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Raphael I, Kumar R, McCarl LH, Shoger K, Wang L, Sandlesh P, Sneiderman CT, Allen J, Zhai S, Campagna ML, Foster A, Bruno TC, Agnihotri S, Hu B, Castro BA, Lieberman FS, Broniscer A, Diaz AA, Amankulor NM, Rajasundaram D, Pollack IF, Kohanbash G. TIGIT and PD-1 Immune Checkpoint Pathways Are Associated With Patient Outcome and Anti-Tumor Immunity in Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:637146. [PMID: 34025646 PMCID: PMC8137816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains an aggressive brain tumor with a high rate of mortality. Immune checkpoint (IC) molecules are expressed on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and promote T cell exhaustion upon binding to IC ligands expressed by the tumor cells. Interfering with IC pathways with immunotherapy has promoted reactivation of anti-tumor immunity and led to success in several malignancies. However, IC inhibitors have achieved limited success in GBM patients, suggesting that other checkpoint molecules may be involved with suppressing TIL responses. Numerous IC pathways have been described, with current testing of inhibitors underway in multiple clinical trials. Identification of the most promising checkpoint pathways may be useful to guide the future trials for GBM. Here, we analyzed the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) transcriptomic database and identified PD1 and TIGIT as top putative targets for GBM immunotherapy. Additionally, dual blockade of PD1 and TIGIT improved survival and augmented CD8+ TIL accumulation and functions in a murine GBM model compared with either single agent alone. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this combination immunotherapy affected granulocytic/polymorphonuclear (PMN) myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) but not monocytic (Mo) MDSCs in in our murine gliomas. Importantly, we showed that suppressive myeloid cells express PD1, PD-L1, and TIGIT-ligands in human GBM tissue, and demonstrated that antigen specific T cell proliferation that is inhibited by immunosuppressive myeloid cells can be restored by TIGIT/PD1 blockade. Our data provide new insights into mechanisms of GBM αPD1/αTIGIT immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Raphael
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lauren H McCarl
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Karsen Shoger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lin Wang
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Poorva Sandlesh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chaim T Sneiderman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jordan Allen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Shuyan Zhai
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center Biostatistics Facility, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Marissa Lynn Campagna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alexandra Foster
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tullia C Bruno
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sameer Agnihotri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Baoli Hu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brandyn A Castro
- Departments of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Frank S Lieberman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alberto Broniscer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Aaron A Diaz
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nduka M Amankulor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Dhivyaa Rajasundaram
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Schmid M, Wege AK, Ritter U. Characteristics of "Tip-DCs and MDSCs" and Their Potential Role in Leishmaniasis. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:74. [PMID: 22416241 PMCID: PMC3298847 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first description of dendritic cells (DCs) by Steinman and Cohn (1973), the myeloid lineage of leukocytes was investigated intensively. Nowadays it is obvious that myeloid cells, especially DCs, are crucial for the adaptive and innate immune response against intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania major parasites. Based on the overlapping expression of molecules that were commonly used to classify myeloid cells, it becomes difficult to denominate those cell types precisely. Of note, most of these markers used for myeloid cell identification are expressed on a broad range of myeloid cells, and should therefore be handled with care if used for subtyping of myeloid cells. In this mini-review we aim to discuss the relative impact of DCs that release TNF and nitric oxide (Tip-DCs) and myeloid cells with suppressive capacities (myeloid-derived suppressor cells, MDSCs) in infectious diseases such as experimental leishmaniasis. In our point of view it cannot be excluded that the novel subsets that were denominated as “Tip-DCs” and “MDSCs” might not be classical “subsets” but rather represent myeloid cells in a transient maturation stage expressing different genes, in response to the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schmid
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
