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Kumar R, Singh Raman RK, Bakshi SR, Raja VS, Parida S. Exploring the Influence of Nanocrystalline Structure and Aluminum Content on High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Fe-Cr-Al Alloys. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1700. [PMID: 38612213 PMCID: PMC11012992 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The present study examines the high-temperature (500-800 °C) oxidation behavior of Fe-10Cr-(3,5) Al alloys and studies the effect of nanocrystalline structure and Al content on their resistance to oxidation. The nanocrystalline (NC) alloy powder was synthesized via planetary ball milling. The prepared NC alloy powder was consolidated using spark plasma sintering to form NC alloys. Subsequently, an annealing of the NC alloys was performed to transform them into microcrystalline (MC) alloys. It was observed that the NC alloys exhibit superior resistance to oxidation compared to their MC counterparts at high temperatures. The superior resistance to oxidation of the NC alloys is attributed to their considerably finer grain size, which enhances the diffusion of those elements to the metal-oxide interface that forms the protective oxide layer. Conversely, the coarser grain size in MC alloys limits the diffusion of the oxide-forming components. Furthermore, the Fe-10Cr-5Al alloy showed greater resistance to oxidation than the Fe-10Cr-3Al alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Kumar
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Bara Phool 140001, India
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; (V.S.R.); (S.P.)
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - R. K. Singh Raman
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - S. R. Bakshi
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India;
| | - V. S. Raja
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; (V.S.R.); (S.P.)
| | - S. Parida
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; (V.S.R.); (S.P.)
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Adaan-Nyiak MA, Alam I, Jossou E, Hwang S, Kisslinger K, Gill SK, Tiamiyu AA. Design and Development of Stable Nanocrystalline High-Entropy Alloy: Coupling Self-Stabilization and Solute Grain Boundary Segregation Effects. Small 2024:e2309631. [PMID: 38312106 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Grain growth is prevalent in nanocrystalline (NC) materials at low homologous temperatures. Solute element addition is used to offset excess energy that drives coarsening at grain boundaries (GBs), albeit mostly for simple binary alloys. This thermodynamic approach is considered complicated in multi-component alloy systems due to complex pairwise interactions among alloying elements. Guided by empirical and GB-segregation enthalpy considerations for binary-alloy systems, a novel alloy design strategy, the "pseudo-binary thermodynamic" approach, for stabilizing NC-high entropy alloys (HEAs) and other multi-component-alloy variants is proposed. Using Al25 Co25 Cr25 Fe25 as a model-HEA to validate this approach, Zr, Sc, and Hf, are identified as the preferred solutes that would segregate to HEA-GBs to stabilize it against growth. Using Zr, NC-Al25 Co25 Cr25 Fe25 HEAs with minor additions of Zr are synthesized, followed by annealing up to 1123 K. Using advanced characterization techniques- in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning/transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM), and atom probe tomography, nanograin stability due to coupling self-stabilization and solute-GB segregation effects is reported in HEAs up to substantially high temperatures. The self-stabilization effect originates from the preferential GB-segregation of constituent HEA-elements that stabilizes NC-Al25 Co25 Cr25 Fe25 up to 0.5Tm (Tm -melting temperature). Meanwhile, solute-GB segregation originates from Zr segregation to NC-Al25 Co25 Cr25 Fe25 GBs; this results in further stabilization of the phase and grain-size (≈14 nm) up to ≈0.58 and ≈0.64Tm , respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses A Adaan-Nyiak
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Intekhab Alam
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ericmoore Jossou
- Nuclear Science and Technology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Kim Kisslinger
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Simerjeet K Gill
- Nuclear Science and Technology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Ahmed A Tiamiyu
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Li X, Zhou J, Shen L, Sun B, Bai H, Wang W. Exceptionally High Saturation Magnetic Flux Density and Ultralow Coercivity via an Amorphous-Nanocrystalline Transitional Microstructure in an FeCo-Based Alloy. Adv Mater 2022:e2205863. [PMID: 36037072 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High saturation magnetic flux density (Bs ) of soft magnetic materials is essential for increasing the power density of modern magnetic devices and motor machines. Yet, increasing Bs is always at the expense of high coercivity (Hc ), presenting a general trade-off in the soft magnetic material family. Here, superior comprehensive soft magnetic properties, i.e., an exceptionally high Bs of up to 1.94 T and Hc as low as 4.3 A m-1 are unprecedentedly combined in an FeCo-based alloy. This alloy is obtained through a composition design strategy to construct a transitional microstructure between amorphous and traditional nanocrystalline alloys, with nanocrystals (with < 5 nm-sized crystal-like regions around) sparsely dispersed in an amorphous matrix. Such transitional microstructure possesses extremely low magnetic anisotropy caused by the annihilation of quasi-dislocation dipoles, and a strong magnetic exchange interaction, which leads to excellent comprehensive magnetic properties. The results provide useful guidelines for the development of the next generation of soft magnetic materials, which are promising for applications of high-frequency, high-efficiency, and energy-saving devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Li
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
- School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Laiquan Shen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Baoan Sun
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Haiyang Bai
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
- School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
