citrate transporter (NaCT/SLC13A5/mINDY) in the liver delivers citrate from the blood into hepatocytes. As citrate is a key metabolite and regulator of multiple biochemical pathways, deletion of Slc13a5 in mice protects against diet-induced obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Silencing the transporter suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, selective blockers of NaCT hold the potential to treat various diseases. Here we report on the characteristics of one such inhibitor, BI01383298. It is known that BI01383298 is a high-affinity inhibitor selective for human NaCT with no effect on mouse NaCT. Here we show that this compound is an irreversible and non-competitive inhibitor of human NaCT, thus describing the first irreversible inhibitor for this transporter. The mouse NaCT is not affected by this compound. The inhibition of human NaCT by BI01383298 is evident for the constitutively expressed transporter in HepG2 cells and for the ectopically expressed human NaCT in HEK293 cells. The IC50 is ∼100 nM, representing the highest potency among the NaCT inhibitors known to date. Exposure of HepG2 cells to this inhibitor results in decreased cell proliferation. We performed molecular modeling of the 3D-structures of human and mouse NaCTs using the crystal structure of a humanized variant of VcINDY as the template, and docking studies to identify the amino acid residues involved in the binding of citrate and BI01383298. These studies provide insight into the probable bases for the differential effects of the inhibitor on human NaCT versus mouse NaCT as well as for the marked species-specific difference in citrate affinity.
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Ramsay RR, Basile L, Maniquet A, Hagenow S, Pappalardo M, Saija MC, Bryant SD, Albreht A, Guccione S. Parameters for Irreversible Inactivation of Monoamine Oxidase. Molecules 2020; 25:E5908. [PMID: 33322203 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The irreversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidases (MAO) slow neurotransmitter metabolism in depression and neurodegenerative diseases. After oxidation by MAO, hydrazines, cyclopropylamines and propargylamines form a covalent adduct with the flavin cofactor. To assist the design of new compounds to combat neurodegeneration, we have updated the kinetic parameters defining the interaction of these established drugs with human MAO-A and MAO-B and analyzed the required features. The Ki values for binding to MAO-A and molecular models show that selectivity is determined by the initial reversible binding. Common to all the irreversible inhibitor classes, the non-covalent 3D-chemical interactions depend on a H-bond donor and hydrophobic-aromatic features within 5.7 angstroms apart and an ionizable amine. Increasing hydrophobic interactions with the aromatic cage through aryl halogenation is important for stabilizing ligands in the binding site for transformation. Good and poor inactivators were investigated using visible spectroscopy and molecular dynamics. The initial binding, close and correctly oriented to the FAD, is important for the oxidation, specifically at the carbon adjacent to the propargyl group. The molecular dynamics study also provides evidence that retention of the allenyl imine product oriented towards FADH− influences the formation of the covalent adduct essential for effective inactivation of MAO.
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Tandarić T, Prah A, Stare J, Mavri J, Vianello R. Hydride Abstraction as the Rate-Limiting Step of the Irreversible Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase B by Rasagiline and Selegiline: A Computational Empirical Valence Bond Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6151. [PMID: 32858935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) catalyze the degradation of a very broad range of biogenic and dietary amines including many neurotransmitters in the brain, whose imbalance is extensively linked with the biochemical pathology of various neurological disorders, and are, accordingly, used as primary pharmacological targets to treat these debilitating cognitive diseases. Still, despite this practical significance, the precise molecular mechanism underlying the irreversible MAO inhibition with clinically used propargylamine inhibitors rasagiline and selegiline is still not unambiguously determined, which hinders the rational design of improved inhibitors devoid of side effects current drugs are experiencing. To address this challenge, we present empirical valence bond QM/MM simulations of the rate-limiting step of the MAO inhibition involving the hydride anion transfer from the inhibitor α-carbon onto the N5 atom of the flavin adenin dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor. The proposed mechanism is strongly supported by the obtained free energy profiles, which confirm a higher reactivity of selegiline over rasagiline, while the calculated difference in the activation Gibbs energies of ΔΔG‡ = 3.1 kcal mol-1 is found to be in very good agreement with that from the measured literature kinact values that predict a 1.7 kcal mol-1 higher selegiline reactivity. Given the similarity with the hydride transfer mechanism during the MAO catalytic activity, these results verify that both rasagiline and selegiline are mechanism-based irreversible inhibitors and offer guidelines in designing new and improved inhibitors, which are all clinically employed in treating a variety of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions.
