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Srivastava I, Moitra P, Fayyaz M, Pandit S, Kampert TL, Fathi P, Alanagh HR, Dighe K, Alafeef M, Vuong K, Jabeen M, Nie S, Irudayaraj J, Pan D. Rational Design of Surface-State Controlled Multicolor Cross-Linked Carbon Dots with Distinct Photoluminescence and Cellular Uptake Properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:59747-59760. [PMID: 34878252 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We disclose for the first time a facile synthetic methodology for the preparation of multicolor carbon dots (CDs) from a single source barring any chromatographic separations. This was achieved via sequential intraparticle cross-linking of surface abundant carboxylic acid groups on the CDs synthesized from a precursor to control their photoluminescence (PL) spectra as well as affect their degree of cellular internalization in cancer cells. The change in PL spectra with sequential cross-linking was projected by theoretical density functional theory (DFT) studies and validated by multiple characterization tools such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), PL spectroscopy, ninhydrin assay, etc. The variation in cellular internalization of these cross-linked CDs was demonstrated using inhibitor assays, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry. We supplemented our findings with high-resolution dark-field imaging to visualize and confirm the colocalization of these CDs into distinct intracellular compartments. Finally, to prove the surface-state controlled PL mechanisms of these cross-linked CDs, we fabricated a triple-channel sensor array for the identification of different analytes including metal ions and biologically relevant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Srivastava
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Parikshit Moitra
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Maryland Baltimore, Health Sciences Facility III, 670W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Facility, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland21250, United States
| | - Muhammad Fayyaz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Subhendu Pandit
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Taylor L Kampert
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Parinaz Fathi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Hamideh Rezvani Alanagh
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Ketan Dighe
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Facility, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland21250, United States
| | - Maha Alafeef
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Maryland Baltimore, Health Sciences Facility III, 670W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Facility, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland21250, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid22110, Jordan
| | - Katherine Vuong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Musarrat Jabeen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Shuming Nie
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Maryland Baltimore, Health Sciences Facility III, 670W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Facility, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland21250, United States
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