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Cunningham WS, Mascarenhas STJ, Riano JS, Wang W, Hwang S, Hattar K, Hodge AM, Trelewicz JR. Unraveling Thermodynamic and Kinetic Contributions to the Stability of Doped Nanocrystalline Alloys using Nanometallic Multilayers. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2200354. [PMID: 35512110 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Targeted doping of grain boundaries is widely pursued as a pathway for combating thermal instabilities in nanocrystalline metals. However, certain dopants predicted to produce grain-boundary-segregated nanocrystalline configurations instead form small nanoprecipitates at elevated temperatures that act to kinetically inhibit grain growth. Here, thermodynamic modeling is implemented to select the Mo-Au system for exploring the interplay between thermodynamic and kinetic contributions to nanostructure stability. Using nanoscale multilayers and in situ transmission electron microscopy thermal aging, evolving segregation states and the corresponding phase transitions are mapped with temperature. The microstructure is shown to evolve through a transformation at lower homologous temperatures (<600 °C) where solute atoms cluster and segregate to the grain boundaries, consistent with predictions from thermodynamic models. An increase in temperature to 800 °C is accompanied by coarsening of the grain structure via grain boundary migration but with multiple pinning events uncovered between migrating segments of the grain boundary and local solute clustering. Direct comparison between the thermodynamic predictions and experimental observations of microstructure evolution thus demonstrates a transition from thermodynamically preferred to kinetically inhibited nanocrystalline stability and provides a general framework for decoupling contributions to complex stability transitions while simultaneously targeting a dominant thermal stability regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Streit Cunningham
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Sean T J Mascarenhas
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - J Sebastian Riano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Khalid Hattar
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Andrea M Hodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jason R Trelewicz
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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Bersweiler M, Adams MP, Peral I, Kohlbrecher J, Suzuki K, Michels A. Unraveling the magnetic softness in Fe-Ni-B-based nanocrystalline material by magnetic small-angle neutron scattering. IUCrJ 2022; 9:65-72. [PMID: 35059211 PMCID: PMC8733879 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521010605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic small-angle neutron scattering is employed to investigate the magnetic interactions in (Fe0.7Ni0.3)86B14 alloy, a HiB-NANOPERM-type soft magnetic nanocrystalline material, which exhibits an ultrafine microstructure with an average grain size below 10 nm. The neutron data reveal a significant spin-misalignment scattering which is mainly related to the jump of the longitudinal magnetization at internal particle-matrix interfaces. The field dependence of the neutron data can be well described by micromagnetic small-angle neutron scattering theory. In particular, the theory explains the 'clover-leaf-type' angular anisotropy observed in the purely magnetic neutron scattering cross section. The presented neutron data analysis also provides access to the magnetic interaction parameters, such as the exchange-stiffness constant, which plays a crucial role towards the optimization of the magnetic softness of Fe-based nanocrystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Bersweiler
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Université du Luxembourg, 162A avenue de la Faïencerie, L-1511 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Michael P. Adams
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Université du Luxembourg, 162A avenue de la Faïencerie, L-1511 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Inma Peral
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Université du Luxembourg, 162A avenue de la Faïencerie, L-1511 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Joachim Kohlbrecher
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETH Zurich and Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Kiyonori Suzuki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Andreas Michels
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Université du Luxembourg, 162A avenue de la Faïencerie, L-1511 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
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Torre F, Mingazzini C, Mirabile Gattia D, Huminiuc T, Rinaldi A, Polcar T, Delogu F, Locci AM. Investigation on the Thermodynamic Stability of Nanocrystalline W-Based Alloys: A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Approach. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14237179. [PMID: 34885357 PMCID: PMC8658593 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stability of nanostructured metal alloys is currently being extensively investigated, and several mathematical models have been developed to describe the thermodynamics of these systems. However, model capability in terms of thermal stability predictions strongly relies on grain boundary-related parameters that are difficult to measure or estimate accurately. To overcome this limitation, a novel theoretical approach is proposed and adopted in this work to identify W-based nanocrystalline alloys which are potentially able to show thermodynamic stability. A comparison between model outcomes and experimental findings is reported for two selected alloys, namely W-Ag and W-Al. Experimental results clearly highlight that W-Ag mixtures retain a segregated structure on relatively coarse length scales even after prolonged mechanical treatments. Moreover, annealing at moderate temperatures readily induces demixing of the constituent elements. In contrast, homogeneous nanostructured W-Al solid solutions are obtained by ball milling of elemental powders. These alloys show enhanced thermal stability with respect to pure W even at high homologous temperatures. Experimental evidences agree with model predictions for both the investigated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Torre
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Marengo 3, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (F.T.); (F.D.)
