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Chamba G, Rissanen M, Barthelmeß T, Saiz-Lopez A, Rose C, Iyer S, Saint-Macary A, Rocco M, Safi K, Deppeler S, Barr N, Harvey M, Engel A, Dunne E, Law CS, Sellegri K. Evidence of nitrate-based nighttime atmospheric nucleation driven by marine microorganisms in the South Pacific. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308696120. [PMID: 37991941 PMCID: PMC10691324 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308696120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of ocean-cloud interactions and their effect on climate lacks insight into a key pathway: do biogenic marine emissions form new particles in the open ocean atmosphere? Using measurements collected in ship-borne air-sea interface tanks deployed in the Southwestern Pacific Ocean, we identified new particle formation (NPF) during nighttime that was related to plankton community composition. We show that nitrate ions are the only species for which abundance could support NPF rates in our semicontrolled experiments. Nitrate ions also prevailed in the natural pristine marine atmosphere and were elevated under higher sub-10 nm particle concentrations. We hypothesize that these nucleation events were fueled by complex, short-term biogeochemical cycling involving the microbial loop. These findings suggest a new perspective with a previously unidentified role of nitrate of marine biogeochemical origin in aerosol nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chamba
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
| | - Matti Rissanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere33720, Finland
- Chemistry Department, Molecular Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Theresa Barthelmeß
- Research Center for Marine Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel24105, Germany
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid28006, Spain
| | - Clémence Rose
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere33720, Finland
| | - Alexia Saint-Macary
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington6021, New Zealand
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin9016, New Zealand
| | - Manon Rocco
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
| | - Karl Safi
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton3216, New Zealand
| | - Stacy Deppeler
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington6021, New Zealand
| | - Neill Barr
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington6021, New Zealand
| | - Mike Harvey
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington6021, New Zealand
| | - Anja Engel
- Research Center for Marine Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel24105, Germany
| | - Erin Dunne
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Environment, AspendaleVIC3195, Australia
| | - Cliff S. Law
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington6021, New Zealand
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin9016, New Zealand
| | - Karine Sellegri
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
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Moallemi A, Landwehr S, Robinson C, Simó R, Zamanillo M, Chen G, Baccarini A, Schnaiter M, Henning S, Modini RL, Gysel‐Beer M, Schmale J. Sources, Occurrence and Characteristics of Fluorescent Biological Aerosol Particles Measured Over the Pristine Southern Ocean. J Geophys Res Atmos 2021; 126:e2021JD034811. [PMID: 34221783 PMCID: PMC8244095 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd034811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the occurrence of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP) over all sectors of the Southern Ocean (SO) based on a 90-day data set collected during the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE) in austral summer 2016-2017. Super-micrometer PBAP (1-16 µm diameter) were measured by a wide band integrated bioaerosol sensor (WIBS-4). Low (3σ) and high (9σ) fluorescence thresholds are used to obtain statistics on fluorescent and hyper-fluorescent PBAP, respectively. Our focus is on data obtained over the pristine ocean, that is, more than 200 km away from land. The results indicate that (hyper-)fluorescent PBAP are correlated to atmospheric variables associated with sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles (wind speed, total super-micrometer aerosol number concentration, chloride and sodium concentrations). This suggests that a main source of PBAP over the SO is SSA. The median percentage contribution of fluorescent and hyper-fluorescent PBAP to super-micrometer SSA was 1.6% and 0.13%, respectively. We demonstrate that the fraction of (hyper-)fluorescent PBAP to total super-micrometer particles positively correlates with concentrations of bacteria and several taxa of pythoplankton measured in seawater, indicating that marine biota concentrations modulate the PBAP source flux. We investigate the fluorescent properties of (hyper-)fluorescent PBAP for several events that occurred near land masses. We find that the fluorescence signal characteristics of particles near land is much more variable than over the pristine ocean. We conclude that the source and concentration of fluorescent PBAP over the open ocean is similar across all sampled sectors of the SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Moallemi
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Sebastian Landwehr
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
- Extreme Environments Research LaboratoryÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental EngineeringLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Charlotte Robinson