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Gehling VS, McGrath JP, Duplessis M, Khanna A, Brucelle F, Vaswani RG, Côté A, Stuckey J, Watson V, Cummings RT, Balasubramanian S, Iyer P, Sawant P, Good AC, Albrecht BK, Harmange JC, Audia JE, Bellon SF, Trojer P, Levell JR. Design and Synthesis of Styrenylcyclopropylamine LSD1 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1213-1220. [PMID: 32551003 PMCID: PMC7294731 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Leveraging the catalytic machinery of LSD1 (KDM1A), a series of covalent styrenylcyclopropane LSD1 inhibitors were identified. These inhibitors represent a new class of mechanism-based inhibitors that target and covalently label the FAD cofactor of LSD1. The series was rapidly progressed to potent biochemical and cellular LSD1 inhibitors with good physical properties. This effort resulted in the identification of 34, a highly potent (<4 nM biochemical, 2 nM cell, and 1 nM GI50), and selective LSD1 inhibitor. In-depth kinetic profiling of 34 confirmed its covalent mechanism of action, validated the styrenylcyclopropane as an FAD-directed warhead, and demonstrated that the potency of this inhibitor is driven by improved non-covalent binding (K I). 34 demonstrated robust cell-killing activity in a panel of AML cell lines and robust antitumor activity in a Kasumi-1 xenograft model of AML when dosed orally at 1.5 mg/kg once daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S. Gehling
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - John P. McGrath
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | - Avinash Khanna
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | - Rishi G. Vaswani
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | - Jacob Stuckey
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | - Richard T. Cummings
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Trojer
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Julian R. Levell
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Bergonzini C, Leonetti A, Tiseo M, Giovannetti E, Peters GJ. Is there a role for dacomitinib, a second-generation irreversible inhibitor of the epidermal-growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, in advanced non-small cell lung cancer? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:1287-1298. [PMID: 32292093 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1746269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a highly lethal disease. During the past 20 years, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been a relevant target for anticancer drug-design, and a large family of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) were designed, which improved therapeutic outcomes compared to conventional chemotherapy in NSCLC patients with specific EGFR mutations. However, resistance to these inhibitors occurs; therefore, the debate on which inhibitor should be used first is still open. Dacomitinib was approved in 2018 for the first-line treatment of NSCLC with EGFR activating mutations. AREAS COVERED This manuscript reviews the properties of dacomitinib, including the current information from clinical trials and its potential application as stand-alone therapy, or in combination. EXPERT OPINION Dacomitinib is a second-generation EGFR-TKI that has demonstrated significant improvement in overall survival in a phase III randomized study compared with gefitinib, a first-generation TKI. However, the rapid development and approval of a new generation of TKIs (osimertinib), with better clinical profiles, raises the question of which role can dacomitinib play in NSCLC. Further studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of this drug on brain metastases, as a second-line treatment after third-generation TKIs, or in combination with other types of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bergonzini
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Laboratory Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Leonetti
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Laboratory Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marcello Tiseo
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Laboratory Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC-Start-Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Pisa, Italy
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Laboratory Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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11
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Kawakami Y, Otsuki A, Mori Y, Kanzaki K, Suzuki-Yamamoto T, Fang DZ, Ito H, Takahashi Y. Involvement of the Hydroperoxy Group in the Irreversible Inhibition of Leukocyte-Type 12-Lipoxygenase by Monoterpene Glycosides Contained in the Qing Shan Lu Shui Tea. Molecules 2019; 24:E304. [PMID: 30650646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously found two novel monoterpene glycosides, liguroside A and liguroside B, with an inhibitory effect on the catalytic activity of the enzyme leukocyte-type 12-lipoxygenase in the Qing Shan Lu Shui tea. Here, two new monoterpene glycosides, liguroside C and liguroside D which inhibit this enzyme, were isolated from the same tea. The spectral and chemical evidence characterized the structures of these compounds as (5E)-7-hydroperoxy-3,7-dimethyl-1,5-octadienyl-3-O-(α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1′′→3′)-(4′′′-O-trans-p-coumaroyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside and (2E)-6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadienyl-3-O-(α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1′′→3′)-(4′′′-O-trans-p-coumaroyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside, respectively. These ligurosides, which irreversibly inhibited leukocyte-type 12-lipoxygenase, have a hydroperoxy group in the monoterpene moiety. Additionally, monoterpene glycosides had the same backbone structure but did not have a hydroperoxy group, such as kudingoside A and lipedoside B-III, contained in the tea did not inhibit the enzyme. When a hydroperoxy group in liguroside A was reduced by using triphenylphosphine, the resultant compound, kudingoside B, showed a lower inhibitory effect on the enzyme. These results strongly suggest the involvement of the hydroperoxy group in the irreversible inhibition of the catalytic activity of leukocyte-type 12-lipoxygenase by the monoterpene glycosides contained in the Qing Shan Lu Shui tea.
