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Molonia MS, Salamone FL, Speciale A, Saija A, Cimino F. D-Allulose Reduces Hypertrophy and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Induced by Palmitic Acid in Murine 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4059. [PMID: 38612868 PMCID: PMC11012259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural rare sugars are an alternative category of sweeteners with positive physiologic and metabolic effects both in in vitro and animal models. D-allulose is a D-fructose epimer that combines 70% sucrose sweetness with the advantage of an extremely low energy content. However, there are no data about the effect of D-allulose against adipose dysfunction; thus, it remains to be confirmed whether D-allulose is useful in the prevention and in treatment of adipose tissue alterations. With this aim, we evaluated D-allulose's preventive effects on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 murine adipocytes exposed to palmitic acid (PA), a trigger for hypertrophic adipocytes. D-allulose in place of glucose prevented adipocyte hypertrophy and the activation of adipogenic markers C/EBP-β and PPARγ induced by high PA concentrations. Additionally, D-allulose pretreatment inhibited the NF-κB pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress caused by PA, through activation of the Nrf2 pathway. Interestingly, these effects were also observed as D-allulose post PA treatment. Although our data need to be confirmed through in vivo models, our findings suggest that incorporating D-allulose as a glucose substitute in the diet might have a protective role in adipocyte function and support a unique mechanism of action in this sugar as a preventive or therapeutic compound against PA lipotoxicity through the modulation of pathways connected to lipid transport and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sofia Molonia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.S.M.); (F.L.S.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
- “Prof. Antonio Imbesi” Foundation, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Lina Salamone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.S.M.); (F.L.S.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.S.M.); (F.L.S.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Antonella Saija
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.S.M.); (F.L.S.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.S.M.); (F.L.S.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
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Campos L, Tuma P, Silva T, Gomes D, Pereira CD, Henriques MHF. Low Fat Yoghurts Produced with Different Protein Levels and Alternative Natural Sweeteners. Foods 2024; 13:250. [PMID: 38254551 PMCID: PMC10814987 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The food industry is looking for substitutes for sucrose in food items due to the excessive consumption of products with added sugar and the demand for healthier products. Alternative natural sweeteners can help achieve this goal. Different types of low-fat yoghurts (1% fat), with low-protein and high-protein levels (3% and 4.5-6.5% protein, respectively), were produced using alternative natural sweeteners. The low-protein yoghurts were made with stevia (0.03% w/w) or agave syrup (4.5% w/w). The high-protein yoghurts were made with stevia (0.04% w/w), xylitol (6% w/w) or honey (6% w/w). Sucrose (6% w/w) was used as a control in both trials. pH and titratable acidity, CIEL*a*b* color parameters, syneresis index, rheology and the texture profile of the low-fat yoghurts were evaluated over refrigerated storage. All products underwent sensory evaluation by an untrained panel. The high-protein yoghurts were found to be more acidic (>1% as lactic acid), had a lower syneresis index (between 2.1 and 16.2%) and a better consistency (stronger gel structure) than the low-protein yoghurts. In terms of rheological parameters, stevia-sweetened yoghurts scored higher than the other sweetened yoghurts, showing a better gel structure. The different sweeteners tested did not significantly affect the sensory properties of the yoghurts, although the high-protein yoghurts scored higher for most of the attributes evaluated. Overall, consumers preferred stevia-sweetened yoghurts to yoghurts sweetened with sucrose or agave for the low-protein yoghurts. Of the tested formulations, those containing high protein with the alternative natural sweetener xylitol received higher scores in all attributes. These results reveal the potential of the tested natural sweeteners as sucrose substitutes, while contributing to improving the nutritional value of yoghurts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Campos
- Research Centre for Natural Resources Environment and Society (CERNAS), Coimbra Agriculture School, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.C.); (D.G.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Paulina Tuma
- Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition, West Pomeranian University of Technology, al. Piastów 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Tânia Silva
