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Song F, Zheng D, Feng J, Liu J, Ye T, Li Z, Wang K, Liu SF, Yang D. Mechanical Durability and Flexibility in Perovskite Photovoltaics: Advancements and Applications. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2312041. [PMID: 38219020 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The remarkable progress in perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology has witnessed a remarkable leap in efficiency within the past decade. As this technology continues to mature, flexible PSCs (F-PSCs) are emerging as pivotal components for a wide array of applications, spanning from powering portable electronics and wearable devices to integrating seamlessly into electronic textiles and large-scale industrial roofing. F-PSCs characterized by their lightweight, mechanical flexibility, and adaptability for cost-effective roll-to-roll manufacturing, hold immense commercial potential. However, the persistent concerns regarding the overall stability and mechanical robustness of these devices loom large. This comprehensive review delves into recent strides made in enhancing the mechanical stability of F-PSCs. It covers a spectrum of crucial aspects, encompassing perovskite material optimization, precise crystal grain regulation, film quality enhancement, strategic interface engineering, innovational developed flexible transparent electrodes, judicious substrate selection, and the integration of various functional layers. By collating and analyzing these dedicated research endeavors, this review illuminates the current landscape of progress in addressing the challenges surrounding mechanical stability. Furthermore, it provides valuable insights into the persistent obstacles and bottlenecks that demand attention and innovative solutions in the field of F-PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Dexu Zheng
- China National Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jiangshan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jishuang Liu
- China National Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- China National Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Huanjiang Laboratory, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Zhuji, 311800, China
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic, displays a corona-shaped layer of spikes which play a fundamental role in the infection process. Recent structural data suggest that the spikes possess orientational freedom and the ribonucleoproteins segregate into basketlike structures. How these structural features regulate the dynamic and mechanical behavior of the native virion are yet unknown. By imaging and mechanically manipulating individual, native SARS-CoV-2 virions with atomic force microscopy, here, we show that their surface displays a dynamic brush owing to the flexibility and rapid motion of the spikes. The virions are highly compliant and able to recover from drastic mechanical perturbations. Their global structure is remarkably temperature resistant, but the virion surface becomes progressively denuded of spikes upon thermal exposure. The dynamics and the mechanics of SARS-CoV-2 are likely to affect its stability and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Kiss
- Department
of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis
University, Tűzoltó str. 37-47, Budapest H-1094, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kis
- National
Biosafety Laboratory, National Public Health
Center, Albert Flórián Rd 2-6, Budapest H-1097, Hungary
- Department
of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sq. 4, Budapest H-1089, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Pályi
- National
Biosafety Laboratory, National Public Health
Center, Albert Flórián Rd 2-6, Budapest H-1097, Hungary
| | - Miklós S. Z. Kellermayer
- Department
of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis
University, Tűzoltó str. 37-47, Budapest H-1094, Hungary
- Hungarian
Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM), In Vivo Imaging Advanced Core Facility, Budapest H-1094, Hungary
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Lutz A, Jung D, Diem K, Fauler M, Port F, Gottschalk K, Felder E. Acute effects of cell stretch on keratin filaments in A549 lung cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:11227-11242. [PMID: 32632966 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903160rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Keratin filaments (KFs) comprise the intermediate filaments of epithelial cells and are well known for their cytoprotective properties and their mechanical resilience. Although, several studies have demonstrated KFs' remarkable tensile properties relatively little is known about acute implications of mechanical stretch on KFs in living cells. This includes structural effects on the KFs and their higher level assembly structures as well as posttranslational response mechanisms to possibly modify KF's properties. We subjected simple epithelial A549 lung cells to 30% unidirectional stretch and already after 10 seconds we observed morphological changes of the KF-network as well as structural effects on their desmosomal anchor sites-both apparently caused by the tensile strain. Interestingly, the effect on the desmosomes was attenuated after 30 seconds of cell stretch with a concomitant increase in phosphorylation of keratin8-S432, keratin18-S53, and keratin18-S34 without an apparent increase in keratin solubility. When mimicking the phosphorylation of keratin18-S34 the stretch-induced effect on the desmosomes could be diminished and probing the cell surface with atomic force microscopy showed a lowered elastic modulus. We conclude that the stretch-induced KF phosphorylation affects KF's tensile properties, probably to lower the mechanical load on strained desmosomal cell-cell contacts, and hence, preserve epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anngrit Lutz
- Department of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dominik Jung
- Department of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kathrin Diem
- Department of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Fauler
- Department of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabian Port
- Department of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kay Gottschalk
- Department of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Edward Felder
- Department of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Korte C, Quodbach J. Formulation development and process analysis of drug-loaded filaments manufactured via hot-melt extrusion for 3D-printing of medicines. Pharm Dev Technol 2018; 23:1117-1127. [PMID: 29368974 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2018.1433208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Three dimensional(3D)-printing via fused deposition modeling (FDM) allows the production of individualized solid dosage forms. However, for bringing this benefit to the patient, active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)-loaded filaments of pharmaceutical grade excipients are necessary as feedstock and have to be produced industrially. As large-scale production of API-loaded filaments has not been described in literature, this study presents a development of 3D-printable filaments, which can continuously be produced via hot-melt extrusion. Further, a combination of testing methods for mechanical resilience of filaments was applied to improve the prediction of their printability. Eudragit RL was chosen as a sustained release polymer and theophylline (30%) as thermally stable model drug. Stearic acid (7%) and polyethylene glycol 4000 (10%), were evaluated as suitable plasticizers for producing 3D-printable filaments. The two formulations were printed into solid dosage forms and analyzed regarding their dissolution profiles. This revealed that stearic acid maintained sustained release properties of the matrix whereas polyethylene glycol 4000 did not. Analysis of the continuous extrusion process was done using a design of experiments. It showed that powder feed rate and speed of the stretching device used after extrusion predominantly determine the diameter of the filament and thereby the mechanical resilience of a filament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Korte
