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Siddiqui F, Mohammad A, Alam MA, Naaz S, Agarwal P, Sohail SS, Madsen DØ. Deep Neural Network for EEG Signal-Based Subject-Independent Imaginary Mental Task Classification. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13040640. [PMID: 36832128 PMCID: PMC9955721 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13040640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental task identification using electroencephalography (EEG) signals is required for patients with limited or no motor movements. A subject-independent mental task classification framework can be applied to identify the mental task of a subject with no available training statistics. Deep learning frameworks are popular among researchers for analyzing both spatial and time series data, making them well-suited for classifying EEG signals. METHOD In this paper, a deep neural network model is proposed for mental task classification for an imagined task from EEG signal data. Pre-computed features of EEG signals were obtained after raw EEG signals acquired from the subjects were spatially filtered by applying the Laplacian surface. To handle high-dimensional data, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed which helps in the extraction of most discriminating features from input vectors. RESULT The proposed model is non-invasive and aims to extract mental task-specific features from EEG data acquired from a particular subject. The training was performed on the average combined Power Spectrum Density (PSD) values of all but one subject. The performance of the proposed model based on a deep neural network (DNN) was evaluated using a benchmark dataset. We achieved 77.62% accuracy. CONCLUSION The performance and comparison analysis with the related existing works validated that the proposed cross-subject classification framework outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithm in terms of performing an accurate mental task from EEG signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farheen Siddiqui
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Awwab Mohammad
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - M. Afshar Alam
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Sameena Naaz
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Parul Agarwal
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shahab Saquib Sohail
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
- Correspondence: (S.S.S.); (D.Ø.M.)
| | - Dag Øivind Madsen
- Department of Business, Marketing and Law, USN School of Business, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3511 Hønefoss, Norway
- Correspondence: (S.S.S.); (D.Ø.M.)
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Vymyslický P, Pavlů D, Pánek D. Effect of Mental Task on Sex Differences in Muscle Fatigability: A Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:13621. [PMID: 36294199 PMCID: PMC9603675 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous research demonstrated that there are observable sex differences in developing muscle fatigue when mental task during fatiguing activity is present; however, there is no available review on this matter. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize the findings of previous studies investigating the effect of mental task on muscle fatigue in men and women. To conduct the review, we utilized searches using the electronic databases Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO Cinahl Ultimate. The studies included had no limited publication date and examined the effects of mental task on muscle fatigue in a healthy adult population of any age. The evaluation was performed using the following criteria: time to failure, or subjective scale in various modifications (visual analog scale-VAS, rate of perceived effort-RPE, rate of perceived fatigue-RPF, rate of perceived discomfort-RPD). A total of seven studies met the set criteria, which were subsequently analyzed. Heavy mental task (more demanding math tasks) can reduce the time to failure for both men and women, with the reduction being more pronounced for women than for men. For light mental task (simple math tasks), no reduction in time to failure was observed to a great extent. The mental task in any of the included studies did not affect the subjective perception of fatigue, effort, discomfort, or pain. Although the studies investigating the effect of mental task on sex differences in muscle fatigability are limited, based on our findings we can assume that in jobs requiring heavier mental task, women may be more prone to the faster development of muscle fatigue; thus, employers might consider paying attention to the possibility of adequate rest.