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Agriculture School, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - David Gomes
- Research Centre for Natural Resources Environment and Society (CERNAS), Coimbra Agriculture School, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.C.); (D.G.); (C.D.P.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Agriculture School, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Carlos Dias Pereira
- Research Centre for Natural Resources Environment and Society (CERNAS), Coimbra Agriculture School, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.C.); (D.G.); (C.D.P.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Agriculture School, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Marta H. F. Henriques
- Research Centre for Natural Resources Environment and Society (CERNAS), Coimbra Agriculture School, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.C.); (D.G.); (C.D.P.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Agriculture School, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal;
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Novik TS, Koveshnikova EI, Kotlobay AA, Sycheva LP, Kurochkina KG, Averina OA, Belopolskaya MV, Sergiev PV, Dontsova OA, Lazarev VN, Maev IV, Kostyaeva MG, Eremeev AV, Chukina SI, Lagarkova MA. Sweet-Tasting Natural Proteins Brazzein and Monellin: Safe Sugar Substitutes for the Food Industry. Foods 2023; 12:4065. [PMID: 38002123 PMCID: PMC10670179 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This article presents the results of a comprehensive toxicity assessment of brazzein and monellin, yeast-produced recombinant sweet-tasting proteins. Excessive sugar consumption is one of the leading dietary and nutritional problems in the world, resulting in health complications such as obesity, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease. Although artificial small-molecule sweeteners widely replace sugar in food, their safety and long-term health effects remain debatable. Many sweet-tasting proteins, including thaumatin, miraculin, pentadin, curculin, mabinlin, brazzein, and monellin have been found in tropical plants. These proteins, such as brazzein and monellin, are thousands-fold sweeter than sucrose. Multiple reports have presented preparations of recombinant sweet-tasting proteins. A thorough and comprehensive assessment of their toxicity and safety is necessary to introduce and apply sweet-tasting proteins in the food industry. We experimentally assessed acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity effects, as well as allergenic and mutagenic properties of recombinant brazzein and monellin. Our study was performed on three mammalian species (mice, rats, and guinea pigs). Assessment of animals' physiological, biochemical, hematological, morphological, and behavioral indices allows us to assert that monellin and brazzein are safe and nontoxic for the mammalian organism, which opens vast opportunities for their application in the food industry as sugar alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara S. Novik
- Scientific Research Centre Pharmbiomed, Selskohozjajstvennaja Str., 12a, Moscow 129226, Russia; (T.S.N.); (E.I.K.); (K.G.K.); (S.I.C.)
| | - Elena I. Koveshnikova
- Scientific Research Centre Pharmbiomed, Selskohozjajstvennaja Str., 12a, Moscow 129226, Russia; (T.S.N.); (E.I.K.); (K.G.K.); (S.I.C.)
| | - Anatoly A. Kotlobay
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya Str. 1a, Moscow 119435, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.N.L.); (A.V.E.)
| | - Lyudmila P. Sycheva
- Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Zhivopisnaya Str., 46, Moscow 123182, Russia;
| | - Karine G. Kurochkina
- Scientific Research Centre Pharmbiomed, Selskohozjajstvennaja Str., 12a, Moscow 129226, Russia; (T.S.N.); (E.I.K.); (K.G.K.); (S.I.C.)
| | - Olga A. Averina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia; (O.A.A.); (P.V.S.); (O.A.D.)
| | | | - Petr V. Sergiev
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia; (O.A.A.); (P.V.S.); (O.A.D.)
| | - Olga A. Dontsova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia; (O.A.A.); (P.V.S.); (O.A.D.)
| | - Vassili N. Lazarev
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya Str. 1a, Moscow 119435, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.N.L.); (A.V.E.)
| | - Igor V. Maev
- Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases and Gastroenterology, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Delegatskaya St. 20/1, Moscow 103473, Russia;
| | - Margarita G. Kostyaeva
- Faculty of Medicine, Peoples Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba, Miklukho-Maklaya Str.6, Moscow 117198, Russia;
| | - Artem V. Eremeev
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya Str. 1a, Moscow 119435, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.N.L.); (A.V.E.)
| | - Svetlana I. Chukina
- Scientific Research Centre Pharmbiomed, Selskohozjajstvennaja Str., 12a, Moscow 129226, Russia; (T.S.N.); (E.I.K.); (K.G.K.); (S.I.C.)
| | - Maria A. Lagarkova
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya Str. 1a, Moscow 119435, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.N.L.); (A.V.E.)