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12
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Goulas T, Garcia-Ferrer I, Marrero A, Marino-Puertas L, Duquerroy S, Gomis-Rüth FX. Structural and functional insight into pan-endopeptidase inhibition by α2-macroglobulins. Biol Chem 2017; 398:975-994. [PMID: 28253193 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Peptidases must be exquisitely regulated to prevent erroneous cleavage and one control is provided by protein inhibitors. These are usually specific for particular peptidases or families and sterically block the active-site cleft of target enzymes using lock-and-key mechanisms. In contrast, members of the +1400-residue multi-domain α2-macroglobulin inhibitor family (α2Ms) are directed against a broad spectrum of endopeptidases of disparate specificities and catalytic types, and they inhibit their targets without disturbing their active sites. This is achieved by irreversible trap mechanisms resulting from large conformational rearrangement upon cleavage in a promiscuous bait region through the prey endopeptidase. After decades of research, high-resolution structural details of these mechanisms have begun to emerge for tetrameric and monomeric α2Ms, which use 'Venus-flytrap' and 'snap-trap' mechanisms, respectively. In the former, represented by archetypal human α2M, inhibition is exerted through physical entrapment in a large cage, in which preys are still active against small substrates and inhibitors that can enter the cage through several apertures. In the latter, represented by a bacterial α2M from Escherichia coli, covalent linkage and steric hindrance of the prey inhibit activity, but only against very large substrates.
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13
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Sameshima T, Miyahisa I, Yamasaki S, Gotou M, Kobayashi T, Sakamoto J. High-Throughput Quantitative Intrinsic Thiol Reactivity Evaluation Using a Fluorescence-Based Competitive Endpoint Assay. SLAS Discov 2017; 22:1168-1174. [PMID: 28426937 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217704654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a high-throughput screening (HTS) process, the chemical reactivity of test samples should be carefully examined because such reactive compounds may lead to false-positive results and adverse effects in vivo. Among all natural amino acids, the thiol side chain in cysteine has the highest nucleophilicity; thus, assessment of intrinsic thiol group reactivity in the HTS processes is expected to accelerate drug discovery. In general, kchem (M-1s-1), the secondary reaction rate constant of a compound to thiol, can be evaluated via time course measurements of thiol-compound adducts using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy; this requires time-consuming and labor-intensive procedures. To overcome this issue, we developed a fluorescence-based competitive endpoint assay that allows quantitative calculation of the reaction rate of test compounds in an HTS format. Our assay is based on the competitive reaction for a free thiol (e.g., glutathione) between the test compounds and a fluorescent probe, o-maleimide BODIPY. Our assay provides robust data with a satisfactory throughput at an affordable cost. Our kchem evaluation method has advantages over previous assays in terms of higher throughput and quantitativeness. Thus, it contributes to early elimination of reactive compounds as well as quantitative evaluation of the kchem values of covalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Sameshima
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ikuo Miyahisa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamasaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mika Gotou
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshitake Kobayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junichi Sakamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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14
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Burke AA, Severson ES, Mool S, Solares Bucaro MJ, Greenaway FT, Jakobsche CE. Comparing hydrazine-derived reactive groups as inhibitors of quinone-dependent amine oxidases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:496-503. [PMID: 28110559 PMCID: PMC6009937 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1265518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase has emerged as an important enzyme in cancer metastasis. Its activity has been reported to become upregulated in several types of cancer, and blocking its activity has been shown to limit the metastatic potential of various cancers. The small-molecules phenylhydrazine and β-aminopropionitrile are known to inhibit lysyl oxidase; however, issues of stability, toxicity, and poorly defined mechanisms limit their potential use in medical applications. The experiments presented herein evaluate three other families of hydrazine-derived compounds – hydrazides, alkyl hydrazines, and semicarbazides – as irreversible inhibitors of lysyl oxidase including determining the kinetic parameters and comparing the inhibition selectivities for lysyl oxidase against the topaquinone-containing diamine oxidase from lentil seedlings. The results suggest that the hydrazide group may be a useful core functionality that can be developed into potent and selective inhibitors of lysyl oxidase and eventually find application in cancer metastasis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Burke
- a Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Elizabeth S Severson
- a Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Shreya Mool
- a Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University , Worcester , MA , USA
| | | | - Frederick T Greenaway
- a Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Charles E Jakobsche