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Unursaikhan B, Tanaka N, Sun G, Watanabe S, Yoshii M, Funahashi K, Sekimoto F, Hayashibara F, Yoshizawa Y, Choimaa L, Matsui T. Development of a Novel Web Camera-Based Contact-Free Major Depressive Disorder Screening System Using Autonomic Nervous Responses Induced by a Mental Task and Its Clinical Application. Front Physiol 2021; 12:642986. [PMID: 34054567 PMCID: PMC8160373 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.642986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To increase the consultation rate of potential major depressive disorder (MDD) patients, we developed a contact-type fingertip photoplethysmography-based MDD screening system. With the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, we developed an alternative to contact-type fingertip photoplethysmography: a novel web camera-based contact-free MDD screening system (WCF-MSS) for non-contact measurement of autonomic transient responses induced by a mental task. Methods The WCF-MSS measures time-series interbeat intervals (IBI) by monitoring color tone changes in the facial region of interest induced by arterial pulsation using a web camera (1920 × 1080 pixels, 30 frames/s). Artifacts caused by body movements and head shakes are reduced. The WCF-MSS evaluates autonomic nervous activation from time-series IBI by calculating LF (0.04-0.15 Hz) components of heart rate variability (HRV) corresponding to sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activity and HF (0.15-0.4 Hz) components equivalent to parasympathetic activities. The clinical test procedure comprises a pre-rest period (Pre-R; 140 s), mental task period (MT; 100 s), and post-rest period (Post-R; 120 s). The WCF-MSS uses logistic regression analysis to discriminate MDD patients from healthy volunteers via an optimal combination of four explanatory variables determined by a minimum redundancy maximum relevance algorithm: HF during MT (HF MT ), the percentage change of LF from pre-rest to MT (%ΔLF(Pre-R⇒MT) ), the percentage change of HF from pre-rest to MT (%ΔHF(Pre-R⇒MT) ), and the percentage change of HF from MT to post-rest (%ΔHF(MT⇒Post-R) ). To clinically test the WCF-MSS, 26 MDD patients (16 males and 10 females, 20-58 years) were recruited from BESLI Clinic in Tokyo, and 27 healthy volunteers (15 males and 12 females, 18-60 years) were recruited from Tokyo Metropolitan University and RICOH Company, Ltd. Electrocardiography was used to calculate HRV variables as references. Result The WCF-MSS achieved 73% sensitivity and 85% specificity on 5-fold cross-validation. IBI correlated significantly with IBI from reference electrocardiography (r = 0.97, p < 0.0001). Logit scores and subjective self-rating depression scale scores correlated significantly (r = 0.43, p < 0.05). Conclusion The WCF-MSS seems a promising contact-free MDD screening apparatus. This method enables web camera built-in smartphones to be used as MDD screening systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batbayar Unursaikhan
- Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.,Machine Intelligence Laboratory, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Guanghao Sun
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Fumihiro Sekimoto
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Hayashibara
- Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yoshizawa
- Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lodoiravsal Choimaa
- Machine Intelligence Laboratory, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Takemi Matsui
- Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
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Jalilian H, Gorjizadeh O, Najafi K, Falahati M. Effects of whole body vibration and backrest angle on perceived mental workload and performance. EXCLI J 2021; 20:400-411. [PMID: 33746669 PMCID: PMC7975586 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mental Workload (MWL) and human performance are widely contributing concepts in human factors. The objective of the current study is to investigate the perceived MWL and human performance during whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure while seated at different backrest angles. Nineteen healthy male participants completed both the NASA-TLX and rating scale mental effort (RSME) after performing two difficulty levels of computerized dual tasks. The participants' performance was measured in these conditions while seated with a backrest angle of 100 and 120 degrees and exposed to WBV (intensity: 0.5 m/s2; frequency 3-20 Hz) for 5 minutes. No significant effect on performance or perceived MWL (p<0.05) was found when changes were made to the backrest angles. Exposure to WBV under two backrest angles increased mental demand (p=0.04), effort (p=0.03) and frustration (p=0.03) and negatively affected human performance (p<0.05). The present study showed that exposure to WBV could be an important variable for designing work environments that require a high level of performance and mental demand while seated. However, the findings exhibited no association between inclining backrest angle and human performance or perceived MWL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Jalilian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omid Gorjizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamran Najafi
- Student Research Committee, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Falahati
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
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Mixter S, Mathiassen SE, Lindfors P, Dimberg K, Jahncke H, Lyskov E, Hallman DM. Stress-Related Responses to Alternations between Repetitive Physical Work and Cognitive Tasks of Different Difficulties. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E8509. [PMID: 33212862 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alternating between physical and cognitive tasks has been proposed as an alternative in job rotation, allowing workers to recover from the physical work while still being productive. However, effects of such alternations on stress have not been investigated. This controlled experiment aimed at determining the extent to which stress-related responses develop during alternating physical and cognitive work, and to determine the extent to which cognitive task (CT) difficulty influences these responses. Fifteen women performed three sessions of 10 consecutive work bouts each including a seven-minute repetitive physical task (pipetting) and a three-minute CT (n-back) at one of three difficulty levels. Stress was assessed in terms of changes in heart rate variability, blood pressure, salivary alpha-amylase, salivary cortisol, perceived stress, and cognitive performance. The work session did not result in any marked stress response, and CT difficulty did not significantly influence stress, apart from alpha-amylase being higher at the easiest CT (F = 5.34, p = 0.02). Thus, according to our results, alternating between repetitive physical tasks and cognitive tasks may be a feasible alternative to classic job rotation between physical tasks only, even if the cognitive task is quite difficult. Future studies should address possible effects of the temporal pattern of alternations, and combine even other occupationally relevant tasks, preferably for extended periods of time.