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Watanabe T, Fujikawa K, Urai S, Iwaki K, Hirai T, Miyagawa K, Uratani H, Yamagaki T, Nagao K, Yokoo Y, Shimamoto K. Identification, Chemical Synthesis, and Sweetness Evaluation of Rhamnose or Xylose Containing Steviol Glycosides of Stevia ( Stevia rebaudiana) Leaves. J Agric Food Chem 2023. [PMID: 37432401 PMCID: PMC10375593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Steviol glycosides obtained from Stevia rebaudiana leaves are increasingly used in the food industry as natural low-calorie sweeteners. Among them, the sweetness of major glycosides composed of glucose residues (e.g., stevioside and rebaudioside A) has been widely studied. However, the properties of minor natural products containing rhamnose or xylose residues are poorly investigated. In this study, five unreported steviol glycosides containing rhamnose or xylose were extracted from our developing stevia leaves, and their sweetness was evaluated. The highly glycosylated steviol glycosides were identified, and their structures were examined by fragmentation analysis using mass spectrometry. Chemical synthesis of these glycosides confirmed their structures and allowed sensory evaluation of minor steviol glycosides. Our study revealed that a xylose-containing glycoside, rebaudioside FX1, exhibits a well-balanced sweetness, and thus, it is a promising candidate for natural sweeteners used in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Watanabe
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Kohki Fujikawa
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Soichiro Urai
- Suntory Products Development Center, Suntory Holdings Ltd., Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 211-0067, Japan
| | - Kazunari Iwaki
- Suntory Products Development Center, Suntory Beverage & Food (SBF) Ltd., Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 211-0067, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Hirai
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center (SIC) Ltd., Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Katsuro Miyagawa
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center (SIC) Ltd., Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uratani
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Tohru Yamagaki
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Koji Nagao
- Suntory Products Development Center, Suntory Beverage & Food (SBF) Ltd., Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 211-0067, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yokoo
- Suntory Products Development Center, Suntory Beverage & Food (SBF) Ltd., Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 211-0067, Japan
| | - Keiko Shimamoto
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
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Mora M, Wijaya F, Jiang G, Gibney P, Dando R. Sensory profiling of natural sweeteners and sucrose-sweetener binary mixtures. J Food Sci 2023. [PMID: 37248752 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Overconsumption of added sugars is associated with higher incidences of obesity, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Alternative sweeteners have long been relied on as a strategy to reduce consumption of added sugars; however these alternatives differ notably from sucrose in their sensory properties. Recently, consumers have also been looking to reduce consumption of ingredients deemed "artificial," seeking natural alternatives despite poor definitions of these terms on the whole. Wider knowledge of the sensory properties of natural sweeteners would greatly aid in this goal. Descriptive analysis and time-intensity scaling were used to characterize the temporal profile and off-flavors of allulose, erythritol, rebaudioside (Reb) A, Reb D, Reb M, monk fruit, and thaumatin, as compared to sucrose. Further, each was blended to reduce sucrose by 50% and 75% in binary mixtures. Where significant off-flavors were frequently reported with sweeteners, when delivered in binary mixtures for partial sugar reduction, these were much mitigated, while also bringing temporal profiles closer to that of sucrose. This suggests that partial sugar reduction may be an effective way of reducing caloric intake while not compromising sensory experience. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The use of both descriptive analysis and time-intensity scaling allows for a more complete understanding of the sensory properties of natural alternative sweeteners. Understanding their sensory deficits and ways to improve these sweeteners plays a critical role in creating healthier products that will be accepted by consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Mora
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Fiwany Wijaya
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Glycine Jiang
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Patrick Gibney
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Robin Dando
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Mora MR, Wang Z, Goddard JM, Dando R. Consumers Respond Positively to the Sensory, Health, and Sustainability Benefits of the Rare Sugar Allulose in Yogurt Formulations. Foods 2022; 11. [PMID: 36429310 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased added sugar consumption is associated with type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Low and no-calorie alternative sweeteners have long been used as an aid in the reduction of added sugar. Unfortunately, these alternative sweeteners often have notable sensory deficits when compared to sucrose. Furthermore, many alternative sweeteners have synthetic origins, while consumers are increasingly turning to foods from natural origins, and from more sustainable sources. Such sweeteners include the rare sugar allulose, which can be manufactured from common agricultural waste and dairy co-product streams, and is reported to have a sensory profile similar to sucrose. This study aimed to determine the influence of the rare sugar allulose on consumer perception of sweetened vanilla yogurt. Participants were recruited to evaluate 4 vanilla yogurts sweetened with either sucrose, allulose, stevia or sucralose, and to rate their liking of the samples overall, and for flavor, texture, and their purchase intent. Statistical analysis of hedonic data from 100 consumers suggested that allulose performed similarly to sucrose in liking and purchase intent, and superior to other sweeteners tested in this study, with fewer off-flavors. Moreover, when consumers were queried on their purchase intent after learning details on the sweetener for each formulation, allulose scored significantly higher than all other formulations in purchase intent. This study highlights the potential of the rare sugar allulose as a low calorie, zero glycemic index, natural and better tasting sugar replacement in sweetened yogurt.
