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Han SY, Yun G, Cha HM, Lee MK, Lee H, Kang EK, Hong SP, Teahan KA, Park M, Hwang H, Lee SS, Kim M, Choi IS. A Natural Virucidal and Microbicidal Spray Based on Polyphenol-Iron Sols. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2023; 6:1981-1991. [PMID: 37083357 PMCID: PMC10152399 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Numerous disinfection methods have been developed to reduce the transmission of infectious diseases that threaten human health. However, it still remains elusively challenging to develop eco-friendly and cost-effective methods that deactivate a wide range of pathogens, from viruses to bacteria and fungi, without doing any harm to humans or the environment. Herein we report a natural spraying protocol, based on a water-dispersible supramolecular sol of nature-derived tannic acid (TA) and Fe3+, which is easy-to-use and low-cost. Our formulation effectively deactivates viruses (influenza A viruses, SARS-CoV-2, and human rhinovirus) as well as suppressing the growth and spread of pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii) and fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus and Trichophyton rubrum). Its versatile applicability in a real-life setting is also demonstrated against microorganisms present on the surfaces of common household items (e.g., air filter membranes, disposable face masks, kitchen sinks, mobile phones, refrigerators, and toilet seats).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gyeongwon Yun
- Department of Chemistry,
KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Min Cha
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center,
KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | - Myoung Kyu Lee
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center,
KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Hojae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hallym
University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | | | - Seok-Pyo Hong
- Department of Chemistry,
KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kirsty A. Teahan
- School of Chemistry and Institute for Life Sciences,
Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17
1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Minjeong Park
- Hansol RootOne, Inc., 165
Myeoncheon-ro, Dangjin 31803, Korea
| | - Hansol Hwang
- Hansol RootOne, Inc., 165
Myeoncheon-ro, Dangjin 31803, Korea
| | - Seung Seo Lee
- School of Chemistry and Institute for Life Sciences,
Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17
1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Meehyein Kim
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center,
KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
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Kaur R, Kaur K, Alyami MH, Lang DK, Saini B, Bayan MF, Chandrasekaran B. Combating Microbial Infections Using Metal-Based Nanoparticles as Potential Therapeutic Alternatives. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050909. [PMID: 37237812 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of microorganisms and the efficiency of antimicrobials have witnessed a huge co-dependent change in their dynamics over the last few decades. On the other side, metals and metallic compounds have gained popularity owing to their effectiveness against various microbial strains. A structured search of both research and review papers was conducted via different electronic databases, such as PubMed, Bentham, Springer, and Science Direct, among others, for the present review. Along with these, marketed products, patents, and Clinicaltrials.gov were also referred to for our review. Different microbes such as bacteria, fungi, etc., and their diverse species and strains have been reviewed and found to be sensitive to metal-carrying formulations. The products are observed to restrict growth, multiplication, and biofilm formation effectively and adequately. Silver has an apt use in this area of treatment and recovery, and other metals like copper, gold, iron, and gallium have also been observed to generate antimicrobial activity. The present review identified membrane disruption, oxidative stress, and interaction with proteins and enzymes to be the primary microbicidal processes. Elaborating the action, nanoparticles and nanosystems are shown to work in our favor in well excelled and rational ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajwinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Department of Clinical Safety and Pharmacovigilance, Soterius India Private Limited, Nehru Place, Delhi 110019, India
| | - Mohammad H Alyami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 66462, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Balraj Saini
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Mohammad F Bayan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O. Box 1, Amman 19392, Jordan
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Abdel-Hadi A, Iqbal D, Alharbi R, Jahan S, Darwish O, Alshehri B, Banawas S, Palanisamy M, Ismail A, Aldosari S, Alsaweed M, Madkhali Y, Kamal M, Fatima F. Myco-Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Bioactive Role against Pathogenic Microbes. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:biology12050661. [PMID: 37237475 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology based on nanoscale materials is rapidly being used in clinical settings, particularly as a new approach for infectious illnesses. Recently, many physical/chemical approaches utilized to produce nanoparticles are expensive and highly unsafe to biological species and ecosystems. This study demonstrated an environmentally friendly mode of producing nanoparticles (NPs) where Fusarium oxysporum has been employed for generation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which were further tested for their antimicrobial potentials against a variety of pathogenic microorganisms. The characterization of NPs was completed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, DLS and TEM, where it has been found that the NPs were mostly globular, with the size range of 50 to 100 nm. The myco-synthesized AgNPs showed prominent antibacterial potency observed as zone of inhibition of 2.6 mm, 1.8 mm, 1.5 mm, and 1.8 mm against Vibrio cholerae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus anthracis, respectively, at 100 µM. Similarly, at 200 µM for A. alternata, A. flavus and Trichoderma have shown zone of inhibition as 2.6 mm, 2.4 mm, and 2.1 mm, respectively. Moreover, SEM analysis of A. alternata confirmed the hyphal damage where the layers of membranes were torn off, and further EDX data analysis showed the presence of silver NPs, which might be responsible for hyphal damage. The potency of NPs may be related with the capping of fungal proteins that are produced extracellularly. Thus, these AgNPs may be used against pathogenic microbes and play a beneficial role against multi-drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdel-Hadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Department of Health Information Management, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed Alharbi
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadaf Jahan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Darwish
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Texas Women's University, Denton, TX 76204, USA
| | - Bader Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Banawas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manikanadan Palanisamy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt
| | - Sahar Aldosari
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alsaweed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Health Information Management, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Madkhali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faria Fatima
- Department of Agriculture, Integral Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India
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Rodrigues M, Govindharajan T. Study of hydrocellular functional material as microbicidal wound dressing for diabetic wound healing. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2021; 19:22808000211054930. [PMID: 34844466 DOI: 10.1177/22808000211054930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A hydrocellular functional material as a wound dressing is developed and it is found to be superior in its efficacy as compared to some of the comparator controls in diabetic wound healing studies. A study on wound contraction and Histopathological analysis is done in rats. The efficacy of the dressing is comparable to the established wound dressings like Carboxymethyl cellulose alginate dressings and autolytic enzyme based hydrogel. It is found to be superior to Polyhexamethylene biguanide dressing used as reference controls in this study.The reason for good wound healing performance of the dressing can be attributed to a combined property of effective exudates management and broad spectrum antimicrobial effect. The concept of functional hydro cellular material has shown good results due to the excellent balance of exudates pickup and drying it out. This ensures moist wound healing conditions on the wound. Because of its porous nature it allows good air flow and gaseous exchange in the structure.The cationic sites created on the surface of the dressing ensure a good antimicrobial action on the exudates in the dressing. It reduces the infection load on the wound. The nonleaching property of the dressing also helps in preventing the generation of more resistant and mutant strains of the microbes.The developed dressing can be used as a relatively durable long lasting dressing for wound management in diabetic wounds. The need of repetitive wound dressing changes can be brought down with this concept of dressing. It is not only cost effective in terms of its material cost but also is a cost effective solution when entire wound management cost is considered. Such novel wound dressing material can change the quality of life of diabetic wound patients especially in developing world, where access to functional advanced wound care dressings is limited.
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Yassine E, Rada B. Microbicidal Activity of Hypothiocyanite against Pneumococcus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1313. [PMID: 34827251 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus, Spn) manifest in several forms such as pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis or otitis media and are associated with severe morbidity and mortality worldwide. While current vaccines and antibiotics are available to treat Spn infections, the rise of antibiotic resistance and limitations of the vaccines to only certain Spn serotypes urge the development of novel treatments against Spn. Hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) is a natural antimicrobial product produced by the body's own innate immune system to fight a variety of pathogens. We recently showed that OSCN- is also capable of killing Spn in vitro. OSCN- is an oxidative agent attacking microbes in a nonspecific manner, is safe for the host and also has anti-inflammatory effects that make it an ideal candidate to treat a variety of infections in humans. However, OSCN- has a short life span that makes its use, dosage and administration more problematic. This minireview discusses the antimicrobial mechanism of action of OSCN- against Spn and elaborates on the potential therapeutic use of OSCN- against Spn and other infectious agents, either alone or in combination with other therapeutic approaches.
