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Li C, Iqbal MA. Leveraging the sugarcane CRISPR/Cas9 technique for genetic improvement of non-cultivated grasses. Front Plant Sci 2024; 15:1369416. [PMID: 38601306 PMCID: PMC11004347 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1369416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Under changing climatic scenarios, grassland conservation and development have become imperative to impart functional sustainability to their ecosystem services. These goals could be effectively and efficiently achieved with targeted genetic improvement of native grass species. To the best of our literature search, very scant research findings are available pertaining to gene editing of non-cultivated grass species (switch grass, wild sugarcane, Prairie cordgrass, Bermuda grass, Chinese silver grass, etc.) prevalent in natural and semi-natural grasslands. Thus, to explore this novel research aspect, this study purposes that gene editing techniques employed for improvement of cultivated grasses especially sugarcane might be used for non-cultivated grasses as well. Our hypothesis behind suggesting sugarcane as a model crop for genetic improvement of non-cultivated grasses is the intricacy of gene editing owing to polyploidy and aneuploidy compared to other cultivated grasses (rice, wheat, barley, maize, etc.). Another reason is that genome editing protocols in sugarcane (x = 10-13) have been developed and optimized, taking into consideration the high level of genetic redundancy. Thus, as per our knowledge, this review is the first study that objectively evaluates the concept and functioning of the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 technique in sugarcane regarding high versatility, target specificity, efficiency, design simplicity, and multiplexing capacity in order to explore novel research perspectives for gene editing of non-cultivated grasses against biotic and abiotic stresses. Additionally, pronounced challenges confronting sugarcane gene editing have resulted in the development of different variants (Cas9, Cas12a, Cas12b, and SpRY) of the CRISPR tool, whose technicalities have also been critically assessed. Moreover, different limitations of this technique that could emerge during gene editing of non-cultivated grass species have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjia Li
- National Key Laboratory for Biological Breeding of Tropical Crops, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Yunnan Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Kaiyuan, Yunnan, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir Iqbal
- National Key Laboratory for Biological Breeding of Tropical Crops, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Yunnan Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Kaiyuan, Yunnan, China
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Mukhtar MH, El-Readi MZ, Elzubier ME, Fatani SH, Refaat B, Shaheen U, Adam Khidir EB, Taha HH, Eid SY. Cymbopogon citratus and Citral Overcome Doxorubicin Resistance in Cancer Cells via Modulating the Drug's Metabolism, Toxicity, and Multidrug Transporters. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083415. [PMID: 37110649 PMCID: PMC10143904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the major complex mechanism that causes the failure of chemotherapy, especially with drugs of natural origin such as doxorubicin (DOX). Intracellular drug accumulation and detoxification are also involved in cancer resistance by reducing the susceptibility of cancer cells to death. This research aims to identify the volatile composition of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass; LG) essential oil and compare the ability of LG and its major compound, citral, to modulate MDR in resistant cell lines. The composition of LG essential oil was identified using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, a comparison of the modulatory effects of LG and citral, performed on breast (MCF-7/ADR), hepatic (HepG-2/ADR), and ovarian (SKOV-3/ADR) MDR cell lines, were compared to their parent sensitive cells using the MTT assay, ABC transporter function assays, and RT-PCR. Oxygenated monoterpenes (53.69%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (19.19%), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (13.79%) made up the yield of LG essential oil. α-citral (18.50%), β-citral (10.15%), geranyl acetate (9.65%), ylangene (5.70), δ-elemene (5.38%), and eugenol (4.77) represent the major constituents of LG oil. LG and citral (20 μg/mL) synergistically increased DOX cytotoxicity and lowered DOX dosage by >3-fold and >1.5-fold, respectively. These combinations showed synergism in the isobologram and CI < 1. DOX accumulation or reversal experiment confirmed that LG and citral modulated the efflux pump function. Both substances significantly increased DOX accumulation in resistant cells compared to untreated cells and verapamil (the positive control). RT-PCR confirmed that LG and citral targeted metabolic molecules in resistant cells and significantly downregulated PXR, CYP3A4, GST, MDR1, MRP1, and PCRP genes. Our results suggest a novel dietary and therapeutic strategy combining LG and citral with DOX to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer cells. However, these results should be confirmed by additional animal experiments before being used in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hasan Mukhtar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Zaki El-Readi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assuit 71524, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Elzubier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameer H Fatani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassem Refaat
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Usama Shaheen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Elshiekh Babiker Adam Khidir