- a Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University , Worcester , MA , USA
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15
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Eleftheriadis N, Thee SA, Zwinderman MRH, Leus NGJ, Dekker FJ. Activity-Based Probes for 15-Lipoxygenase-1. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12300-5. [PMID: 27612308 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) plays an important role in several inflammatory lung diseases, such as asthma, COPD, and chronic bronchitis, as well as various CNS diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. Activity-based probes of 15-LOX-1 are required to explore the role of this enzyme further and to enable drug discovery. In this study, we developed a 15-LOX-1 activity-based probe for the efficient activity-based labeling of recombinant 15-LOX-1. 15-LOX-1-dependent labeling in cell lysates and tissue samples was also possible. To mimic the natural substrate of the enzyme, we designed activity-based probes that covalently bind to the active enzyme and include a terminal alkene as a chemical reporter for the bioorthogonal linkage of a detectable functionality through an oxidative Heck reaction. The activity-based labeling of 15-LOX-1 should enable the investigation and identification of this enzyme in complex biological samples, thus opening up completely new opportunities for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Eleftheriadis
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie A Thee
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn R H Zwinderman
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek G J Leus
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Sosič I, Gobec M, Brus B, Knez D, Živec M, Konc J, Lešnik S, Ogrizek M, Obreza A, Žigon D, Janežič D, Mlinarič-Raščan I, Gobec S. Nonpeptidic Selective Inhibitors of the Chymotrypsin-Like (β5 i) Subunit of the Immunoproteasome. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5745-8. [PMID: 27037901 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Elevated expression of the immunoproteasome has been associated with autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and various types of cancer. Selective inhibitors of the immunoproteasome are not only scarce, but also almost entirely restricted to peptide-based compounds. Herein, we describe nonpeptidic reversible inhibitors that selectively block the chymotrypsin-like (β5i) subunit of the human immunoproteasome in the low micromolar range. The most potent of the reversibly acting compounds were then converted into covalent, irreversible, nonpeptidic inhibitors that retained selectivity for the β5i subunit. In addition, these inhibitors discriminate between the immunoproteasome and the constitutive proteasome in cell-based assays. Along with their lack of cytotoxicity, these data point to these nonpeptidic compounds being suitable for further investigation as β5i-selective probes for possible application in noncancer diseases related to the immunoproteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Brus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Knez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Živec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Konc
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Samo Lešnik
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Ogrizek
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Obreza
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Žigon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušanka Janežič
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Irena Mlinarič-Raščan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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17
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Benedetti F, Berti F, Campaner P, Fanfoni L, Demitri N, Olajuyigbe FM, De March M, Geremia S. Impact of Stereochemistry on Ligand Binding: X-ray Crystallographic Analysis of an Epoxide-Based HIV Protease Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:968-72. [PMID: 25221650 DOI: 10.1021/ml500092e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A new pseudopeptide epoxide inhibitor, designed for irreversible binding to HIV protease (HIV-PR), has been synthesized and characterized in solution and in the solid state. However, the crystal structure of the complex obtained by inhibitor-enzyme cocrystallization revealed that a minor isomer, with inverted configuration of the epoxide carbons, has been selected by HIV-PR during crystallization. The structural characterization of the well-ordered pseudopeptide, inserted in the catalytic channel with its epoxide group intact, provides deeper insights into inhibitor binding and HIV-PR stereoselectivity, which aids development of future epoxide-based HIV inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Benedetti
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre of Excellence in Biocrystallography, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Federico Berti
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre of Excellence in Biocrystallography, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Pietro Campaner
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre of Excellence in Biocrystallography, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lidia Fanfoni
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre of Excellence in Biocrystallography, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre of Excellence in Biocrystallography, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Folasade M. Olajuyigbe
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre of Excellence in Biocrystallography, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Department