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Pereira CTM, de Medeiros AC, Ventura MB, Pereira DM, Bolini HMA. Do the Colors of the Label and the Sweetening Agent Information Influence the Sensory Expectations Consumer? A Case Study with Skyr-Type Yogurt. Foods 2022; 11:167. [PMID: 35053899 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to evaluate the sensory expectation and buying intention of consumers from different Brazilian regions for skyr-type yogurt based on the colors and sweetener on its label. Ten images of skyr mango yogurt labels were created varying in color (orange, white, yellow, blue, and green) and sweetening agent (sucrose and natural sweeteners). Consumers (151 consumers) were asked to rate their expectation for the ideal of sweetness, healthiness, acceptance, and buying intention. Labels containing the information “sweetened with sucrose” had a higher percentage of expectation of sweeter than ideal. Label color and sweetening agent had a significant effect on the expectation of acceptance, with a higher percentage for yogurt sweetened with natural sweeteners. There were not statistical differences (p > 0.05) between the labels regarding expected healthiness. Results also showed that consumers had a low level of familiarity with skyr-type yogurts, but it is presented as a healthy yogurt alternative.
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Bordier V, Teysseire F, Schlotterbeck G, Senner F, Beglinger C, Meyer-Gerspach AC, Wölnerhanssen BK. Effect of a Chronic Intake of the Natural Sweeteners Xylitol and Erythritol on Glucose Absorption in Humans with Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113950. [PMID: 34836205 PMCID: PMC8618859 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with obesity, accelerated nutrients absorption is observed. Xylitol and erythritol are of interest as alternative sweeteners, and it has been shown in rodent models that their acute ingestion reduces intestinal glucose absorption. This study aims to investigate whether a chronic intake of xylitol and erythritol impacts glucose absorption in humans with obesity. Forty-six participants were randomized to take either 8 g of xylitol or 12 g of erythritol three times a day for five to seven weeks, or to be part of the control group (no substance). Before and after the intervention, intestinal glucose absorption was assessed during an oral glucose tolerance test with 3-Ortho-methyl-glucose (3-OMG). The effect of xylitol or erythritol intake on the area under the curve for 3-OMG concentration was not significant. Neither the time (pre or post intervention), nor the group (control, xylitol, or erythritol), nor the time-by-group interaction effects were significant (p = 0.829, p = 0.821, and p = 0.572, respectively). Therefore, our results show that a chronic intake of the natural sweeteners xylitol and erythritol does not affect intestinal glucose absorption in humans with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Bordier
- St. Clara Research Ltd. at St. Claraspital, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (V.B.); (F.T.); (C.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Teysseire
- St. Clara Research Ltd. at St. Claraspital, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (V.B.); (F.T.); (C.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Götz Schlotterbeck
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Science, FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; (G.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Frank Senner
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Science, FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; (G.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Christoph Beglinger
- St. Clara Research Ltd. at St. Claraspital, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (V.B.); (F.T.); (C.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Christin Meyer-Gerspach
- St. Clara Research Ltd. at St. Claraspital, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (V.B.); (F.T.); (C.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (A.C.M.-G.); (B.K.W.); Tel.: +41-61-685-85-85 (A.C.M.-G. & B.K.W.)
| | - Bettina K. Wölnerhanssen
- St. Clara Research Ltd. at St. Claraspital, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (V.B.); (F.T.); (C.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (A.C.M.-G.); (B.K.W.); Tel.: +41-61-685-85-85 (A.C.M.-G. & B.K.W.)