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham Hamada Taha
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assuit 71524, Egypt
| | - Safaa Yehia Eid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
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Sepahpour S, Selamat J, Abdul Manap MY, Khatib A, Abdull Razis AF. Comparative Analysis of Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Quantitative Characterization of Some Phenolic Compounds in Selected Herbs and Spices in Different Solvent Extraction Systems. Molecules 2018; 23:E402. [PMID: 29438306 PMCID: PMC6017614 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the efficacy of various organic solvents (80% acetone, 80% ethanol, 80% methanol) and distilled water for extracting antioxidant phenolic compounds from turmeric, curry leaf, torch ginger and lemon grass extracts. They were analyzed regarding the total phenol and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity and concentration of some phenolic compounds. Antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Quantification of phenolic compounds was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All the extracts possessed antioxidant activity, however, the different solvents showed different efficiencies in the extraction of phenolic compounds. Turmeric showed the highest DPPH values (67.83-13.78%) and FRAP (84.9-2.3 mg quercetin/g freeze-dried crude extract), followed by curry leaf, torch ginger and lemon grass. While 80% acetone was shown to be the most efficient solvent for the extraction of total phenolic compounds from turmeric, torch ginger and lemon grass (221.68, 98.10 and 28.19 mg GA/g freeze dried crude extract, respectively), for the recovery of phenolic compounds from curry leaf (92.23 mg GA/g freeze-dried crude extract), 80% ethanol was the most appropriate solvent. Results of HPLC revealed that the amount of phenolic compounds varied depending on the types of solvents used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Sepahpour
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Jinap Selamat
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Food Safety and Food Integrity (FOSFI), Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Yazid Abdul Manap
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Alfi Khatib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic Universiti Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Food Safety and Food Integrity (FOSFI), Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a gram positive, psychrotrophic, facultative anaerobic bacterium and it is the etiological agent of listeriosis, a severe foodborne disease of major public health concern. There is a rising concern about the cross-contamination of surimi-based products with L. monocytogenes during handling and storage. Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) is known to exhibit strong antimicrobial activity against bacteria due to the presence of citral. The objectives of this research were: (i) to develop a water-based extraction procedure for the antimicrobial component(s) in lemon grass and (ii) to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of a concentrated water-based extract and commercial essential oil (EO) of lemon grass against L. innocua (ATCC 33090), a surrogate strain of L. monocytogenes, in vitro and on crabsticks. Briefly, antilisterial activity of concentrated extract and commercial EO of lemon grass was tested using the agar well diffusion technique. Crabsticks were subsequently inoculated with L. innocua to a final density of ca. 4 log cfu/g and then coated with 500 μl of either concentrated extract or 0.5% commercial EO and stored at 4 °C for up to 15 days. Samples were then subjected to microbiological analysis every 5 days to enumerate counts of Listeria. Following the agar well diffusion assay, inhibition zones with mean diameters of 18.3 and 21.0 mm were obtained with the concentrated extract and commercial EO respectively. The population of L. innocua in WBE-coated (4.2 log cfu/g) and 0.5% EO-coated (2.7 log cfu/g) samples were significantly lower (P < 0.05) after 15 days than their untreated control counterpart (5.2 log cfu/g). Lemon grass extract and essential oil have the potential to control growth of L. monocytogenes in seafood surimi products with minimal adverse effect on the organoleptic characteristics of the product and thus can possibly be used as a natural food preservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateebha Ramroop
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Mauritius
| | - Hudaa Neetoo
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Mauritius
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Abstract
CONTEXT Doxorubicin is a chemotherapy agent used in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma but side effects limit its use. Citral is a mixture of neral and geranial found in essential oils of lemon grass. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the activity of citral, doxorubicin, and combination on cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and anti-proliferative effects using human lymphoma Ramos cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells were treated with doxorubicin alone or in combination with citral (10, 20, and 40 μM). Cytotoxic and apoptosis studies were done after 24 and 18 h incubations, respectively. Cytotoxic effects of citral on normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were also investigated for its safety. Changes in the expression of BCL-2 family genes were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Citral had cytotoxicity on cells with an IC50 value of 77.19 ± 4.95 µM. Citral at concentrations of 10, 20, and 40 µM additively increased the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of doxorubicin, leading to decreased IC50 (µM) of the drug from 2.50 ± 0.01 to 2.16 ± 0.03, 1.90 ± 0.04, and 1.23 ± 0.04, respectively. Enhanced cytotoxicity was not observed in normal human PBMCs. Citral (40 µM) in combination with doxorubicin (1.5 µM) increased the expression of pro-apoptotic protein BAK but significantly decreased the expression of anti-apoptotic protein BCL-XL to 5.26-fold compared with doxorubicin-treated cells. It did not change the anti-proliferative activity of drug. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Citral potentiated cytotoxicity of doxorubicin by increasing apoptotic effects. We conclude that citral may have beneficial effects in patients with B cell lymphoma treated with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darinee Dangkong