of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure 340001, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Matteo De March
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre of Excellence in Biocrystallography, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvano Geremia
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre of Excellence in Biocrystallography, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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18
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Atanes P, Lacivita E, Rodríguez J, Brea J, Burgueño J, Vela JM, Cadavid MI, Loza MI, Leopoldo M, Castro M. The arylpiperazine derivatives N-(4-cyanophenylmethyl)-4-(2-diphenyl)-1-piperazinehexanamide and N-benzyl-4-(2-diphenyl)-1-piperazinehexanamide exert a long-lasting inhibition of human serotonin 5-HT7 receptor binding and cAMP signaling. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2013; 1:e00013. [PMID: 25505568 PMCID: PMC4186431 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a detailed in vitro pharmacological characterization of two arylpiperazine derivatives, compound N-(4-cyanophenylmethyl)-4-(2-diphenyl)-1-piperazinehexanamide (LP-211) previously identified as a high-affinity brain penetrant ligand for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) type 7 (5-HT7) receptors, and its analog N-benzyl-4-(2-diphenyl)-1-piperazinehexanamide (MEL-9). Both ligands exhibited competitive displacement of [3H]-(2R)-1-[(3-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-2-[2-(4-methyl-1-piperidinyl)ethyl]pyrrolidine ([3H]-SB-269970) radioligand binding and insurmountable antagonism of 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT)-stimulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells stably expressing human 5-HT7 receptors. They also inhibited forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in 5-HT7-expressing HEK293 cells but not in the parental cell line. The compounds elicited long-lasting (at least 24 h) concentration-dependent inhibition of radioligand binding at 5-HT7-binding sites in whole-cell radioligand binding assays, after pretreatment of the cells with the compounds and subsequent compound removal. In cAMP assays, pretreatment of cells with the compounds rendered 5-HT7 receptors unresponsive to 5-CT and also rendered 5-HT7-expressing HEK293 cells unresponsive to forskolin. Compound 1-(2-biphenyl)piperazine (RA-7), a known active metabolite of LP-211 present in vivo, was able to partially inhibit 5-HT7 radioligand binding in a long-lasting irreversible manner. Hence, LP-211 and MEL-9 were identified as high-affinity long-acting inhibitors of human 5-HT7 receptor binding and function in cell lines. The detailed in vitro characterization of these two pharmacological tools targeting 5-HT7 receptors may benefit the study of 5-HT7 receptor function and it may lead to the development of novel selective pharmacological tools with defined functional properties at 5-HT7 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Atanes
- Biofarma Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "A. Moro" Bari, Italy
| | - Javier Rodríguez
- Biofarma Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Brea
- Biofarma Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Javier Burgueño
- Esteve; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Miguel Vela
- Esteve; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Isabel Cadavid
- Biofarma Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Isabel Loza
- Biofarma Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "A. Moro" Bari, Italy
| | - Marián Castro
- Biofarma Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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19
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Tuttle JB, Anderson M, Bechle BM, Campbell BM, Chang C, Dounay AB, Evrard E, Fonseca KR, Gan X, Ghosh S, Horner W, James LC, Kim JY, McAllister LA, Pandit J, Parikh VD, Rago BJ, Salafia MA, Strick CA, Zawadzke LE, Verhoest PR. Structure-Based Design of Irreversible Human KAT II Inhibitors: Discovery of New Potency-Enhancing Interactions. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:37-40. [PMID: 24900560 DOI: 10.1021/ml300237v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of aryl hydroxamates recently have been disclosed as irreversible inhibitors of kynurenine amino transferase II (KAT II), an enzyme that may play a role in schizophrenia and other psychiatric and neurological disorders. The utilization of structure-activity relationships (SAR) in conjunction with X-ray crystallography led to the discovery of hydroxamate 4, a disubstituted analogue that has a significant potency enhancement due to a novel interaction with KAT II. The use of k inact/K i to assess potency was critical for understanding the SAR in this series and for identifying compounds with improved pharmacodynamic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamison B. Tuttle
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Marie Anderson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Bruce M. Bechle
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Brian M. Campbell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Cheng Chang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amy B. Dounay
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Edelweiss Evrard
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kari R. Fonseca
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Xinmin Gan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Somraj Ghosh
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Weldon Horner
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Larry C. James
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Laura A. McAllister
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jayvardhan Pandit
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Vinod D. Parikh
