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Ma D, Xu J, Wu M, Zhang R, Hu Z, Ji CA, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Yu R, Liu X, Yang L, Li G, Shen D, Liu M, Yang Z, Zhang H, Wang P, Zhang Z. Phenazine biosynthesis protein MoPhzF regulates appressorium formation and host infection through canonical metabolic and noncanonical signaling function in Magnaporthe oryzae. New Phytol 2024; 242:211-230. [PMID: 38326975 PMCID: PMC10940222 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Microbe-produced secondary metabolite phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) facilitates pathogen virulence and defense mechanisms against competitors. Magnaporthe oryzae, a causal agent of the devastating rice blast disease, needs to compete with other phyllosphere microbes and overcome host immunity for successful colonization and infection. However, whether M. oryzae produces PCA or it has any other functions remains unknown. Here, we found that the MoPHZF gene encodes the phenazine biosynthesis protein MoPhzF, synthesizes PCA in M. oryzae, and regulates appressorium formation and host virulence. MoPhzF is likely acquired through an ancient horizontal gene transfer event and has a canonical function in PCA synthesis. In addition, we found that PCA has a role in suppressing the accumulation of host-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) during infection. Further examination indicated that MoPhzF recruits both the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein MoEmc2 and the regulator of G-protein signaling MoRgs1 to the plasma membrane (PM) for MoRgs1 phosphorylation, which is a critical regulatory mechanism in appressorium formation and pathogenicity. Collectively, our studies unveiled a canonical function of MoPhzF in PCA synthesis and a noncanonical signaling function in promoting appressorium formation and host infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danying Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiayun Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Miao Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruiming Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhao Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chang-an Ji
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Leiyun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhixiang Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States of America
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Cobbaut M, McDonald NQ, Parker PJ. Control of atypical PKCι membrane dissociation by tyrosine phosphorylation within a PB1-C1 interdomain interface. J Biol Chem 2023:104847. [PMID: 37211093 PMCID: PMC10333572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical PKCs are cell polarity kinases that operate at the plasma membrane where they function within multiple molecular complexes to contribute to the establishment and maintenance of polarity. In contrast to the classical and novel PKCs, atypical PKCs do not respond to diacylglycerol cues to bind the membrane compartment. Until recently it was not clear how aPKCs are recruited; whether aPKCs can directly interact with membranes or whether they are dependent on other protein interactors to do so. Two recent studies identified the pseudo-substrate region and the C1 domain as direct membrane interaction modules, however their relative importance and coupling are unknown. We combined molecular modelling and functional assays to show that the regulatory module of aPKCι, comprising the PB1 pseudo-substrate and C1 domains, forms a cooperative and spatially continuous invariant membrane interaction platform. Furthermore, we show the coordinated orientation of membrane-binding elements within the regulatory module requires a key PB1-C1 interfacial β-strand (BSL). We show this element contains a highly conserved Tyr residue that can be phosphorylated and that negatively regulates the integrity of the regulatory module, leading to membrane release. We thus expose a hitherto unknown regulatory mechanism of aPKCι membrane binding and release during cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Cobbaut
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Neil Q McDonald
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
| | - Peter J Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK; School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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Falzone ME, MacKinnon R. Gβγ activates PIP2 hydrolysis by recruiting and orienting PLCβ on the membrane surface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301121120. [PMID: 37172014 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301121120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C-βs (PLCβs) catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate [Formula: see text] into [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]. [Formula: see text] regulates the activity of many membrane proteins, while IP3 and DAG lead to increased intracellular Ca2+ levels and activate protein kinase C, respectively. PLCβs are regulated by G protein-coupled receptors through direct interaction with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and are aqueous-soluble enzymes that must bind to the cell membrane to act on their lipid substrate. This study addresses the mechanism by which [Formula: see text] activates PLCβ3. We show that PLCβ3 functions as a slow Michaelis-Menten enzyme ( [Formula: see text] ) on membrane surfaces. We used membrane partitioning experiments to study the solution-membrane localization equilibrium of PLCβ3. Its partition coefficient is such that only a small quantity of PLCβ3 exists in the membrane in the absence of [Formula: see text] . When [Formula: see text] is present, equilibrium binding on the membrane surface increases PLCβ3 in the membrane, increasing [Formula: see text] in proportion. Atomic structures on membrane vesicle surfaces show that two [Formula: see text] anchor PLCβ3 with its catalytic site oriented toward the membrane surface. Taken together, the enzyme kinetic, membrane partitioning, and structural data show that [Formula: see text] activates PLCβ by increasing its concentration on the membrane surface and orienting its catalytic core to engage [Formula: see text] . This principle of activation explains rapid stimulated catalysis with low background activity, which is essential to the biological processes mediated by [Formula: see text], IP3, and DAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Falzone
