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Martuzzi F, Franceschi P, Formaggioni P. Fermented Mare Milk and Its Microorganisms for Human Consumption and Health. Foods 2024; 13:493. [PMID: 38338628 PMCID: PMC10855475 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mare milk is consumed by approximatively 30 million people in the world. In countries in Asia and East Europe, mare milk is mainly consumed as source of fermented products, called koumiss, airag or chigee, alcoholic beverages obtained by means of a culture of bacteria and lactose-fermenting yeasts. Recent research concerning mare milk and its derivatives deals mainly with their potential employment for human health. Studies about the isolation and characterization of Lactobacillus spp. and yeasts from koumiss have been aimed at assessing the potential functional properties of these micro-organisms and to find their employment for the industrial processing of mare milk. The aim of this literature review is to summarize recent research about microorganisms in fermented mare milk products and their potential functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Martuzzi
- Department of Food and Drug Science, University of Parma, Via delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Piero Franceschi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Paolo Formaggioni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy;
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Witczak A, Mituniewicz-Małek A, Dmytrów I. Analysis of the Influence of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Strains on Changes in the Hexachlorobenzene Content in Fermented Mare Milk during Refrigerated Storage. Molecules 2024; 29:528. [PMID: 38276605 PMCID: PMC10820736 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a persistent organic pollutant that is possibly carcinogenic to humans. It is still found in the environment, humans and animals, and in foods, including milk and dairy products; (2) Methods: The influence of the probiotic cultures Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LCR and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum LP on the possibility of effecting the biodegradation of HCB in dairy products fermented from mare milk was investigated, taking into account the product storage time (maximum 21 days). HCB content was determined using the GC/MS method; (3) Results: A strong negative Pearson correlation (p < 0.05) was found between HCB concentration and the refrigeration storage time of the fermented beverages. The highest HCB reduction was observed in milk fermented with both Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LCR and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum LP (78.77%), while the lowest was noted when only Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum LP was used (73.79%); (4) Conclusions: This pilot study confirmed that probiotics commonly used to give products health-promoting properties can also contribute to reducing the content of undesirable substances, and the bacterial cultures used might provide an alternative method for reducing HCB residues in fermented drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Witczak
- Department of Toxicology, Dairy Technology and Food Storage, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland; (A.M.-M.); (I.D.)
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Istanbullugil FR, Risvanli A, Salikov R, Bayraktar M, Kadiraliyeva N, Zhunushova A, Yilmaz O, Yuksel BF, Turanli M, Uz M, Asinbekovic MI. The relationship between Th1/Th2 cytokine polarization and milk composition in the postnatal period in Kyrgyz mares and foals. Reprod Domest Anim 2023. [PMID: 36934392 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Immune compatibility between mare and foal is one of the important topics of reproductive immunology. At this point, although there are many studies on antibodies, there are not many publications on the relationship between the cytokine levels of mare, foal and milk and the effects of milk composition on this relationship. Here we investigate the relationship between Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and milk composition in Kyrgyz mares and foals. Samples were taken soon after the foal was born and on days 5, 10, and 20 after birth. Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) cytokine levels in blood samples were measured using a commercial ELISA kit. Dry matter, fat, protein and non-fat dry matter ratios were determined in the mare's milk and colostrum. We detected no Th1/Th2 polarization in the mare's milk on the day of the foal's birth (day 0) and day 10, but there was Th1 polarization on day 5 and Th2 cytokine polarization on day 20. There was no polarization in the blood sera of the mares on days 0, 5, and 10, and Th1 cytokine polarization was also detected on day 20. We detected no Th1/Th2 cytokine polarization in the blood sera of the foals on any of the days. Dry matter (19.66 ± 0.39%), protein (16.56 ± 0.18%), fat (2.13 ± 0.17), and non-fat dry matter (17.59 ± 0.44%) were higher in colostrum than the other days. When the correlations between cytokine levels in milk samples and milk composition were