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Brian J. Rago
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michelle A. Salafia
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christine A. Strick
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Laura E. Zawadzke
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Patrick R. Verhoest
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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20
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Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a crucial enzyme in the cholinergic nervous system that hydrolyzes neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and terminates synaptic signals. The catalytic serine of AChE can be phosphonylated by soman, one of the most potent nerve agents, and subsequently undergo an aging reaction. This phosphonylation and aging process leads to irreversible AChE inhibition, results in accumulation of excess ACh at the synaptic clefts, and causes neuromuscular paralysis. By employing Born-Oppenheimer ab initio QM/MM molecular dynamics simulations with umbrella sampling, a state-of-the-art approach to simulate enzyme reactions, we have characterized the aging mechanism of soman phosphonylated AChE and determined its free energy profile. This aging reaction starts with the scission of the O2-Cα bond, which is followed by methyl migration, and results in a tertiary carbenium intermediate. At the transition state, the scissile O2-Cα bond is already cleaved with an average O-C distance of 3.2 ± 0.3 Å and the migrating methyl group is shared between Cα and Cβ carbons with C-C distances of 1.9 ± 0.1 and 1.8 ± 0.1 Å, respectively. The negatively charged phosphonate group is stabilized by a salt bridge with the imidazole ring of the catalytic histidine. A major product of aging, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butanol can be formed swiftly by the reaction of a water molecule. Our characterized mechanism and simulation results provide new detailed insights into this important biochemical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulseher Sarah Sirin
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
| | - Yanzi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
| | - Lee Lior-Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
| | - Shenglong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
| | - Yingkai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
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21
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Ragunathan N, Dairou J, Sanfins E, Busi F, Noll C, Janel N, Dupret JM, Rodrigues-Lima F. Cadmium alters the biotransformation of carcinogenic aromatic amines by arylamine N-acetyltransferase xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes: molecular, cellular, and in vivo studies. Environ Health Perspect 2010; 118:1685-1691. [PMID: 20810355 PMCID: PMC3002187 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd) is a carcinogenic heavy metal of environmental concern. Exposure to both Cd and carcinogenic organic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or aromatic amines (AAs), is a common environmental problem. Human arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs) are xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes that play a key role in the biotransformation of AA carcinogens. Changes in NAT activity have long been associated with variations in susceptibility to different cancers in relation with exposure to certain AAs. OBJECTIVE We explored the possible interactions between Cd and the NAT-dependent biotransformation of carcinogenic AAs. METHODS We exposed purified enzymes, lung epithelial cells, and mouse models to Cd and subsequently analyzed NAT-dependent metabolism of AAs. RESULTS We found that Cd, at biologically relevant concentrations, impairs the NAT-dependent acetylation of carcinogenic AAs such as 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) in lung epithelial cells. NAT activity was strongly impaired in the tissues of mice exposed to Cd. Accordingly, mice exposed to Cd and 2-AF displayed altered in vivo toxicokinetics with a significant decrease (~ 50%) in acetylated 2-AF in plasma. We found that human NAT1 was rapidly and irreversibly inhibited by Cd [median inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) ≈ 55 nM; rate inhibition constant (k(inact)) = 5 × 10⁴ M⁻¹ • sec⁻¹], with results of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) protection assays indicating that Cd-mediated inhibition was due to the reaction of metal with the active-site cysteine residue of the enzyme. We found similar results for human NAT2, although this isoform was less sensitive to inactivation (IC₅₀ ≈ 1 μM; k(inact) = 1 × 10⁴ M⁻¹ • sec⁻¹). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Cd can alter the metabolism of carcinogenic AAs through the impairment of the NAT-dependent pathway, which may have important toxicological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fernando Rodrigues-Lima
- Address correspondence to F. Rodrigues-Lima, 4, rue MA Lagroua, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013, Paris, France. Telephone: +33 1 5727 83 32. Fax: +33 1 5727 83 29. E-mail:
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22