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
- HHMI, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Roderick MacKinnon
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
- HHMI, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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Herrmann E, Langemeyer L, Auffarth K, Ungermann C, Kümmel D. Targeting of the Mon1-Ccz1 Rab guanine nucleotide exchange factor to distinct organelles by a synergistic protein and lipid code. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102915. [PMID: 36649906 PMCID: PMC10124900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the small GTPase Rab7 by its cognate guanine nucleotide exchange factor Mon1-Ccz1 (MC1) is a key step in the maturation of endosomes and autophagosomes. This process is tightly regulated and subject to precise spatiotemporal control of MC1 localization, but the mechanisms that underly MC1 localization have not been fully elucidated. We here identify and characterize an amphipathic helix in Ccz1, which is required for the function of Mon-Ccz1 in autophagy, but not endosomal maturation. Furthermore, our data show that the interaction of the Ccz1 amphipathic helix with lipid packing defects, binding of Mon1 basic patches to positively charged lipids, and association of MC1 with recruiter proteins collectively govern membrane recruitment of the complex in a synergistic and redundant manner. Membrane binding enhances MC1 activity predominantly by increasing enzyme and substrate concentration on the membrane, but interaction with recruiter proteins can further stimulate the guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Our data demonstrate that specific protein and lipid cues convey the differential targeting of MC1 to endosomes and autophagosomes. In conclusion, we reveal the molecular basis for how MC1 is adapted to recognize distinct target compartments by exploiting the unique biophysical properties of organelle membranes and thus provide a model for how the complex is regulated and activated independently in different functional contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Herrmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lars Langemeyer
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Kathrin Auffarth
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Ungermann
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany; Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Daniel Kümmel
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Li E, Zhang YL, Shi X, Li H, Yuan X, Li S, Zhang Y. A positive feedback circuit for ROP-mediated polar growth. Mol Plant 2021; 14:395-410. [PMID: 33271334 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tip growth is a special type of polarized growth in which a single and unique polarization site is established and maintained. Rho of Plants (ROP) proteins, which represent the only class of Rho GTPases in plants, regulate tip growth. The dynamic and asymmetric distribution of ROPs is critical for the establishment and maintenance of tip growth, and requires at least one positive feedback loop, which is still elusive. Here, we report a positive feedback circuit essential for tip growth of root hairs, in which ROPs, ROP activators and effectors, and AGC1.5 subfamily kinases are interconnected by sequential oligomerization and phosphorylation. AGC1.5 subfamily kinases interact with and phosphorylate two guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) of ROPs, RopGEF4 and RopGEF10. They also interact with two ROP effectors, ICR2/RIP3 and MIDD1/RIP4, which bridge active ROPs with AGC1.5. Functional loss of the AGC1.5 subfamily kinases or ICR2 and MIDD1 compromised root hair growth due to reduced ROP signaling. We found that asymmetric targeting of RopGEF4 and RopGEF10 is controlled by AGC1.5-dependent phosphorylation. Interestingly, we discovered that the ROP effectors recruit AGC1.5 to active ROP domains at the plasma membrane during root hair growth and are critical for AGC1.5-dependent phosphorylation of RopGEFs. Given the large number of AGC kinases in plants, this positive feedback circuit may be a universal theme for plant cell polar growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xuelian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xuefeng Yuan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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Lucas M, Gershlick DC, Vidaurrazaga A, Rojas AL, Bonifacino JS, Hierro A. Structural Mechanism for Cargo Recognition by the Retromer Complex. Cell 2016; 167:1623-1635.e14. [PMID: 27889239 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Retromer is a multi-protein complex that recycles transmembrane cargo from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network and the plasma membrane. Defects in retromer impair various cellular processes and underlie some forms of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Although retromer was discovered over 15 years ago, the mechanisms for cargo recognition and recruitment to endosomes have remained elusive. Here, we present an X-ray crystallographic analysis of a four-component complex comprising the VPS26 and VPS35 subunits of retromer, the sorting nexin SNX3, and a recycling signal from the divalent cation transporter DMT1-II. This analysis identifies a binding site for canonical recycling signals at the interface between VPS26 and SNX3. In addition, the structure highlights a network of cooperative interactions among the VPS subunits, SNX3, and cargo that couple signal-recognition to membrane recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lucas
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - David C Gershlick
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ander Vidaurrazaga
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Adriana L Rojas
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Aitor Hierro
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain.
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