examined, there was a positive correlation between IL-5 level and protein ratio on day 10. We detected a positive correlation between IL-2 level and the fat rate on day 20. There was a positive correlation between the IL-2 level and the non-fat dry matter ratio on day 20. Further studies are now needed to determine the relationship between the changes in the composition of mare's milk in the postnatal period and Th1/Th2 cytokine polarization in mares and foals at the time of birth and in the postnatal period. Our finding that protein and fat ratios in mare's milk in the postnatal period are positively correlated with IL-2 levels should be considered in terms of foal and human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih R Istanbullugil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Ali Risvanli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Ruslan Salikov
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Metin Bayraktar
- Department of Zootechny, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Nariste Kadiraliyeva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Aidai Zhunushova
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Oznur Yilmaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Burak F Yuksel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Mert Turanli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Uz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Mirbek I Asinbekovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kostantin Ivanovic Skrabin University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
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Afzaal M, Saeed F, Anjum F, Waris N, Husaain M, Ikram A, Ateeq H, Muhammad Anjum F, Suleria H. Nutritional and ethnomedicinal scenario of koumiss: A concurrent review. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:6421-6428. [PMID: 34760271 PMCID: PMC8565204 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented foods are an essential source of nutrition for the communities living in developing areas of the world. Additionally, traditional fermented products are a rich source of various bioactive components. Experimental research regarding the functional exploration of these products is a way forward for better human health. Among fermented foods, Koumiss is rich in vitamins especially vitamin C and minerals, i.e., phosphorus and calcium. In addition, it is also rich in vitamins A, E, B2, B12, and pantothenic acid. High concentrations of lactose in milk favor bacterial fermentation, as the original cultures decompose it into lactic acid. Koumiss contains essential fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic acid. Koumiss offers many health benefits including boosting the immune system and maintains blood pressure, good effect on the kidneys, endocrine glands, gut system, liver, and nervous and vascular system. The rich microflora from the fermented product has a pivotal role in maintaining gut health and treating various digestive diseases. The core focus of the current review paper is to highlight the nutritional and therapeutic potential, i.e., anticarcinogenic, hypocholesterolemia effect, antioxidative properties, antibacterial properties, antibacterial spectrum, intestinal enlargement, and β-galactosidase activity, of Koumiss as a traditional fermented product. Moreover, history and production technology of the Koumiss are also the main part of this review paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Afzaal
- Department of Food SciencesGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food SciencesGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Fatima Anjum
- Department of Dietetics and NutritionThe University of FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Numra Waris
- Department of Food SciencesGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muzzamal Husaain
- Department of Food SciencesGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ali Ikram
- Department of Food SciencesGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Huda Ateeq
- Department of Food SciencesGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | | | - Hafiz Suleria
- Department of Agriculture and Food SystemsThe University of MelbourneAustralia
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Li N, Xie Q, Chen Q, Evivie SE, Liu D, Dong J, Huo G, Li B. Cow, Goat, and Mare Milk Diets Differentially Modulated the Immune System and Gut Microbiota of Mice Colonized by Healthy Infant Feces. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:15345-15357. [PMID: 33300339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the possible alternative supplements to breastmilk are gaining research interests. Although milk from cow, goat, and mare is nutritious, its effects on the relationship between the immune system, metabolites, and gut microbiota remain unclear. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the effects of cow, goat, and mare milk on the immune system, metabolites, and gut microbiota of mice colonized by healthy infant feces using human milk as a standard. We examined the serum biochemistry parameters, immunity indicators, T cells, gut microbiota abundance, and metabolites. Results showed that the impact of human milk on alanine transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, total protein, globulin, and glucose values was different from the cow, goat, and mare milk types. The effects of mare milk on the percentage of CD4+ T, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells, and the levels of IL-2, IL-4, sIgA, and d-lactic acid in the serum of the human microbiota-associated mice were comparable to those of human milk. Also, bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that human milk enriched the relative abundance of Akkermansia and Bacteroides, cow milk increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, goat milk increased the relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella, and mare milk improved the relative abundance of Klebsiella. Besides, mare milk was similar to human milk in the concentration of the metabolites we analyzed. Our findings suggest that mare milk can positively modulate the gut microbiota and immunity status of infants and thus could be a possible replacement for human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qinggang Xie
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Company LTD., Qiqihaer 164800, China
| | - Qingxue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Smith Etareri Evivie
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria
| | - Deyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiahuan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Guicheng Huo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bailiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Li N, Li B, Guan J, Shi J, Evivie SE, Zhao L, Huo G, Wang S. Distinct Effects of Milks From Various Animal Types on Infant Fecal Microbiota Through in vitro Fermentations. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:580931. [PMID: 33072051 PMCID: PMC7533598 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.580931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is compatible with infant intestinal microbiota and is vital for infant health. However, most infants do not receive sufficient exclusive breastfeeding, and the effects of including other types of animal milk on the gut microbiota of infants are unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to elucidate the impact of milk from various animal sources on infant fecal microbiota through in vitro fermentation. The types of milk assessed include cow milk, goat milk, camel milk, mare milk, human milk, and infant formula milk. Here we determined the gas pressure, pH, and microbiota after 24 h fermentation. Results showed that mare milk had the lowest gas pressure rating, with levels similar to human milk. More so, pH analysis demonstrated that other milk types were identical to human milk. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that all milk types increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, which was proportional to the lactose content of milk. Moreover, mare milk also significantly increased the relative abundance of Akkermansia. Collectively, results from mare milk (gas pressure, pH, and microbiota) were comparable to that of human milk, and thus support the theoretical basis for exploring the development of a mare milk-based infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Bailiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaqi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jialu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Smith Etareri Evivie
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guicheng Huo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Guo L, Xu W, Li C, Ya M, Guo Y, Qian J, Zhu J. Production technology, nutritional, and microbiological investigation of traditionally fermented mare milk (Chigee) from Xilin Gol in China. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:257-264. [PMID: 31993151 PMCID: PMC6977523 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mare milk originated from female horses, known as mares, to feed their foals during lactation. The health-promoting characteristics of traditionally fermented mare milk (Chigee) are well known for the function of clinic treatment in the traditional Mongolian medicine. This study was conducted to investigate the production technology of Chigee and to evaluate the nutritional and microbiological characteristics of mare milk and Chigee based on 188 samples. The nutritional analysis of mare milk and Chigee indicated that lactose significantly decreased from 6.95 ± 0.45% to 2.82 ± 1.65% and acidity and alcoholic content significantly increased to 136.72 ± 57.88°T and 1.22 ± 0.7%, respectively, after spontaneous fermentation of mare milk. The microbiological analysis of Chigee showed that the total lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count varied from 5.32 to 8.56 log cfu/ml and total yeast count varied from 2.41 to 6.98 log cfu/ml. Moreover, the acidity of Chigee rose with the increase in LAB count within limits, and high acidity (≥178°T) inhibited the growth of coliforms. These findings provide an understanding of traditional production technology, nutrition, and microbiology that is fundamental for establishing the food standard of Chigee in China and will contribute to standardize the fermentation process for the industrial production of Chigee in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Xilin Gol Food Testing and Risk Assessment CenterXilingol Vocational CollegeXilin Gol Institute of BioengineeringXilinhotChina