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Wölnerhanssen BK, Drewe J, Verbeure W, le Roux CW, Dellatorre‐Teixeira L, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Tack J, Peterli R, Beglinger C, Meyer‐Gerspach AC. Gastric emptying of solutions containing the natural sweetener erythritol and effects on gut hormone secretion in humans: A pilot dose-ranging study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23:1311-1321. [PMID: 33565706 PMCID: PMC8247993 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether a dose-dependent effect in the stimulation of gut hormone release (plasma cholecystokinin [CCK], active glucagon-like peptide-1 [aGLP-1] and peptide tyrosine tyrosine [PYY]) is found for the natural sweetener erythritol. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve healthy, lean volunteers received solutions with 10, 25 or 50 g erythritol, or tap water enriched with 13 C-sodium acetate on four study days via a nasogastric tube in this randomized (active treatments), placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial. Blood samples and breath samples (13 C-sodium acetate method for measurement of gastric emptying [GE]) were taken at regular intervals, and sensations of appetite and gastrointestinal symptoms were rated. RESULTS We found (a) a dose-dependent stimulation of CCK, aGLP-1 and PYY, and slowing of GE, (b) no effect on blood glucose, insulin, motilin, glucagon or glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, (c) no effect on blood lipids and uric acid, and (d) no abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting. CONCLUSIONS Solutions with 10 and 50 g of erythritol stimulated gut hormone release. Emptying of erythritol-containing solutions from the stomach was slower compared with placebo. There was no effect on plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, blood lipids or uric acid. All doses were well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Drewe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity Hospital of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal DisordersCatholic University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Carel W. le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research CentreConway Institute University College DublinDublinIreland
| | | | - Jens F. Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, RigshospitaletUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jens J. Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal DisordersCatholic University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Ralph Peterli
- Clarunis, Department of Surgery, St. ClaraspitalBaselSwitzerland
| | - Christoph Beglinger
- St. Clara Research Ltd at St. ClaraspitalBaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Anne C. Meyer‐Gerspach
- St. Clara Research Ltd at St. ClaraspitalBaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
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Kelada KD, Tusé D, Gleba Y, McDonald KA, Nandi S. Process Simulation and Techno-Economic Analysis of Large-Scale Bioproduction of Sweet Protein Thaumatin II. Foods 2021; 10:838. [PMID: 33921374 PMCID: PMC8069865 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently worldwide efforts to reduce sugar intake due to the various adverse health effects linked with the overconsumption of sugars. Artificial sweeteners have been used as an alternative to nutritive sugars in numerous applications; however, their long-term effects on human health remain controversial. This led to a shift in consumer preference towards non-caloric sweeteners from natural sources. Thaumatins are a class of intensely sweet proteins found in arils of the fruits of the West-African plant Thaumatococcus daniellii. Thaumatins' current production method through aqueous extraction from this plant and uncertainty of the harvest from tropical rainforests limits its supply while the demand is increasing. Despite successful recombinant expression of the protein in several organisms, no large-scale bioproduction facilities exist. We present preliminary process design, process simulation, and economic analysis for a large-scale (50 metric tons/year) production of a thaumatin II variant using several different molecular farming platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirolos D. Kelada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.D.K.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Daniel Tusé
- DT/Consulting Group, Sacramento, CA 95818, USA;
| | - Yuri Gleba
- Nomad Bioscience GmbH, 06120 Halle, Germany;
| | - Karen A. McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.D.K.); (K.A.M.)
- Global HealthShare® Initiative, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Somen Nandi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.D.K.); (K.A.M.)