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Byun S, Kim AY, Jang EH, Kim S, Choi KW, Yu HY, Jeon HJ. Entropy analysis of heart rate variability and its application to recognize major depressive disorder: A pilot study. Technol Health Care 2020; 27:407-424. [PMID: 31045557 PMCID: PMC6597986 DOI: 10.3233/thc-199037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current method to evaluate major depressive disorder (MDD) relies on subjective clinical interviews and self-questionnaires. OBJECTIVE Autonomic imbalance in MDD patients is characterized using entropy measures of heart rate variability (HRV). A machine learning approach for screening depression based on the entropy is demonstrated. METHODS The participants experience five experimental phases: baseline (BASE), stress task (MAT), stress task recovery (REC1), relaxation task (RLX), and relaxation task recovery (REC2). The four entropy indices, approximate entropy, sample entropy, fuzzy entropy, and Shannon entropy, are extracted for each phase, and a total of 20 features are used. A support vector machine classifier and recursive feature elimination are employed for classification. RESULTS The entropy features are lower in the MDD group; however, the disease does not have a significant effect. Experimental tasks significantly affect the features. The entropy did not recover during REC1. The differences in the entropy features between the two groups increased after MAT and showed the largest gap in REC2. We achieved 70% accuracy, 64% sensitivity, and 76% specificity with three optimal features during RLX and REC2. CONCLUSION Monitoring of HRV complexity changes when a subject experiences autonomic arousal and recovery can potentially facilitate objective depression recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwon Byun
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Ah Young Kim
- Bio-Medical IT Convergence Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 34129, Korea
| | - Eun Hye Jang
- Bio-Medical IT Convergence Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 34129, Korea
| | - Seunghwan Kim
- Bio-Medical IT Convergence Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 34129, Korea
| | - Kwan Woo Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Han Young Yu
- Bio-Medical IT Convergence Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 34129, Korea
| | - Hong Jin Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
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Dagdanpurev S, Sun G, Shinba T, Kobayashi M, Kariya N, Choimaa L, Batsuuri S, Kim S, Suzuki S, Matsui T. Development and Clinical Application of a Novel Autonomic Transient Response-Based Screening System for Major Depressive Disorder Using a Fingertip Photoplethysmographic Sensor. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:64. [PMID: 29872656 PMCID: PMC5972319 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 350 million people across the world suffer from major depressive disorder (MDD). More than 10% of MDD patients have suicide intent, while it has been reported that more than 40% patients did not consult their doctors for MDD. In order to increase consultation rate of potential MDD patients, we developed a novel MDD screening system which can be used at home without help of health-care professionals. Using a fingertip photoplethysmograph (PPG) sensor as a substitute of electrocardiograph (ECG), the system discriminates MDD patients from healthy subjects using autonomic nerve transient responses induced by a mental task (random number generation) via logistic regression analysis. The nine logistic regression variables are averages of heart rate (HR), high frequency (HF) component of heart rate variability (HRV), and the low frequency (LF)/HF ratio of HRV before, during, and after the mental task. We conducted a clinical test of the proposed system. Participants were 6 MDD patients (4 females and 2 males, aged 23–60 years) from Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hospital psychiatry outpatient unit and 14 healthy volunteers from University of Electro-Communications (6 females and 8 males, aged 21–63 years). The average PPG- and ECG (as a reference)-derived HR, HF and LF/HF were significantly correlated with each other (HR; r = 1.00, p < 0.0001, HF; r = 0.98, p < 0.0001, LF/HF; r = 0.98, p < 0.0001). Leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV) revealed 83% sensitivity and 93% specificity. The proposed system appears promising for future MDD self-screening at home and are expected to encourage psychiatric visits for potential MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiyakhand Dagdanpurev
- Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.,Machine Intelligence Laboratory, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Guanghao Sun
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Shinba