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VandenBrink BM, Isoherranen N. The role of metabolites in predicting drug-drug interactions: focus on irreversible cytochrome P450 inhibition. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 2010; 13:66-77. [PMID: 20047147 PMCID: PMC2898504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The irreversible inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes can cause significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs). The formation of metabolites is fundamental for the inactivation of CYP enzymes. Of the 19 CYP enzyme inactivators for which the mechanism of action has been established, 10 have circulating metabolites, which are on the metabolic pathway to inactivation of the CYP enzyme. Because inactivation of CYP enzymes usually requires multiple metabolic steps, the prediction of interactions between metabolites and CYPs in vivo may require complex models and the availability of data generated in vitro from each metabolite. Data discussed in this review suggest that circulating metabolites are more important in CYP inhibition in vivo than has been acknowledged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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23
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Hruschka S, Rosen TC, Yoshida S, Kirk KL, Fröhlich R, Wibbeling B, Haufe G. Fluorinated phenylcyclopropylamines. Part 5: Effects of electron-withdrawing or -donating aryl substituents on the inhibition of monoamine oxidases A and B by 2-aryl-2-fluoro-cyclopropylamines. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7148-66. [PMID: 18640844 PMCID: PMC2613070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of racemic, diastereoisomeric aryl cyclopropylamines substituted with fluorine in the 2-position and electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups on the aromatic ring have been prepared. These represent analogues of the classic MAO inhibitor tranylcypromine (trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine, 1). Their activities as inhibitors of recombinant human liver monoamine oxidases A (MAO A) and B (MAO B) were determined. The trans-compounds were low micromolar inhibitors of both MAO A and MAO B with moderate MAO A selectivity while the less active cis-analogues were MAO B selective. In the trans-series, electron-withdrawing para-substituents increased the potency of MAO A inhibition while electron-donating groups such as methyl or methoxy had no influence on this activity. In contrast, aromatic ring substitution in the trans-series had essentially no effect on the inhibition of MAO B. The corresponding cis-compounds were shown to be 10-100 times less active against MAO A, while trans- and cis-compounds were quite similar in terms of inhibition of MAO B. The best MAO A/MAO B selectivity (7:1) in the trans-series was found for trans-2-fluoro-2-(para-trifluoromethylphenyl)cyclopropylamine (7d), while a 1:27 selectivity was found for cis-2-fluoro-2-(para-fluorophenyl)cyclopropylamine (10c). These results are discussed in connection with the pK(a) and logD values, the mechanism of action of tranylcypromines, and the geometry of the active site of the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Hruschka
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Rosen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Shinichi Yoshida
- Tottori Institute of Industrial Technology, Tottori 689-1112, Japan
| | - Kenneth L. Kirk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roland Fröhlich
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Birgit Wibbeling
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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24
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Abstract
1. Organic cation transporters (OCTs) are involved in the elimination of monoamines and cationic xenobiotics. To examine whether some cell lines express several different OCTs, we investigated seven human cell lines for the mRNA expression pattern of the human (h) transporters hOCT1, hOCT2 and hOCT3. hOCT1 mRNA was found in all cell lines, six additionally expressed hOCT3 and only two cell lines contained all three hOCTs. 2. Among the three OCTs only for the OCT3 (also designated as 'uptake(2)' or 'extraneuronal monoamine transporter') 'selective' inhibitors are described in the literature. The affinities of the OCT3 inhibitors for the other two OCTs are largely unknown. Therefore, we compared the potencies of eight compounds as inhibitors of hOCT-mediated uptake of the organic cation [(3)H]-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ([(3)H]-MPP(+)) in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells stably expressing hOCT1, hOCT2 or hOCT3. Decynium-22 inhibited hOCT3 with 10 fold higher potency than hOCT1 and hOCT2. Corticosterone was about 100 fold more potent as inhibitor of hOCT3 than of hOCT1 or hOCT2, and O-methylisoprenaline (OMI) inhibited almost exclusively hOCT3. Progesterone and beta-Oestradiol preferentially inhibited hOCT3 and hOCT1, whereas prazosin was a potent inhibitor of hOCT1 and hOCT3. Phenoxybenzamine (PbA) inhibited with about equal apparent potency all three hOCTs, whereas the PbA derivative SKF550 ((9-fluorenyl)-N-methyl-beta-chloroethylamine) preferentially inhibited hOCT3 and hOCT2. 3. PbA reversibly inhibited hOCT1 and irreversibly hOCT2 and hOCT3; SKF550 also irreversibly inhibited hOCT3 but hOCT2 in a reversible manner. 4. These compounds enable a functional discrimination of the three hOCTs: hOCT1 is selectively inhibited by prazosin, reversibly inhibited by PbA and it is not sensitive to inhibition by SKF550 and OMI; hOCT2 is reversibly inhibited by SKF550, irreversibly by PbA and not by prazosin, beta-oestradiol and OMI, whereas hOCT3 is selectively inhibited by corticosterone, OMI and decynium22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hayer-Zillgen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Reuterstr. 2 b, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Brüss
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Reuterstr. 2 b, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Heinz Bönisch
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Reuterstr. 2 b, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
- Author for correspondence:
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