- Global HealthShare® Initiative, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Meyer-Gerspach AC, Drewe J, Verbeure W, Roux CWL, Dellatorre-Teixeira L, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Tack J, Peterli R, Beglinger C, Wölnerhanssen BK. Effect of the Natural Sweetener Xylitol on Gut Hormone Secretion and Gastric Emptying in Humans: A Pilot Dose-Ranging Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:E174. [PMID: 33429977 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugar consumption is associated with a whole range of negative health effects and should be reduced and the natural sweetener xylitol might be helpful in achieving this goal. The present study was conducted as a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial. Twelve healthy, lean volunteers received intragastric solutions with 7, 17 or 35 g xylitol or tap water on four separate days. We examined effects on: gut hormones, glucose, insulin, glucagon, uric acid, lipid profile, as well as gastric emptying rates, appetite-related sensations and gastrointestinal symptoms. We found: (i) a dose-dependent stimulation of cholecystokinin (CCK), active glucagon-like peptide-1 (aGLP-1), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY)-release, and decelerated gastric emptying rates, (ii) a dose-dependent increase in blood glucose and insulin, (iii) no effect on motilin, glucagon, or glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)-release, (iv) no effect on blood lipids, but a rise in uric acid, and (v) increased bowel sounds as only side effects. In conclusion, low doses of xylitol stimulate the secretion of gut hormones and induce a deceleration in gastric emptying rates. There is no effect on blood lipids and only little effect on plasma glucose and insulin. This combination of properties (low-glycemic sweetener which stimulates satiation hormone release) makes xylitol an attractive candidate for sugar replacement.
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12
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Saraiva A, Carrascosa C, Raheem D, Ramos F, Raposo A. Natural Sweeteners: The Relevance of Food Naturalness for Consumers, Food Security Aspects, Sustainability and Health Impacts. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E6285. [PMID: 32872325 PMCID: PMC7504156 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
At a moment when the population is increasingly aware and involved in what it eats, both consumers and the food sector are showing more interest in natural foods. This review work discusses, addresses and provides details of the most important aspects of consumer's perceptions of and attitudes to natural foods and in-depth research into natural sweeteners. It also includes issues about their use and development as regards health impacts, food security and sustainability. In line with our main research outcome, we can assume that consumers are very keen on choosing foods with clean labelling, natural ingredients, preferably with other functional properties, without the loss of taste. In response to such a phenomenon, the food industry offers consumers alternative natural sweeteners with the advantage of added health benefits. It is noteworthy that Nature is a superb source of desirable substances, and many have a sweet taste, and many still need to be studied. Finally, we must stress that being natural does not necessarily guarantee market success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Saraiva
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (A.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Conrado Carrascosa
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (A.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Dele Raheem
- Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law (NIEM), Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 96101 Rovaniemi, Lapland, Finland;
| | - Fernando Ramos
- Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142 Oporto, Portugal
| | - António Raposo
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Kakleas K, Christodouli F, Karavanaki K. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, and sweeteners: a literature review. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2020; 15:83-93. [PMID: 32212870 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2020.1740588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Sweeteners are substances used to replace sugar. They can either be chemically produced (artificial sweeteners) or extracted from plants (natural sweeteners). In the last two decades, there is an increased popularity in their role as sugar substitutes in individuals to promote weight loss or maintain glycemic control. However, despite their favorable effects, there is concern regarding their side effects and especially their influence in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Areas covered: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on Medline including systematic reviews, longitudinal controlled studies, and retrospective cohort studies. We present an up-to-date systematic review of the current literature regarding the safety in artificial and natural sweeteners use as a means of weight loss or diabetes control.Expert opinion: Natural sweeteners have not been associated directly with NAFLD, and on the contrary, some, such as stevia, and trehalose, may have a protective effect. Rare sugars and polyols can be used safely and have significant benefits that include anti-oxidant effect and optimal glycemic control. Artificial sweeteners, due to their effect on NAFLD development and insulin resistance, are not indicated in patients with obesity or diabetes. Further studies in human subjects are required to verify the above findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kakleas
- Pediatric Department, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Foteini Christodouli
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinic, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P&A Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Karavanaki