- a Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics , Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Julian Quodbach
- a Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics , Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
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Khan SB, Wu H, Xie Z, Wang W, Zhang Z. Al 2O 3 Encapsulated Teflon Nanostructures with High Thermal Stability and Efficient Antireflective Performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:36327-36337. [PMID: 28956908 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Scientific advancement is highly inspired and imitative of natural phenomenon's, which exhibits extremely developed and well-organized nanostructures to cope with challenges under different environmental circumstances, such as moth eyes protuberances for efficient antireflective (AR) performance. Innovative researches have been performed in the past to exterminate the undesirable reflectance in common optical components and optoelectronic industrial applications by biomimetic and replicating moth eye nanostructures creating gradient effect using metal oxides, composites, or polymers in multilayer AR coatings. However, in few multilayer AR designs, the properties mismatch at interfaces, high cost, low mechanical durability, wetting issues, or thermal stability bounds their practical applicability. Herein, we develop an approach for fabricating efficient, high-performance Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE]) AR nanostructures for glass-based supporting materials. Nanotailoring, the morphology and structure of PTFE, have been efficaciously carried out for fabricating high-performance AR coatings according to predicted optical simulation. The total reflectance from polymer AR coating lessens to <0.05% in a visible wavelength range which according to our best knowledge seems to be the superior AR performance by a polymer coating ever reported. Furthermore, the fabricated polymer AR coatings are omnidirectional, mechanically durable, and thermally stable up to 200 °C. Moreover, we modify and tune the refractive index of PTFE from 1.34 to 1.156 by inducing porosity and changing deposition angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Bashir Khan
- The State Key Laboratory for New Ceramics & Fine Processing, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China , 100084
| | - Hui Wu
- The State Key Laboratory for New Ceramics & Fine Processing, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China , 100084
| | - Zheng Xie
- The State Key Laboratory for New Ceramics & Fine Processing, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China , 100084
- High-Tech Institute of Xi'an , Xi'an 710025, China
| | - Weipeng Wang
- Department of Material science and nano engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Zhengjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China , 100084
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Abstract
Extracted forms of collagen are subjected to chemical cross-linking to enhance their stability. However, traditional cross-linking approaches are associated with toxicity and inflammation. This work investigates the stabilization capacity, cytotoxicity and inflammatory response of collagen scaffolds cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GTA), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide, 4-arm polyethylene glycol (PEG) succinimidyl glutarate (4SP), genipin (GEN), and oleuropein. Although all cross-linking methods reduced free amine groups, variable data were obtained with respect to denaturation temperature, resistance to collagenase digestion, and mechanical properties. With respect to biological analysis, fibroblast cultures showed no significant difference between the treatments. Although direct cultures with human-derived leukemic monocyte cells (THP-1) clearly demonstrated the cytotoxic effect of GTA, THP-1 cultures supplemented with conditioned medium from the various groups showed no significant difference between the treatments. With respect to cytokine profile, no significant difference in secretion of proinflammatory (e.g., interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α) and anti-inflammatory (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor) cytokines was observed between the noncross-linked and the 4SP and GEN cross-linked groups, suggesting the suitability of these agents as collagen cross-linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Delgado
- 1 Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway) , Galway, Ireland .,2 Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway) , Galway, Ireland
| | - Kieran Fuller
- 1 Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway) , Galway, Ireland .,2 Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway) , Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- 1 Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway) , Galway, Ireland .,2 Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway) , Galway, Ireland
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Abstract
Recently emerging ultrathin two-dimensional carbon materials provide potentially game-changing membranes for water filtration. Here we discover a changed water behavior at the nanoscale that is significantly distinct from its bulk state as water flows through two-dimensional carbon allotropes. We find that water exhibits a very high viscosity due to the cooperativity of water molecules that enhances the nonbonded H-bond interactions with the dense lattice of carbon structures, which renders flow significantly more viscous, with a resistance that is inversely proportional to the sixth power of the characteristic length of the nanopores. This is in contrast to a constant value as assumed in conventional knowledge. Our findings reveal how water molecules behave drastically different from their bulk state under extreme nanoconfinement conditions. These insights enable us to incorporate the size analysis of particles in variant untreated water into membrane design and propose the design of more efficient devices with higher filtration throughput and greater mechanical resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Qin
- †Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and ‡Center for Computational Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Markus J Buehler
- †Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and ‡Center for Computational Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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