- Interdisciplinary Program of Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand and
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Boukhatem MN, Ferhat MA, Kameli A, Saidi F, Kebir HT. Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil as a potent anti-inflammatory and antifungal drugs. Libyan J Med 2014; 9:25431. [PMID: 25242268 PMCID: PMC4170112 DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v9.25431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile oils obtained from lemon grass [Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Poaceae family] are used in traditional medicine as remedies for the treatment of various diseases. AIMS In the present study, lemon grass essential oil (LGEO) was evaluated for its in vivo topical and oral anti-inflammatory effects, and for its in vitro antifungal activity using both liquid and vapor phases. METHODS The chemical profile of LGEO as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed two major components: geranial (42.2%), and neral (31.5%). The antifungal activity of LGEO was evaluated against several pathogenic yeasts and filamentous fungi using disc diffusion and vapor diffusion methods. RESULTS LGEO exhibited promising antifungal effect against Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, and Aspergillus niger, with different inhibition zone diameters (IZDs) (35-90 mm). IZD increased with increasing oil volume. Significantly, higher anti-Candida activity was observed in the vapor phase. For the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect, LGEO (10 mg/kg, administered orally) significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema with a similar effect to that observed for oral diclofenac (50 mg/kg), which was used as the positive control. Oral administration of LGEO showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, topical application of LGEO in vivo resulted in a potent anti-inflammatory effect, as demonstrated by using the mouse model of croton oil-induced ear edema. To our knowledge, this is the first such report to be published. The topical application of LGEO at doses of 5 and 10 µL/ear significantly reduced acute ear edema induced by croton oil in 62.5 and 75% of the mice, respectively. In addition, histological analysis clearly confirmed that LGEO inhibits the skin inflammatory response in animal models. CONCLUSION RESULTS of the present study indicate that LGEO has a noteworthy potential for the development of drugs for the treatment of fungal infections and skin inflammation that should be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Nadjib Boukhatem
- Département de Biologie et Physiologie Cellulaire, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Amine Ferhat
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Produits Bioactifs et Valorisation de la Biomasse, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Alger, Algeria
| | - Abdelkrim Kameli
- Laboratoire Eco-Physiologie Végétale, Département des Sciences Naturelles, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Alger, Algeria
| | - Fairouz Saidi
- Département de Biologie et Physiologie Cellulaire, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | - Hadjer Tchoketch Kebir
- Département de Biologie et Physiologie Cellulaire, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
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Ullah N, Khan MA, Khan T, Ahmad W. Cymbopogon citratus Protects against the Renal Injury Induced by Toxic Doses of Aminoglycosides in Rabbits. Indian J Pharm Sci 2013; 75:241-6. [PMID: 24019578 PMCID: PMC3757868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal injury is the most common side-effect of aminoglycosides. These antimicrobial drugs are particularly effective against Gram-negative microorganisms. The present study was conducted to investigate the renal protective activity of Cymbopogon citratus in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Male rabbits were divided into four groups (n=6) including group 1 (0.9% saline treated), group 2 (80 mg/kg/day gentamicin-treated), group 3 (200 mg/kg/day Cymbopogon citratus treated) and group 4 (80 mg/kg/day gentamicin and 200 mg/kg/day Cymbopogon citratus treated). Biochemical kidney functioning parameters, urinary enzymes and histopathological examination were performed. The results of the present study showed that simultaneous administration of Cymbopogon citrates and gentamicin significantly protected alteration in body weight, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, serum uric acid, serum electrolytes, urinary volume, urinary protein, urinary lactate dehydrogenase and urinary alkaline phosphatase induced by gentamicin. Histological examination of the kidney also suggested the same. It is concluded from the current study that co-administration of Cymbopogon citratus with gentamicin for 3 weeks successfully prevented renal damage associated with aminoglycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - M. A. Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - T. Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - W. Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
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