- Remote Sensing and Satellite Research GroupCurtin UniversityBentleyWAAustralia
| | - Rafel Simó
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Gang Chen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Andrea Baccarini
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
- Extreme Environments Research LaboratoryÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental EngineeringLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Martin Schnaiter
- Institut für Meteorologie und KlimaforschungKarlsruher Institut für TechnologieKarlsruheGermany
- schnaiTEC GmbHBruchsalGermany
| | - Silvia Henning
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Experimental Aerosol and Cloud MicrophysicsLeipzigGermany
| | - Robin L. Modini
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Martin Gysel‐Beer
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Julia Schmale
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
- Extreme Environments Research LaboratoryÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental EngineeringLausanneSwitzerland
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Liu S, Liu CC, Froyd KD, Schill GP, Murphy DM, Bui TP, Dean-Day JM, Weinzierl B, Dollner M, Diskin GS, Chen G, Gao RS. Sea spray aerosol concentration modulated by sea surface temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020583118. [PMID: 33619099 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020583118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate models use pre-industrial atmosphere as the reference to evaluate the impacts of human activities on the Earth’s radiation balance. Sea spray aerosols (SSA) are the key component in the relatively pristine preindustrial conditions that substantially affect model calculations. Currently, the abundance of SSA is poorly constrained. In particular, studies on the influence of sea surface temperature on SSA production have shown disparate results. This uncertainty arises from limited field measurements, especially over remote oceans. Our global aircraft measurements over the remote Pacific and Atlantic Oceans show that higher sea surface temperature enhances the production of SSA. Updating the current parameterization in global models using our observational constraints will improve the estimate of atmospheric SSA budget and human-induced climate change. Natural aerosols in pristine regions form the baseline used to evaluate the impact of anthropogenic aerosols on climate. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is a major component of natural aerosols. Despite its importance, the abundance of SSA is poorly constrained. It is generally accepted that wind-driven wave breaking is the principle governing SSA production. This mechanism alone, however, is insufficient to explain the variability of SSA concentration at given wind speed. The role of other parameters, such as sea surface temperature (SST), remains controversial. Here, we show that higher SST promotes SSA mass generation at a wide range of wind speed levels over the remote Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, in addition to demonstrating the wind-driven SSA production mechanism. The results are from a global scale dataset of airborne SSA measurements at 150 to 200 m above the ocean surface during the NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission. Statistical analysis suggests that accounting for SST greatly enhances the predictability of the observed SSA concentration compared to using wind speed alone. Our results support implementing SST into SSA source functions in global models to better understand the atmospheric burdens of SSA.
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Veres PR, Neuman JA, Bertram TH, Assaf E, Wolfe GM, Williamson CJ, Weinzierl B, Tilmes S, Thompson CR, Thames AB, Schroder JC, Saiz-Lopez A, Rollins AW, Roberts JM, Price D, Peischl J, Nault BA, Møller KH, Miller DO, Meinardi S, Li Q, Lamarque JF, Kupc A, Kjaergaard HG, Kinnison D, Jimenez JL, Jernigan CM, Hornbrook RS, Hills A, Dollner M, Day DA, Cuevas CA, Campuzano-Jost P, Burkholder J, Bui TP, Brune WH, Brown SS, Brock CA, Bourgeois I, Blake DR, Apel EC, Ryerson TB. Global airborne sampling reveals a previously unobserved dimethyl sulfide oxidation mechanism in the marine atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:4505-10. [PMID: 32071211 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919344117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), emitted from the oceans, is the most abundant biological source of sulfur to the marine atmosphere. Atmospheric DMS is oxidized to condensable products that form secondary aerosols that affect Earth's radiative balance by scattering solar radiation and serving as cloud condensation nuclei. We report the atmospheric discovery of a previously unquantified DMS oxidation product, hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF, HOOCH2SCHO), identified through global-scale airborne observations that demonstrate it to be a major reservoir of marine sulfur. Observationally constrained model results show that more than 30% of oceanic DMS emitted to the atmosphere forms HPMTF. Coincident particle measurements suggest a strong link between HPMTF concentration and new particle formation and growth. Analyses of these observations show that HPMTF chemistry must be included in atmospheric models to improve representation of key linkages between the biogeochemistry of the ocean, marine aerosol formation and growth, and their combined effects on climate.
