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Eckhardt D, Semeraro EF, Steigenberger J, Schnur J, Kalie L, Massing U, Pabst G, Heerklotz H. Eutectic Resolves Lysolipid Paradox in Thermoresponsive Liposomes. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1768-1776. [PMID: 38381374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
A better molecular understanding of the temperature-triggered drug release from lysolipid-based thermosensitive liposomes (LTSLs) is needed to overcome the recent setbacks in developing this important drug delivery system. Enhanced drug release was previously rationalized in terms of detergent-like effects of the lysolipid monostearyl lysophosphatidylcholine (MSPC), stabilizing local membrane defects upon LTSL lipid melting. This is highly surprising and here referred to as the 'lysolipid paradox,' because detergents usually induce the opposite effect─they cause leakage upon freezing, not melting. Here, we aim at better answers to (i) why lysolipid does not compromise drug retention upon storage of LTSLs in the gel phase, (ii) how lysolipids can enhance drug release from LTSLs upon lipid melting, and (iii) why LTSLs typically anneal after some time so that not all drug gets released. To this end, we studied the phase transitions of mixtures of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and MSPC by a combination of differential scanning and pressure perturbation calorimetry and identified the phase structures with small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS). The key result is that LTSLs, which contain the standard amount of 10 mol % MSPC, are at a eutectic point when they release their cargo upon melting at about 41 °C. The eutectic present below 41 °C consists of a MSPC-depleted gel phase as well as small domains of a hydrocarbon chain interdigitated gel phase containing some 30 mol % MSPC. In these interdigitated domains, the lysolipid is stored safely without compromising membrane integrity. At the eutectic temperature, both the MSPC-depleted bilayer and interdigitated MSPC-rich domains melt at once to fluid bilayers, respectively. Intact, fluid membranes tolerate much less MSPC than interdigitated domains─where the latter have melted, the high local MSPC content causes transient pores. These pores allow for fast drug release. However, these pores disappear, and the membrane seals again as the MSPC distributes more evenly over the membrane so that its local concentration decreases below the pore-stabilizing threshold. We provide a pseudobinary phase diagram of the DPPC-MSPC system and structural and volumetric data for the interdigitated phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eckhardt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D79104, Germany
| | - Enrico F Semeraro
- Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Bioscience (IMB), NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Jessica Steigenberger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D79104, Germany
| | - Johannes Schnur
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D79104, Germany
| | - Louma Kalie
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D79104, Germany
| | - Ulrich Massing
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D79104, Germany
| | - Georg Pabst
- Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Bioscience (IMB), NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Heiko Heerklotz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D79104, Germany
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- BIOSS Signaling Research Center, Freiburg D79104, Germany
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Park SJ, Im DS. 2-Arachidonyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamine Induces Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Macrophages and in Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094865. [PMID: 34064436 PMCID: PMC8125189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Arachidonyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamine, shortly 2-ARA-LPE, is a polyunsaturated lysophosphatidylethanolamine. 2-ARA-LPE has a very long chain arachidonic acid, formed by an ester bond at the sn-2 position. It has been reported that 2-ARA-LPE has anti-inflammatory effects in a zymosan-induced peritonitis model. However, it’s action mechanisms are poorly investigated. Recently, resolution of inflammation is considered to be an active process driven by M2 polarized macrophages. Therefore, we have investigated whether 2-ARA-LPE acts on macrophages for anti-inflammation, whether 2-ARA-LPE modulates macrophage phenotypes to reduce inflammation, and whether 2-ARA-LPE is anti-inflammatory in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model. In mouse peritoneal macrophages, 2-ARA-LPE was found to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced M1 macrophage polarization, but not induce M2 polarization. 2-ARA-LPE inhibited the inductions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in mouse peritoneal macrophages at the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, products of the two genes, nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, were also inhibited by 2-ARA-LPE. However, 1-oleoyl-LPE did not show any activity on the macrophage polarization and inflammatory responses. The anti-inflammatory activity of 2-ARA-LPE was also verified in vivo in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model. 2-ARA-LPE inhibits LPS-induced M1 polarization, which contributes to anti-inflammation and suppresses the carrageenan-induced paw edema in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 82-2-961-9377
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