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Asla Q, Sardà H, Lerma E, Hanzu FA, Rodrigo MT, Urgell E, Pérez JI, Webb SM, Aulinas A. 11-Deoxycorticosterone Producing Adrenal Hyperplasia as a Very Unusual Cause of Endocrine Hypertension: Case Report and Systematic Review of the Literature. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:846865. [PMID: 35432204 PMCID: PMC9008131 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.846865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES 11-deoxycorticosterone overproduction due to an adrenal tumor or hyperplasia is a very rare cause of mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension. The objective is to provide the most relevant clinical features that clinicians dealing with patients presenting with the hallmarks of hypertension due to 11-deoxycorticosterone-producing adrenal lesions should be aware of. DESIGN AND METHODS We report the case of a patient with an 11-deoxycorticosterone-producing adrenal lesion and provide a systematic review of all published cases (PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE) between 1965 and 2021. RESULTS We identified 46 cases (including ours). Most cases (31, 67%) affected women with a mean age of 42.9 ± 15.2 years and presented with high blood pressure and hypokalemia (average of 2.68 ± 0.62 mmol/L). Median (interquartile range) time from onset of first suggestive symptoms to diagnosis was 24 (55) months. Aldosterone levels were low or in the reference range in 98% of the cases when available. 11-deoxycorticosterone levels were a median of 12.5 (18.9) times above the upper limit of the normal reference range reported in each article and overproduction of more than one hormone was seen in 31 (67%). Carcinoma was the most common histological type (21, 45.7%). Median tumor size was 61.5 (60) mm. Malignant lesions were larger, had higher 11-deoxycorticosterone levels and shorter time of evolution at diagnosis compared to benign lesions. CONCLUSIONS 11-deoxycorticosterone-producing adrenal lesions are very rare, affecting mostly middle-aged women with a primary aldosteronism-like clinical presentation and carcinoma is the most frequent histological diagnosis. Measuring 11-deoxycorticosterone levels, when low aldosterone levels or in the lower limit of the reference range are present in hypertensive patients, is advisable. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION Open Science Framework, 10.17605/OSF.IO/NR7UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Queralt Asla
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
| | - Helena Sardà
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Enrique Lerma
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felicia A. Hanzu
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Teresa Rodrigo
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eulàlia Urgell
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Pérez
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susan M. Webb
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unit 747), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Aulinas
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unit 747), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Anna Aulinas,
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Abstract
Hypertension affects about 10 - 25% of the population and is an important risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease. The renin-angiotensin system is frequently implicated in the pathophysiology of hypertension, be it primary or secondary. The prevalence of primary aldosteronism increases with the severity of hypertension, from 2% in patients with grade 1 hypertension to 20% among resistant hypertensives. Mineralcorticoid hypertension includes a spectrum of disorders ranging from renin-producing pathologies (renin-secreting tumors, malignant hypertension, coarctation of aorta), aldosterone-producing pathologies (primary aldosteronism - Conns syndrome, familial hyperaldosteronism 1, 2, and 3), non-aldosterone mineralocorticoid producing pathologies (apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, Liddle syndrome, deoxycorticosterone-secreting tumors, ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) syndrome, congenitalvadrenal hyperplasia), and drugs with mineraocorticoid activity (locorice, carbenoxole therapy) to glucocorticoid receptor resistance syndromes. Clinical presentation includes hypertension with varying severity, hypokalemia, and alkalosis. Ratio of plasma aldosterone concentraion to plasma renin activity remains the best screening tool. Bilateral adrenal venous sampling is the best diagnostic test coupled with a CT scan. Treatment is either surgical (adrenelectomy) for unilateral adrenal disease versus medical therapy for idiopathic, ambiguous, or bilateral disease. Medical therapy focuses on blood pressure control and correction of hypokalemia using a combination of anti-hypertensives (calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, or angiotensin receptor blockers) and potassium-raising therapies (mineralcorticoid receptor antagonist or potassium sparing diuretics). Direct aldosterone synthetase antagonists represent a promising future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Gupta
- Department of Endocrinology, Jaslok Hospital and Research Center, 15 – Deshmukh Marg, Mumbai, India
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Watts SW, Fink GD, Northcott CA, Galligan JJ. Endothelin-1-induced venous contraction is maintained in DOCA-salt hypertension; studies with receptor agonists. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 137:69-79. [PMID: 12183332 PMCID: PMC1573459 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) salt hypertension is associated with an endothelin-1 (ET-1)-dependent increase in arterial resistance and mean circulatory filling pressure. Contraction of endothelium-intact arteries and veins from sham and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats to agonists of the ET(A) (ET-1((1-31))) and ET(B) receptor (sarafotoxin 6c; S6c) was investigated in tissue baths as was expression of mRNA for ET-1 and mRNA and protein for the ET(A) and ET(B) receptor. 2. ET-1((1-31)) contracted aorta and vena cava from sham rats with a 30 fold lower potency than ET-1. Contraction was not altered by the ET(B) receptor antagonist BQ788 (100 nM) but was abolished by the ET(A) receptor antagonist ABT-627 (30 nM). 3. In DOCA-salt thoracic aorta, maximum contraction to ET-1 and ET-1((1-31)) was reduced (36.6 +/- 6.3 and 13.3 +/- 4.4% of sham response, respectively); aorta did not contract to S6c. 4. In vena cava from DOCA-salt rats, contraction to ET-1 and ET-1((1-31)) was not reduced compared to sham contraction; vena cava from sham and DOCA-salt rats contracted to S6c with a similar potency. 5. Real time RT-PCR revealed that prepro ET-1 mRNA was increased 6.6 +/- 3.3 fold and 8.7 +/- 3.9 fold greater in DOCA-salt aorta and vena cava, respectively, compared to sham. Vena cava expressed a higher content of ET(A) and ET(B) receptor mRNA than aorta (P < 0.05), but no differences were observed between sham and DOCA-salt tissues. ET(A) and ET(B) receptor protein was identified in all tissues. Immunoreactive ET(A) receptor, observed as a 65, 30 and 28 kDa bands, was expressed 400% greater in DOCA-salt aorta compared to sham, but was not altered in vena cava. Immunoreactive ET(B) receptor, observed as 120, 45 and 30 kDa bands, tended to be higher in vena cava compared to aorta, but was not different in sham and DOCA-salt vena cava. 6. These results suggest that ET(A) receptor function is impaired in aorta but not vena cava of DOCA-salt rats. The ET(B) receptor was present in the aorta but, unlike in veins, does not mediate contraction directly. A sustained response to ET-1 in the venous circulation may contribute to the elevated blood pressure in the DOCA-salt model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiology
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelin Receptor Antagonists
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Endothelin-1/pharmacology
- Hypertension/chemically induced
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptor, Endothelin A
- Receptor, Endothelin B
- Receptors, Endothelin/agonists
- Receptors, Endothelin/genetics
- Receptors, Endothelin/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sodium Chloride
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstriction/physiology
- Vasomotor System/drug effects
- Vasomotor System/physiology
- Veins/drug effects
- Veins/physiology
- Vena Cava, Superior/drug effects
- Vena Cava, Superior/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie W Watts
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1317, USA.
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