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Bersenkowitsch NK, Ončák M, Heller J, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Photodissociation of Sodium Iodide Clusters Doped with Small Hydrocarbons. Chemistry 2018; 24:12433-12443. [PMID: 29979470 PMCID: PMC6120481 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Marine aerosols consist of a variety of compounds and play an important role in many atmospheric processes. In the present study, sodium iodide clusters with their simple isotope pattern serve as model systems for laboratory studies to investigate the role of iodide in the photochemical processing of sea-salt aerosols. Salt clusters doped with camphor, formate and pyruvate are studied in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR MS) coupled to a tunable laser system in both UV and IR range. The analysis is supported by ab initio calculations of absorption spectra and energetics of dissociative channels. We provide quantitative analysis of IRMPD measurements by reconstructing one-photon spectra and comparing them with the calculated ones. While neutral camphor is adsorbed on the cluster surface, the formate and pyruvate ions replace an iodide ion. The photodissociation spectra revealed several wavelength-specific fragmentation pathways, including the carbon dioxide radical anion formed by photolysis of pyruvate. Camphor and pyruvate doped clusters absorb in the spectral region above 290 nm, which is relevant for tropospheric photochemistry, leading to internal conversion followed by intramolecular vibrational redistribution, which leads to decomposition of the cluster. Potential photodissociation products of pyruvate in the actinic region may be formed with a cross section of <2×10-20 cm2 , determined by the experimental noise level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina K. Bersenkowitsch
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Jakob Heller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
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Hoffmann EH, Tilgner A, Schrödner R, Bräuer P, Wolke R, Herrmann H. An advanced modeling study on the impacts and atmospheric implications of multiphase dimethyl sulfide chemistry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11776-81. [PMID: 27688763 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606320113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oceans dominate emissions of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), the major natural sulfur source. DMS is important for the formation of non-sea salt sulfate (nss-SO42-) aerosols and secondary particulate matter over oceans and thus, significantly influence global climate. The mechanism of DMS oxidation has accordingly been investigated in several different model studies in the past. However, these studies had restricted oxidation mechanisms that mostly underrepresented important aqueous-phase chemical processes. These neglected but highly effective processes strongly impact direct product yields of DMS oxidation, thereby affecting the climatic influence of aerosols. To address these shortfalls, an extensive multiphase DMS chemistry mechanism, the Chemical Aqueous Phase Radical Mechanism DMS Module 1.0, was developed and used in detailed model investigations of multiphase DMS chemistry in the marine boundary layer. The performed model studies confirmed the importance of aqueous-phase chemistry for the fate of DMS and its oxidation products. Aqueous-phase processes significantly reduce the yield of sulfur dioxide and increase that of methyl sulfonic acid (MSA), which is needed to close the gap between modeled and measured MSA concentrations. Finally, the simulations imply that multiphase DMS oxidation produces equal amounts of MSA and sulfate, a result that has significant implications for nss-SO42- aerosol formation, cloud condensation nuclei concentration, and cloud albedo over oceans. Our findings show the deficiencies of parameterizations currently used in higher-scale models, which only treat gas-phase chemistry. Overall, this study shows that treatment of DMS chemistry in both gas and aqueous phases is essential to improve the accuracy of model predictions.