- Department of Psychiatry, Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mai Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Lodoiravsal Choimaa
- Machine Intelligence Laboratory, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Suvdaa Batsuuri
- Machine Intelligence Laboratory, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Seokjin Kim
- Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kansai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takemi Matsui
- Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
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Matsui T, Shinba T, Sun G. The development of a novel high-precision major depressive disorder screening system using transient autonomic responses induced by dual mental tasks. J Med Eng Technol 2018; 42:121-127. [PMID: 29569983 DOI: 10.1080/03091902.2018.1435744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
12.6% of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients have suicide intent, while it has been reported that 43% of patients did not consult their doctors for MDD, automated MDD screening is eagerly anticipated. Recently, in order to achieve automated screening of MDD, biomarkers such as multiplex DNA methylation profiles or physiological method using near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS) have been studied, however, they require inspection using 96-well DNA ELIZA kit after blood sampling or significant cost. Using a single-lead electrocardiography (ECG), we developed a high-precision MDD screening system using transient autonomic responses induced by dual mental tasks. We developed a novel high precision MDD screening system which is composed of a single-lead ECG monitor, analogue to digital (AD) converter and a personal computer with measurement and analysis program written by LabView programming language. The system discriminates MDD patients from normal subjects using heat rate variability (HRV)-derived transient autonomic responses induced by dual mental tasks, i.e. verbal fluency task and random number generation task, via linear discriminant analysis (LDA) adopting HRV-related predictor variables (hear rate (HR), high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF)/HF). The proposed system was tested for 12 MDD patients (32 ± 15 years) under antidepressant treatment from Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hospital outpatient unit and 30 normal volunteers (37 ± 17 years) from Tokyo Metropolitan University. The proposed system achieved 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity in classifying 42 examinees into 12 MDD patients and 30 normal subjects. The proposed system appears promising for future HRV-based high-precision and low-cost screening of MDDs using only single-lead ECG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takemi Matsui
- a Graduate School of System Design , Tokyo Metropolitan University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Toshikazu Shinba
- b Department of Psychiatry , Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hospital , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Guanghao Sun
- c Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering , The University of Electro-Communications , Tokyo , Japan
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Abstract
In this paper, a hybrid electroencephalography–functional near-infrared spectroscopy (EEG–fNIRS) scheme to decode eight active brain commands from the frontal brain region for brain–computer interface is presented. A total of eight commands are decoded by fNIRS, as positioned on the prefrontal cortex, and by EEG, around the frontal, parietal, and visual cortices. Mental arithmetic, mental counting, mental rotation, and word formation tasks are decoded with fNIRS, in which the selected features for classification and command generation are the peak, minimum, and mean ΔHbO values within a 2-s moving window. In the case of EEG, two eyeblinks, three eyeblinks, and eye movement in the up/down and left/right directions are used for four-command generation. The features in this case are the number of peaks and the mean of the EEG signal during 1 s window. We tested the generated commands on a quadcopter in an open space. An average accuracy of 75.6% was achieved with fNIRS for four-command decoding and 86% with EEG for another four-command decoding. The testing results show the possibility of controlling a quadcopter online and in real-time using eight commands from the prefrontal and frontal cortices via the proposed hybrid EEG–fNIRS interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jawad Khan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University , Busan , South Korea
| | - Keum-Shik Hong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea; Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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