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinic, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P&A Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Piątek-Koziej K, Hołda J, Koziej M, Tyrak K, Jasińska KA, Bonczar A, Walocha JA, Hołda MK. Fixative properties of honey solutions as a formaldehyde substitute in cardiac tissue preservation. Folia Med Cracov 2019; 59:101-114. [PMID: 31180079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the properties of natural sweetener solutions in whole organ preservation and assess their influence on the dimension, weight and shape of cardiac tissue samples in stated time intervals, up to a one-year period of observation. BACKGROUND Tissue fixation is essential for biological sample examination. Many negative toxic effects of formaldehyde-based fixatives have forced us to seek alternatives for formaldehyde based solutions. It has been demonstrated that natural sweeteners can preserve small tissue samples well and that these solutions can be used in histopathological processes. However, their ability to preserve whole human organs are unknown. METHODS A total of 30 swine hearts were investigated. Three study groups (n = 10 in each case) were formed and classified on the type of fixative: (1) 10% formaldehyde phosphate-buffered solution (FPBS), (2) 10% alcohol-based honey solution (ABHS), (3) 10% water-based honey solution (WBHS). Samples were measured before fixation and in the following time points: 24 hours, 72 hours, 168 hours, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months. RESULTS The WBHS failed to preserve heart samples and decomposition of tissues was observed one week after fixation. In half of the studied parameters, the ABHS had similar modifying tendencies as compared to FPBS. e overall condition of preserved tissue, weight, left ventricular wall thickness, right ventricular wall thickness and the diameter of the papillary muscle differed considerably. CONCLUSIONS The ABHS may be used as an alternative fixative for macroscopic studies of cardiac tissue, whereas the WBHS is not suited for tissue preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Piątek-Koziej
- HEART - Heart Embryology and Anatomy Research Team, Department of Anatomy Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jakub Hołda
- HEART - Heart Embryology and Anatomy Research Team, Department of Anatomy Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Koziej
- HEART - Heart Embryology and Anatomy Research Team, Department of Anatomy Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Tyrak
- HEART - Heart Embryology and Anatomy Research Team, Department of Anatomy Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna A Jasińska
- HEART - Heart Embryology and Anatomy Research Team, Department of Anatomy Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Bonczar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Center SUM in Katowice, Poland
| | - Jerzy A Walocha
- HEART - Heart Embryology and Anatomy Research Team, Department of Anatomy Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz K Hołda
- HEART - Heart Embryology and Anatomy Research Team, Department of Anatomy Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Yang XR, Xu F, Li DP, Lu FL, Liu GX, Wang L, Shang MY, Huang YL, Cai SQ. Metabolites of Siamenoside I and Their Distributions in Rats. Molecules 2016; 21:176. [PMID: 26840289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Siamenoside I is the sweetest mogroside that has several kinds of bioactivities, and it is also a constituent of Siraitiae Fructus, a fruit and herb in China. Hitherto the metabolism of siamenoside I in human or animals remains unclear. To reveal its metabolic pathways, a high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap-time of flight-multistage mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn) method was used to profile and identify its metabolites in rats. Altogether, 86 new metabolites were identified or tentatively identified, and 23 of them were also new metabolites of mogrosides. In rats, siamenoside I was found to undergo deglycosylation, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, deoxygenation, isomerization, and glycosylation reactions. Among them, deoxygenation, pentahydroxylation, and didehydrogenation were novel metabolic reactions of mogrosides. The distributions of siamenoside I and its 86 metabolites in rat organs were firstly reported, and they were mainly distributed to intestine, stomach, kidney, and brain. The most widely distributed metabolite was mogroside IIIE. In addition, eight metabolites were bioactive according to literature. These findings would help to understand the metabolism and effective forms of siamenoside I and other mogrosides in vivo.
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Espinoza MI, Vincken JP, Sanders M, Castro C, Stieger M, Agosin E. Identification, quantification, and sensory characterization of steviol glycosides from differently processed Stevia rebaudiana commercial extracts. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:11797-11804. [PMID: 25393842 DOI: 10.1021/jf502878k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana is known for its sweet-tasting ent-kaurene diterpenoid glycosides. Several manufacturing strategies are currently employed to obtain Stevia sweeteners with the lowest possible off-flavors. The chemical composition of four commercial S. rebaudiana extracts, obtained by different technologies, was characterized using UHPLC-ESI-MS(n). The composition of one of the ethanol-crystallized extracts (EC2) was entirely rebaudioside A, whereas the enzymatically modified (EM) extract contained the lowest concentration of this compound (2.7 mg/100 mg). The membrane-purified (MP) extract had the highest content of minor natural steviol glycosides (23.7 mg/100 mg total extract) versus an average of 2.4 mg/100 mg total extract for the EC samples. Thirteen trained panelists evaluated sweetness, bitterness, licorice, and metallic attributes of all four extracts. The highest licorice intensity (p ≤ 0.05) was found for MP. Both samples EC1 and EC2, despite their different chemical compositions, showed no significant differences in sensory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Inés Espinoza
- Centro de Aromas y Sabores, DICTUC S.A., Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
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