| | - Wei‐Liang Xu
- Xilin Gol Food Testing and Risk Assessment CenterXilingol Vocational CollegeXilin Gol Institute of BioengineeringXilinhotChina
| | - Chun‐Dong Li
- Xilin Gol Food Testing and Risk Assessment CenterXilingol Vocational CollegeXilin Gol Institute of BioengineeringXilinhotChina
| | - Mei Ya
- Xilin Gol Food Testing and Risk Assessment CenterXilingol Vocational CollegeXilin Gol Institute of BioengineeringXilinhotChina
| | - Yuan‐Sheng Guo
- Xilin Gol Food Testing and Risk Assessment CenterXilingol Vocational CollegeXilin Gol Institute of BioengineeringXilinhotChina
| | - Jun‐Ping Qian
- Xilin Gol Food Testing and Risk Assessment CenterXilingol Vocational CollegeXilin Gol Institute of BioengineeringXilinhotChina
| | - Jian‐Jun Zhu
- Xilin Gol Food Testing and Risk Assessment CenterXilingol Vocational CollegeXilin Gol Institute of BioengineeringXilinhotChina
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Pietrzak-Fiećko R. Relationship Between the Content of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Fatty Acid Composition of Milk Fat. J Vet Res 2018; 62:71-78. [PMID: 29978130 PMCID: PMC5957464 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2018-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Reports that the presence of persistent organic pollutants in fat may affect fatty acid metabolism prompted this research aiming to study the relationship between the contents of γ-HCH and DDT, DDE, DDD, and ΣDDT, and fatty acid composition of milk fat. Material and Methods The material consisted of 50 samples of cow and mare milk, collected in 2015. Ludwicki’s and the Röse-Gottlieb and IDF Standard methods were used to prepare the samples. Statistical analyses were conducted using Statistica 12.0. Results There was a negative correlation between the content of γ-HCH and C16:1, C17:1, C18:1c9, C18:1c9c12, and ΣMUFA in cow milk fat and C13:0, C14:0, and C10:1 in mare milk fat. A positive correlation was observed between γ-HCH and C6:0 to C12:0, C14:0, C18:1t16, and ΣSFA in cow milk fat, and between this compound and C14:0iso, C16:1, C17:1, C18:1c9,11, and ΣMUFA in mare milk fat. A negative correlation between the contents of ΣDDT and C16:1, C17:1, C18:1c9,11,13 and ΣMUFA in cow milk fat and C16:0iso, C17:0, and C18:3 in mare milk fat was noted. A positive correlation was found between the contents of ΣDDT and saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and ΣSFA and ΣPUFA in cow milk fat, and C18:2c9c12 in mare milk fat. Conclusion The correlation between the content of selected organochlorine compounds and the composition of fatty acids in cow and mare milk fat indicates the strong influence of these environmental pollutants on the nutritional value of milk fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Pietrzak-Fiećko
- Department of Commodities and Food Analysis, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Fotschki J, Szyc AM, Laparra JM, Markiewicz LH, Wróblewska B. Immune-modulating properties of horse milk administered to mice sensitized to cow milk. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9395-9404. [PMID: 27771084 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine immune adaptive changes, the expression of innate biomarkers and variations in intestinal microbiota composition after horse-milk administration in BALB/c mice, which were sensitized intraperitoneally using cow β-lactoglobulin and α-casein with aluminum adjuvant. We measured serum antibody IgE levels and the expression of MCP-1, IL-4, and TNF-α in duodenal samples. Changes in immune cell populations in peripheral blood were quantified using flow cytometry, and intestinal microbiota composition was assessed using real-time PCR. We found that horse-milk administration decreased serum IgE levels in sensitized mice. The groups that received horse milk showed an increased population of regulatory T cells (CD4+Foxp3+). Horse-milk administration decreased the mRNA levels of IL-4 and resulted in higher transcripts of TLR-4 in all treatment groups; however, the levels of MCP-1, TNF-α, and TLR-2 were unaltered. After horse-milk treatment, we observed a positive effect, with increased numbers of intestinal Bifidobacterium spp. We observed immune-modulating properties of horse milk, but future studies should focus on testing horse-milk processing, such as fermentation and destroying most allergenic epitopes to continue research under clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fotschki
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A M Szyc
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - J M Laparra
- Immunonutrition and Health Group, Valencian International University, C/Gorgos 5-7, 46021 Valencia, Spain
| | - L H Markiewicz
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - B Wróblewska
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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