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Nguyen CH, Senfter D, Basilio J, Holzner S, Stadler S, Krieger S, Huttary N, Milovanovic D, Viola K, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Jäger W, de Martin R, Krupitza G. NF-κB contributes to MMP1 expression in breast cancer spheroids causing paracrine PAR1 activation and disintegrations in the lymph endothelial barrier in vitro. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39262-75. [PMID: 26513020 PMCID: PMC4770771 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RELA, RELB, CREL, NFKB1 and NFKB2, and the upstream regulators NEMO and NIK were knocked-down in lymph endothelial cells (LECs) and in MDA-MB231 breast cancer spheroids to study the contribution of NF-κB in vascular barrier breaching. Suppression of RELA, NFKB1 and NEMO inhibited “circular chemo-repellent induced defects” (CCIDs), which form when cancer cells cross the lymphatic vasculature, by ~20–30%. Suppression of RELB, NFKB2 and NIK inhibited CCIDs by only ~10–15%. In MDA-MB231 cells RELA and NFKB1 constituted MMP1 expression, which caused the activation of PAR1 in adjacent LECs. The knock-down of MMP1 in MDA-MB231 spheroids and pharmacological inhibition of PAR1 in LECs inhibited CCID formation by ~30%. Intracellular Ca2+ release in LECs, which was induced by recombinant MMP1, was suppressed by the PAR1 inhibitor SCH79797, thereby confirming a functional intercellular axis: RELA/NFKB1 – MMP1 (MDA-MB231) – PAR1 (LEC). Recombinant MMP1 induced PAR1-dependent phosphorylation of MLC2 and FAK in LECs, which is indicative for their activity and for directional cell migration such as observed during CCID formation. The combined knock-down of the NF-κB pathways in LECs and MDA-MB231 spheroids inhibited CCIDs significantly stronger than knock-down in either cell type alone. Also the knock-down of ICAM-1 in LECs (a NF-κB endpoint with relevance for CCID formation) and knock-down of MMP1 in MDA-MB231 augmented CCID inhibition. This evidences that in both cell types NF-κB significantly and independently contributes to tumour-mediated breaching of the lymphatic barrier. Hence, inflamed tumour tissue and/or vasculature pose an additional threat to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Huu Nguyen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Senfter
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jose Basilio
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvio Holzner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Serena Stadler
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigurd Krieger
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Huttary
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Milovanovic
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Viola
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Walter Jäger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer de Martin
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Krupitza
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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