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Zappa D, Kaur N, Moumen A, Comini E. Metal Oxide Nanowire-Based Sensor Array for Hydrogen Detection. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:2124. [PMID: 38004981 PMCID: PMC10672881 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Accurate hydrogen leakage detection is a major requirement for the safe and widespread integration of this fuel in modern energy production devices, such as fuel cells. Quasi-1D nanowires of seven different metal oxides (CuO, WO3, Nb-added WO3, SnO2, ZnO, α-Bi2O3, NiO) were integrated into a conductometric sensor array to evaluate the hydrogen-sensing performances in the presence of interfering gaseous compounds, namely carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, methane, acetone, and ethanol, at different operating temperatures (200-400 °C). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to data extracted from the array, demonstrating the ability to discriminate hydrogen over other interferent compounds. Moreover, a reduced array formed by only five sensors is proposed. This compact array may be easily implementable into artificial olfaction systems used in real hydrogen detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Zappa
- SENSOR Laboratory, Department of Information Engineering (DII), University of Brescia, Via Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy; (N.K.); (E.C.)
| | - Navpreet Kaur
- SENSOR Laboratory, Department of Information Engineering (DII), University of Brescia, Via Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy; (N.K.); (E.C.)
| | - Abderrahim Moumen
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 7/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism Istituto dei Materiali per l’Elettronica e il Magnetismo (IMEM)—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Comini
- SENSOR Laboratory, Department of Information Engineering (DII), University of Brescia, Via Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy; (N.K.); (E.C.)
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Ono T, Mitamura S, Hosomi T, Saito H, Ikeuchi M, Liu J, Nagashima K, Takahashi T, Tanaka W, Kanai M, Yanagida T. Interfacial Molecular Compatibility for Programming Organic-Metal Oxide Superlattices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37226988 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Artificially programming a sequence of organic-metal oxide multilayers (superlattices) by using atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a fascinating and challenging issue in material chemistry. However, the complex chemical reactions between ALD precursors and organic layer surfaces have limited their applications for various material combinations. Here, we demonstrate the impact of interfacial molecular compatibility on the formation of organic-metal oxide superlattices using ALD. The effects of both organic and inorganic compositions on the metal oxide layer formation processes onto self-assembled monolayers (SAM) were examined by using scanning transmission electron microscopy, in situ quartz crystal microbalance measurements, and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy. These series of experiments reveal that the terminal group of organic SAM molecules must satisfy two conflicting requirements, the first of which is to promptly react with ALD precursors and the second is not to bind strongly to the bottom metal oxide layers to avoid undesired SAM conformations. OH-terminated phosphate aliphatic molecules, which we have synthesized, were identified as one of the best candidates for such a purpose. Molecular compatibility between metal oxide precursors and the -OHs must be properly considered to form superlattices. In addition, it is also important to form densely packed and all-trans-like SAMs to maximize the surface density of reactive -OHs on the SAMs. Based on these design strategies for organic-metal oxide superlattices, we have successfully fabricated various superlattices composed of metal oxides (Al-, Hf-, Mg-, Sn-, Ti-, and Zr oxides) and their multilayered structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ono
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Sae Mitamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takuro Hosomi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hikaru Saito
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Midori Ikeuchi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Jiangyang Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tsunaki Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Wataru Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masaki Kanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yanagida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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Zeng H, Takahashi T, Seki T, Kanai M, Zhang G, Hosomi T, Nagashima K, Shibata N, Yanagida T. Oxygen-Induced Reversible Sn-Dopant Deactivation between Indium Tin Oxide and Single-Crystalline Oxide Nanowire Leading to Interfacial Switching. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:52929-52936. [PMID: 33169981 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An impurity doping in semiconductors is an important irreversible process of manipulating the electrical properties of advanced electron devices. Here, we report an unusual reversible dopant activation/deactivation phenomenon, which emerges at an interface between indium tin oxide (ITO) and single-crystalline oxide channel. We found that the interface electrical resistance between ITO electrodes and single-crystalline oxide nanowire channel can be repeatedly switched between a metallic state and a near-insulative state by applying thermal treatments in air or vacuum. Interestingly, this electrical switching phenomenon disappears when the oxide nanowire changes from the single-crystalline structure to the lithography-defined polycrystalline structure. Atmosphere-controlled annealing experiments reveal that atmospheric oxygen induces repeatable change in the interfacial electrical resistance. Systematic investigations on metal cation species and channel crystallinity demonstrate that the observed electrical switching is related to an interface-specific reversible Sn-dopant activation/deactivation of ITO electrode in contact with a single-crystalline oxide channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tsunaki Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takehito Seki
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masaki Kanai
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Guozhu Zhang
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Takuro Hosomi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Naoya Shibata