| | - Claudio Mingazzini
- Sustainability Department, SSPT-PROMAS-TEMAF, ENEA, Via Ravegnana, 186, SP302, 48018 Faenza, Italy;
| | - Daniele Mirabile Gattia
- Sustainability Department, SSPT-PROMAS-MATPRO, ENEA, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy; (D.M.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Teodor Huminiuc
- Engineering Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (T.H.); (T.P.)
| | - Antonio Rinaldi
- Sustainability Department, SSPT-PROMAS-MATPRO, ENEA, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy; (D.M.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Tomas Polcar
- Engineering Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (T.H.); (T.P.)
| | - Francesco Delogu
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Marengo 3, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (F.T.); (F.D.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Antonio Mario Locci
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Marengo 3, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (F.T.); (F.D.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Khazi I, Mescheder U, Wilde J. Influence of Bath Hydrodynamics on the Micromechanical Properties of Electrodeposited Nickel-Cobalt Alloys. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14143898. [PMID: 34300816 PMCID: PMC8304452 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of bath hydrodynamics on the resultant micromechanical properties of electrodeposited nickel-cobalt alloy system is investigated. The bath hydrodynamics realized by magnetic stirring is simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics and a region of minimum variation in velocity within the electrolytic cell is determined and validated experimentally. Nickel-cobalt alloy and nickel coating samples are deposited galvanostatically (50 mA/cm2) with varying bath velocity (0 to 42 cm/s). The surface morphology of samples gradually changed from granular (fractal dimension 2.97) to more planar (fractal dimension 2.15) growth type, and the according average roughness decreased from 207.5 nm to 11 nm on increasing the electrolyte velocity from 0 to 42 cm/s for nickel-cobalt alloys; a similar trend was also found in the case of nickel coatings. The calculated grain size from the X-ray diffractograms decreased from 31 nm to 12 nm and from 69 nm to 26 nm as function of increasing velocity (up to 42 cm/s) for nickel-cobalt and nickel coatings, respectively. Consecutively, the measured Vickers microhardness values increased by 43% (i.e., from 393 HV0.01 to 692 HV0.01) and by 33% (i.e., from 255 HV0.01 to 381 HV0.01) for nickel-cobalt and nickel coatings, respectively, which fits well with the Hall–Petch relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isman Khazi
- Institute for Microsystems Technology (iMST), Faculty of Mechanical & Medical Engineering, Robert Gerwig-Platz 1, 78120 Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, Germany;
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7723-920-2810
| | - Ulrich Mescheder
- Institute for Microsystems Technology (iMST), Faculty of Mechanical & Medical Engineering, Robert Gerwig-Platz 1, 78120 Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, Germany;
- Associated to the Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wilde
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
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Ledwig P, Kac M, Kopia A, Falkus J, Dubiel B. Microstructure and Properties of Electrodeposited Nanocrystalline Ni-Co-Fe Coatings. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:3886. [PMID: 34300805 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Materials based on Ni-Co-Fe alloys, due to their excellent magnetic properties, attract great attention in nanotechnology, especially as candidates for high-density magnetic recording media and other applications from spintronic to consumer electronics. In this study, Ni-Co-Fe nanocrystalline coatings were electrodeposited from citrate-sulfate baths with the Ni2+:Co2+:Fe2+ ion concentration ratios equal to 15:1:1, 15:2:1, and 15:4:1. The effect of the composition of the bath on the morphology, microstructure, chemical composition, microhardness, and magnetic properties of the coatings was examined. Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to study surface morphology, microstructure, chemical, and phase composition. Isothermal cross-sections of the Ni-Co-Fe ternary equilibrium system for the temperature of 50 °C and 600 °C were generated using the FactSage package. Magnetic properties were analyzed by a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer (SQUID). All the coatings were composed of a single phase being face-centered cubic (fcc) solid solution. They were characterized by a smooth surface with globular morphology and a nanocrystalline structure of grain diameter below 30 nm. It was determined that Ni-Co-Fe coatings exhibit high hardness above 4.2 GPa. The measurements of hysteresis loops showed a significant value of magnetization saturation and small coercivity. The microstructure and properties of the obtained nanocrystalline coatings are interesting in terms of their future use in micromechanical devices (MEMS).
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