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Hosaka N, Cui W, Zhang Y, Takaki T, Inaba M, Ikehara S. Prolonged survival in mice with advanced tumors treated with syngeneic or allogeneic intra-bone marrow-bone marrow transplantation plus fetal thymus transplantation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1121-30. [PMID: 20229083 PMCID: PMC11030866 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thymic function decreases in line with tumor progression in patients with cancer, resulting in immunodeficiency and a poor prognosis. In the present study, we attempted to restore thymic function by BALB/c (H-2(d)) syngeneic (Syn), or B6 (H-2(b)) allogeneic (Allo) bone marrow transplantation (BMT) using intra-bone marrow-bone marrow transplantation (IBM-BMT) plus Syn-, Allo- or C3H (H-2(k)) 3rd-party fetal thymus transplantation (TT). Although the BALB/c mice with advanced tumors (Meth-A sarcoma; H-2(d), >4 cm(2)) treated with either Syn- or Allo-BMT alone showed a slight improvement in survival compared with non-treated controls, the mice treated with BMT + TT showed a longer survival. The mice treated with Allo-BMT + Allo-TT or 3rd-party TT showed the longest survival. Interestingly, although there was no difference in main tumor size among the BMT groups, lung metastasis was significantly inhibited by Allo-BMT + Allo-TT or 3rd-party TT. Numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, Con A response, and IFN-gamma production increased significantly, whereas number of Gr-1(+)/CD11b(+) myeloid suppressor cells and the percentage of FoxP3(+) cells in CD4(+) T cells significantly decreased in these mice. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between survival days and the number of T cells or T cell function, while there was a negative correlation between survival days and lung metastasis, the number of Gr-1(+)/CD11b(+) cells, or the percentage of FoxP3(+) cells. These results suggest that BMT + TT, particularly Allo-BMT + Allo-TT or 3rd-party TT, is most effective in prolonging survival as a result of the restoration of T cell function in hosts with advanced tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/methods
- CD11b Antigen/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Fetal Tissue Transplantation/methods
- Flow Cytometry
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/surgery
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/embryology
- Thymus Gland/transplantation
- Time Factors
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Transplantation, Isogeneic
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hosaka
- First Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506 Japan
| | - Wenhao Cui
- First Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506 Japan
| | - Yuming Zhang
- First Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506 Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Takashi Takaki
- First Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506 Japan
| | - Muneo Inaba
- First Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506 Japan
| | - Susumu Ikehara
- First Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506 Japan
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Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Sinha P, Clements V, Dissanayake SI, Miller S, Davis C, Danna E. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6) and CD1: inhibitors of immunosurveillance against primary tumors and metastatic disease. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:86-91. [PMID: 14593499 PMCID: PMC11032961 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-003-0446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2003] [Accepted: 08/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many tumor immunologists favor the hypothesis that optimal anti-tumor activity is mediated by type 1 CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and that the production of type 2 CD4(+) T cells may be counterproductive for effective anti-tumor immunity. Since Stat6-deficient or "knockout" mice lack the signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 protein and are unable to transmit signals initiated by the type 2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, they have been studied to confirm the T(h)1 vs T(h)2 paradigm. Using transplantable tumor cells that cause primary solid tumors and metastatic disease, as well as a spontaneous transgenic tumor model, multiple studies have demonstrated that Stat6(-/-) mice are able to reject or delay primary tumor growth, prevent recurrence of primary tumors, and/or reject established, spontaneous metastatic disease. Deletion of the Stat6 gene, therefore, provides significantly enhanced immunosurveillance. Comparable experiments with CD1-deficient mice, which lack NKT cells and hence are deficient for IL-13, give similar results and suggest that removal of NKT cells also enhances immunosurveillance. Because immunity is enhanced in the absence of Stat6 or CD1, it has been hypothesized that these deletions result in the removal of an inhibitor that blocks constitutive immunosurveillance. Several mechanisms have been tested as potential inhibitors, including CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells, IL-13, a T(h)2 shift, and myeloid suppressor cells. Although the first three mechanisms do not appear to be relevant, regression of myeloid suppressor cells in Stat6-deficient and CD1-deficient mice may be responsible for enhanced immunosurveillance. Although additional studies are clearly needed to clarify the mechanism(s) underlying improved anti-tumor immunity in Stat6(-/-) and CD1(-/-) mice, deletion of these genes results in a potent anti-tumor immunity and may be a basis for an immunotherapy strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/physiology
- Hematopoiesis/genetics
- Hematopoiesis/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Immunologic Surveillance/immunology
- Interleukin-13/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-13/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/secondary
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/metabolism
- STAT6 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Trans-Activators/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Ostrand-Rosenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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