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Grimus V, Coraça-Huber DC, Steixner SJM, Nagl M. Activity of N-Chlorotaurine against Long-Term Biofilms of Bacteria and Yeasts. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:891. [PMID: 34438941 PMCID: PMC8388722 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: N-chlorotaurine (NCT), an antiseptic that originates from the human defense system, has broad-spectrum microbicidal activity and is well tolerated by human tissue and applicable to sensitive body regions. Bacteria in short-term biofilms, too, have been shown to be killed by NCT. It was the aim of the present study to demonstrate the activity of NCT against bacteria and yeasts in longer-lasting biofilms, including their co-culture. Materials and methods: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella variicola biofilms were grown for 14 weeks in MBECTM inoculator with 96 well base. Some pegs were pinched off weekly and incubated in 1% NCT in PBS (PBS only for controls) at pH 7.1 and 37 °C, for 30 and 60 min. Subsequently, bacteria were resuspended by ultrasonication and subjected to quantitative cultures. Similar tests were conducted with C. albicans biofilms grown on metal (A2-steel) discs for 4 weeks. Mixed co-cultures of C. albicans plus each of the three bacterial strains on metal discs were grown for 5-7 weeks and weekly evaluated, as mentioned above. Results: Single biofilms of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and K. variicola grew to approximately 1 × 106 colony forming units (CFU)/mL and C. albicans to 1 × 105 CFU/mL. In combined biofilms, the CFU count was about 1 log10 lower. Viable counts of biofilms of single bacteria were reduced by 2.8 to 5.6 log10 in 1% NCT after 60 min (0.9 to 4.7 log10 after 30 min) with Gram-negative bacteria being more susceptible than S. aureus. Significant reduction of C. albicans by 2.0 to 2.9 log10 occurred after 4 h incubation. In combined biofilms, viable counts of C. albicans were reduced by 1.1 to 2.4 log10 after 4 h, while they reached the detection limit after 1 to 2 h with bacteria (2.0 to > 3.5 log10 reduction). Remarkably, older biofilms demonstrated no increase in resistance but constant susceptibility to NCT. This was valid for all tested pathogens. In electron microscopy, morphological differences between NCT-treated and non-treated biofilms could be found. Conclusions: NCT is active against long-term biofilms of up to several months irrespective of their age. Combined biofilm cultures of yeasts and bacteria show a similar susceptibility pattern to NCT as single ones. These results contribute to the explanation of the clinical efficacy of NCT, for instance, in infected chronic wounds and purulently coated crural ulcerations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Markus Nagl
- Research Laboratory for Biofilms and Implant Associated Infections (BIOFILM LAB), Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, University Hospital for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.G.); (D.C.C.-H.); (S.J.M.S.)
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Okamoto K, Kanayama S, Ikeda F, Fujikawa K, Fujiwara S, Nozawa N, Mori S, Matsumoto T, Hayashi N, Oda M. Broad spectrum in vitro microbicidal activity of benzoyl peroxide against microorganisms related to cutaneous diseases. J Dermatol 2020; 48:551-555. [PMID: 33369759 PMCID: PMC8048985 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro microbicidal activity of benzoyl peroxide against Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Malassezia furfur, Malassezia restricta, and Malassezia globosa was investigated. These strains were incubated for 1 h in the presence of 0.25, 0.5, 1, or 2 mmol/L benzoyl peroxide in phosphate buffered saline supplemented with 0.1% glycerol and 2% Tween 80. After exposure to benzoyl peroxide, counts of viable Gram-positive bacteria and fungi were markedly decreased, whereas counts of Gram-negative bacteria were unchanged. Transmission electron microscopy images showed a decrease in electron density and the destruction of C. acnes and M. restricta cell walls after exposure to 2 mmol/L benzoyl peroxide. In conclusion, this study showed that benzoyl peroxide has a potent and rapid microbicidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi that are associated with various cutaneous diseases. This suggests that the direct destruction of bacterial cell walls by benzoyl peroxide is an essential mechanism of its rapid and potent microbicidal activity against microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Okamoto
- Information Systems Department, Maruho Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shoji Kanayama
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.,Drug Development Research Laboratories, Kyoto R&D Center, Maruho Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Ikeda
- Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto R&D Center, Maruho Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koki Fujikawa
- Drug Development Research Laboratories, Kyoto R&D Center, Maruho Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shiori Fujiwara
- Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto R&D Center, Maruho Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Nozawa
- Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto R&D Center, Maruho Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sachi Mori
- Drug Development Research Laboratories, Kyoto R&D Center, Maruho Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsumi Matsumoto
- Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto R&D Center, Maruho Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.,Drug Development Research Laboratories, Kyoto R&D Center, Maruho Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masataka Oda
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
Despite an array of cogent antibiotics, bacterial infections, notably those produced by nosocomial pathogens, still remain a leading factor of morbidity and mortality around the globe. They target the severely ill, hospitalized and immunocompromised patients with incapacitated immune system, who are prone to infections. The choice of antimicrobial therapy is largely empirical and not devoid of toxicity, hypersensitivity, teratogenicity and/or mutagenicity. The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria further intensifies the clinical predicament as it directly impacts public health due to diminished potency of current antibiotics. In addition, there is an escalating concern with respect to biofilm-associated infections that are refractory to the presently available antimicrobial armory, leaving almost no therapeutic option. Hence, there is a dire need to develop alternate antibacterial agents. The past decade has witnessed a substantial upsurge in the global use of nanomedicines as innovative tools for combating the high rates of antimicrobial resistance. Antibacterial activity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) has been extensively reported. The microbes are eliminated either by microbicidal effects of the NPs, such as release of free metal ions culminating in cell membrane damage, DNA interactions or free radical generation, or by microbiostatic effects coupled with killing potentiated by the host's immune system. This review encompasses the magnitude of multidrug resistance in nosocomial infections, bacterial evasion of the host immune system, mechanisms used by bacteria to develop drug resistance and the use of nanomaterials based on metals to overcome these challenges. The diverse annihilative effects of conventional and biogenic metal NPs for antibacterial activity are also discussed. The use of polymer-based nanomaterials and nanocomposites, alone or functionalized with ligands, antibodies or antibiotics, as alternative antimicrobial agents for treating severe bacterial infections is also discussed. Combinatorial therapy with metallic NPs, as adjunct to the existing antibiotics, may aid to restrain the mounting menace of bacterial resistance and nosocomial threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Kumar L, Jain A, Lal N, Sarswat A, Jangir S, Kumar L, Singh V, Shah P, Jain SK, Maikhuri JP, Siddiqi MI, Gupta G, Sharma VL. Potentiating Metronidazole Scaffold against Resistant Trichomonas: Design, Synthesis, Biology and 3D-QSAR Analysis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:83-7. [PMID: 24900434 DOI: 10.1021/ml200161t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metronidazole (MTZ), the FDA-approved drug against Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), is being challenged seriously by drug resistance, while its inertness to sperm makes it ineffective as a vaginal contraceptive. Thirteen piperidine dithiocarbamate hybrids of 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethane (8-20) were designed to potentiate the MTZ framework against drug resistance and sperm. New compounds were 1.2-12.1 times more effective against MTZ-susceptible and -resistant strains of TV. All of the compounds exhibited high safety toward cervical (HeLa) cells and Lactobacillus. Thirty-eight compounds were scrutinized by CoMFA and CoMSIA techniques of 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship. Good predictive r pred (2) values for CoMFA and CoMSIA models reflected the robustness of the predictive ability. This was validated by designing five new analogues (46-50), which were potently microbicidal (3-10 and 10-20 times against MTZ-susceptible and -resistant TV, respectively) and spermicidal. This in vitro study may have significant clinical relevance, which could become evident in due course.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Swatantra K. Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi-110062, India
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Cross AR, Segal AW. The NADPH oxidase of professional phagocytes--prototype of the NOX electron transport chain systems. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004; 1657:1-22. [PMID: 15238208 PMCID: PMC2636547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2003] [Revised: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase is an electron transport chain in "professional" phagocytic cells that transfers electrons from NADPH in the cytoplasm, across the wall of the phagocytic vacuole, to form superoxide. The electron transporting flavocytochrome b is activated by the integrated function of four cytoplasmic proteins. The antimicrobial function of this system involves pumping K+ into the vacuole through BKCa channels, the effect of which is to elevate the vacuolar pH and activate neutral proteases. A number of homologous systems have been discovered in plants and lower animals as well as in man. Their function remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Cross
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anthony W. Segal
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
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