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DeMott PJ, Hill TC, McCluskey CS, Prather KA, Collins DB, Sullivan RC, Ruppel MJ, Mason RH, Irish VE, Lee T, Hwang CY, Rhee TS, Snider JR, McMeeking GR, Dhaniyala S, Lewis ER, Wentzell JJ, Abbatt J, Lee C, Sultana CM, Ault AP, Axson JL, Diaz Martinez M, Venero I, Santos-Figueroa G, Stokes MD, Deane GB, Mayol-Bracero OL, Grassian VH, Bertram TH, Bertram AK, Moffett BF, Franc GD. Sea spray aerosol as a unique source of ice nucleating particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5797-803. [PMID: 26699469 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514034112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ice nucleating particles (INPs) are vital for ice initiation in, and precipitation from, mixed-phase clouds. A source of INPs from oceans within sea spray aerosol (SSA) emissions has been suggested in previous studies but remained unconfirmed. Here, we show that INPs are emitted using real wave breaking in a laboratory flume to produce SSA. The number concentrations of INPs from laboratory-generated SSA, when normalized to typical total aerosol number concentrations in the marine boundary layer, agree well with measurements from diverse regions over the oceans. Data in the present study are also in accord with previously published INP measurements made over remote ocean regions. INP number concentrations active within liquid water droplets increase exponentially in number with a decrease in temperature below 0 °C, averaging an order of magnitude increase per 5 °C interval. The plausibility of a strong increase in SSA INP emissions in association with phytoplankton blooms is also shown in laboratory simulations. Nevertheless, INP number concentrations, or active site densities approximated using "dry" geometric SSA surface areas, are a few orders of magnitude lower than corresponding concentrations or site densities in the surface boundary layer over continental regions. These findings have important implications for cloud radiative forcing and precipitation within low-level and midlevel marine clouds unaffected by continental INP sources, such as may occur over the Southern Ocean.
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Prather KA, Bertram TH, Grassian VH, Deane GB, Stokes MD, Demott PJ, Aluwihare LI, Palenik BP, Azam F, Seinfeld JH, Moffet RC, Molina MJ, Cappa CD, Geiger FM, Roberts GC, Russell LM, Ault AP, Baltrusaitis J, Collins DB, Corrigan CE, Cuadra-Rodriguez LA, Ebben CJ, Forestieri SD, Guasco TL, Hersey SP, Kim MJ, Lambert WF, Modini RL, Mui W, Pedler BE, Ruppel MJ, Ryder OS, Schoepp NG, Sullivan RC, Zhao D. Bringing the ocean into the laboratory to probe the chemical complexity of sea spray aerosol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:7550-5. [PMID: 23620519 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300262110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The production, size, and chemical composition of sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles strongly depend on seawater chemistry, which is controlled by physical, chemical, and biological processes. Despite decades of studies in marine environments, a direct relationship has yet to be established between ocean biology and the physicochemical properties of SSA. The ability to establish such relationships is hindered by the fact that SSA measurements are typically dominated by overwhelming background aerosol concentrations even in remote marine environments. Herein, we describe a newly developed approach for reproducing the chemical complexity of SSA in a laboratory setting, comprising a unique ocean-atmosphere facility equipped with actual breaking waves. A mesocosm experiment was performed in natural seawater, using controlled phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria concentrations, which showed SSA size and chemical mixing state are acutely sensitive to the aerosol production mechanism, as well as to the type of biological species present. The largest reduction in the hygroscopicity of SSA occurred as heterotrophic bacteria concentrations increased, whereas phytoplankton and chlorophyll-a concentrations decreased, directly corresponding to a change in mixing state in the smallest (60-180 nm) size range. Using this newly developed approach to generate realistic SSA, systematic studies can now be performed to advance our fundamental understanding of the impact of ocean biology on SSA chemical mixing state, heterogeneous reactivity, and the resulting climate-relevant properties.
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