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yanagida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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Wang C, Hosomi T, Nagashima K, Takahashi T, Zhang G, Kanai M, Yoshida H, Yanagida T. Phosphonic Acid Modified ZnO Nanowire Sensors: Directing Reaction Pathway of Volatile Carbonyl Compounds. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:44265-44272. [PMID: 32867471 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Surface molecular transformations on nanoscale metal oxides are inherently complex, and directing those reaction pathways is still challenging but important for designing their various applications, including molecular sensing, catalysts, and others. Here, a rational strategy to direct a reaction pathway of volatile carbonyl compounds (nonanal: biomarker) on single-crystalline ZnO nanowire surfaces via molecular modification is demonstrated. The introduction of a methylphosphonic acid modification on the ZnO nanowire surface significantly alters the surface reaction pathway of nonanal via suppressing the detrimental aldol condensation reaction. This is directed by intentionally decreasing the probability of two neighboring molecular activations on the nanowire surface. Spectrometric measurements reveal the correlation between the suppression of the aldol condensation surface reaction and the improvement in the sensor performance. This tailored surface reaction pathway effectively reduces the operating temperature from 200 to 100 °C while maintaining the sensitivity. This is because the aldol condensation product ((E)-2-heptyl-2-undecenal) requires a higher temperature to desorb from the surface. Thus, the proposed facile strategy offers an interesting approach not only for the rational design of metal oxide sensors for numerous volatile carbonyl compounds but also for tailoring various surface reaction pathways on complex nanoscale metal oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Takuro Hosomi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tsunaki Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Guozhu Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masaki Kanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hideto Yoshida
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yanagida
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Munasinghe Arachchige HMM, Zappa D, Poli N, Gunawardhana N, Attanayake NH, Comini E. Seed-Assisted Growth of TiO 2 Nanowires by Thermal Oxidation for Chemical Gas Sensing. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10050935. [PMID: 32413953 PMCID: PMC7279288 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the catalyst assisted growth of TiO2 one-dimensional (1D) nanowires (NWs) on alumina substrates by the thermal oxidation technique. RF magnetron sputtering was used to deposit a thin Ti metallic layer on the alumina substrate, followed by an Au catalytic layer on the Ti metallic one. Thermal oxidation was carried out in an oxygen deficient environment. The optimal thermal growth temperature was 700 °C, in a mixture environment composed by Ar and O2. As a comparison, Ti films were also oxidized without the presence of the Au catalyst. However, without the Au catalyst, no growth of nanowires was observed. Furthermore, the effect of the oxidation temperature and the film thickness were also investigated. SEM, TEM, and EDX studies demonstrated the presence of Au nanoparticles on top of the NWs, indicating that the Au catalyst drove the growth process. Raman spectroscopy revealed the Rutile crystalline phase of TiO2 NWs. Gas testing measurements were carried out in the presence of a relative humidity of 40%, showing a reversible response to ethanol and H2 at various concentrations. Thanks to the moderate temperature and the easiness of the process, the presented synthesis technique is suitable to grow TiO2 NWs for many different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashitha M. M. Munasinghe Arachchige
- SENSOR Laboratory, University of Brescia, Via D. Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy; (D.Z.); (N.P.); (E.C.)
- Centre for Research and International Relations, Sri Lanka Technological Campus, Padukka 10500, Sri Lanka;
- Correspondence:
| | - Dario Zappa
- SENSOR Laboratory, University of Brescia, Via D. Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy; (D.Z.); (N.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Nicola Poli
- SENSOR Laboratory, University of Brescia, Via D. Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy; (D.Z.); (N.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Nanda Gunawardhana
- Centre for Research and International Relations, Sri Lanka Technological Campus, Padukka 10500, Sri Lanka;
| | - Nuwan H. Attanayake
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Elisabetta Comini
- SENSOR Laboratory, University of Brescia, Via D. Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy; (D.Z.); (N.P.); (E.C.)
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Luo R, Cho IS, Feng Y, Cai L, Rao PM, Zheng X. Morphological control of heterostructured nanowires synthesized by sol-flame method. Nanoscale Res Lett 2013; 8:347. [PMID: 23924299 PMCID: PMC3750428 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-8-347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Heterostructured nanowires, such as core/shell nanowires and nanoparticle-decorated nanowires, are versatile building blocks for a wide range of applications because they integrate dissimilar materials at the nanometer scale to achieve unique functionalities. The sol-flame method is a new, rapid, low-cost, versatile, and scalable method for the synthesis of heterostructured nanowires, in which arrays of nanowires are decorated with other materials in the form of shells or chains of nanoparticles. In a typical sol-flame synthesis, nanowires are dip-coated with a solution containing precursors of the materials to be decorated, then dried in air, and subsequently heated in the post-flame region of a flame at high temperature (over 900°C) for only a few seconds. Here, we report the effects of the precursor solution on the final morphology of the heterostructured nanowire using Co3O4 decorated CuO nanowires as a model system. When a volatile cobalt salt precursor is used with sufficient residual solvent, both solvent and cobalt precursor evaporate during the flame annealing step, leading to the formation of Co3O4 nanoparticle chains by a gas-solid transition. The length of the nanoparticle chains is mainly controlled by the temperature of combustion of the solvent. On the other hand, when a non-volatile cobalt salt precursor is used, only the solvent evaporates and the cobalt salt is converted to nanoparticles by a liquid-solid transition, forming a conformal Co3O4 shell. This study facilitates the use of the sol-flame method for synthesizing heterostructured nanowires with controlled morphologies to satisfy the needs of diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runlai Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - In Sun Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yunzhe Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lili Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pratap M Rao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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