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Torres-Espín A, Forero J, Fenrich KK, Lucas-Osma AM, Krajacic A, Schmidt E, Vavrek R, Raposo P, Bennett DJ, Popovich PG, Fouad K. Eliciting inflammation enables successful rehabilitative training in chronic spinal cord injury. Brain 2018; 141:1946-1962. [PMID: 29860396 PMCID: PMC6022560 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rehabilitative training is one of the most successful therapies to promote motor recovery after spinal cord injury, especially when applied early after injury. Polytrauma and management of other medical complications in the acute post-injury setting often preclude or complicate early rehabilitation. Therefore, interventions that reopen a window of opportunity for effective motor training after chronic injury would have significant therapeutic value. Here, we tested whether this could be achieved in rats with chronic (8 weeks) dorsolateral quadrant sections of the cervical spinal cord (C4) by inducing mild neuroinflammation. We found that systemic injection of a low dose of lipopolysaccharide improved the efficacy of rehabilitative training on forelimb function, as assessed using a single pellet reaching and grasping task. This enhanced recovery was found to be dependent on the training intensity, where a high-intensity paradigm induced the biggest improvements. Importantly, in contrast to training alone, the combination of systemic lipopolysaccharide and high-intensity training restored original function (reparative plasticity) rather than enhancing new motor strategies (compensatory plasticity). Accordingly, electrophysiological and tract-tracing studies demonstrated a recovery in the cortical drive to the affected forelimb muscles and a restructuration of the corticospinal innervation of the cervical spinal cord. Thus, we propose that techniques that can elicit mild neuroinflammation may be used to enhance the efficacy of rehabilitative training after chronic spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Torres-Espín
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juan Forero
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith K Fenrich
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ana M Lucas-Osma
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Krajacic
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Emma Schmidt
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Romana Vavrek
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pamela Raposo
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David J Bennett
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, 460 W. 12th Ave., 694 Biomedical Research Tower, Ohio State University; Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Karim Fouad
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Schrottmaier WC, Kral JB, Zeitlinger M, Salzmann M, Jilma B, Assinger A. Platelet activation at the onset of human endotoxemia is undetectable in vivo. Platelets 2016; 27:479-83. [PMID: 26764560 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2015.1119814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection induces platelet activation and consumption, which leads to thrombocytopenia, enhances microvascular thrombosis, impairs microcirculation and eventually triggers disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It is well characterized that endotoxemia results in a pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulatory state, which favors platelet activation. However the early, direct effects of endotoxemia on platelets have not been investigated so far. Therefore we aimed to determine the early effects of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on platelet function in vivo. In a human endotoxemia model, 15 healthy volunteers were stimulated with LPS (2 ng/kg). Blood was drawn before, 10, 30 and 60 min after LPS challenge and platelet activation analyzed by flow cytometry (GPIIb/IIIa activation, surface CD62P and CD40L, intraplatelet reactive oxygen formation and platelet-leukocyte aggregates) and ELISA (sCD40L, sCD62P and CXCL4). In parallel, blood samples and platelets were spiked with LPS (50 pg/ml) in vitro and monitored over 60 min for the same platelet activation markers. In vitro platelet stimulation with LPS activated platelets independent of the presence of leukocytes and enhanced their adhesion to endothelial cells. In contrast, in vivo no increase in GPIIb/IIIa activation or surface expression of CD62P was observed. However, endotoxemia resulted in a significant drop in platelet count and elevated the plasma CXCL4 levels already 10 min after the LPS challenge. These data indicate that LPS rapidly activates platelets, leading to α-granule release and endothelial adhesion. This might explain the drop in platelet count observed at the onset of endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Barbara Kral
- a Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- b Department of Clinical Pharmacology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Manuel Salzmann
- a Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- b Department of Clinical Pharmacology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Alice Assinger
- a Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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Calabrese F, Rossetti AC, Racagni G, Gass P, Riva MA, Molteni R. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a bridge between inflammation and neuroplasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:430. [PMID: 25565964 PMCID: PMC4273623 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are key regulatory mediators involved in the host response to immunological challenges, but also play a critical role in the communication between the immune and the central nervous system. For this, their expression in both systems is under a tight regulatory control. However, pathological conditions may lead to an overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines that may have a detrimental impact on central nervous system. In particular, they may damage neuronal structure and function leading to deficits of neuroplasticity, the ability of nervous system to perceive, respond and adapt to external or internal stimuli. In search of the mechanisms by which pro-inflammatory cytokines may affect this crucial brain capability, we will discuss one of the most interesting hypotheses: the involvement of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which represents one of the major mediators of neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Calabrese
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea C Rossetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Racagni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marco A Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Molteni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
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Choi HI, Chung KJ, Yang HY, Ren L, Sohn S, Kim PR, Kook MS, Choy HE, Lee TH. Peroxiredoxin V selectively regulates IL-6 production by modulating the Jak2-Stat5 pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:270-279. [PMID: 23831231 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian peroxiredoxin V (PrdxV) is a multifunctional protein that protects cells from DNA damage and inhibits stress-induced apoptosis. However, PrdxV is also known to be involved in modulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced host cell signaling, but its precise role is not fully understood. In this study, we used stably transfected RAW264.7 cells and transiently transfected 293-mTLR4-MD2-CD14 cells expressing wild-type (WT) or mutant (C48S) PrdxV to characterize the function and mechanism of action of PrdxV in LPS-induced immune responses. We found that PrdxV selectively reduces production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) by inhibiting activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5) through interaction with Jak2. Notably, this activity of PrdxV was dependent on its catalytic Cys48 residue, but not its peroxidase activity. The binding of to Jak2 effectively inhibited Jak2 phosphorylation, but PrdxV did not act as efficiently as SOCS1 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 1). Our results suggest that PrdxV is a key mediator contributing to the regulation of LPS/TLR4-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon-In Choi
- Dental Science Research Institute and the BK21 Project, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Chung
- Dental Science Research Institute and the BK21 Project, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea; Technical University of Dresden, Department of Medicine, Division of Vascular inflammation, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hee-Young Yang
- Dental Science Research Institute and the BK21 Project, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Lina Ren
- Dental Science Research Institute and the BK21 Project, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungoh Sohn
- Dental Science Research Institute and the BK21 Project, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Poo-Reun Kim
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Kook
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon E Choy
- Department of Microbiology and Genome Research Center for Enteropathogenic Bacteria, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Lee
- Dental Science Research Institute and the BK21 Project, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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