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Arjomandi A, Siradze K, Cheu M, Davancaze T, Yadav R, Rao GK, Wong L, Fischer SK. Successful Development of Nonclinical Anti-Drug Antibody Assays to Support Zinpentraxin Alfa Reproductive Toxicology Studies. AAPS J 2024; 26:16. [PMID: 38267613 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunogenicity assessment is an essential part of biotherapeutic drug development. While the immune response in animals is not always representative of the human immune response, immunogenicity data obtained in animal models is still informative for the evaluation of drug exposure and safety. The most common assay format used for the detection of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) in preclinical and clinical studies is the bridging format. The advantage of this method is that it can detect all antibody isotypes generated against the therapeutic. However, the method development can be time-consuming and labor-intensive, due to the need for labeling of the drug which is used both as capture and detection. Various generic ADA assays have been successfully implemented to overcome these disadvantages and to enable faster assay development timelines to support nonclinical toxicology studies. Here, we describe the challenges in the development of an assay to detect antibodies to zinpentraxin alfa, a recombinant human pentraxin-2, in rabbit and rat toxicology studies. Our initial efforts to develop a bridging assay failed, prompting us to develop a method adapted from generic assay formats to detect anti-zinpentraxin alfa antibodies in the serum of different species with minimal optimization. However, while the general assay format remained similar, assay reagents were adapted between the different species, resulting in the development of two distinct assays for the detection of ADAs in rat and rabbit. Here, we share the final development/validation data and the immunogenicity study results. Our work highlights the need for the evaluation of alternate assay formats when evaluating novel drug modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Arjomandi
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Ketevan Siradze
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Melissa Cheu
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Teresa Davancaze
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Rajbharan Yadav
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Gautham K Rao
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lisa Wong
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Saloumeh K Fischer
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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Novik TS, Koveshnikova EI, Kotlobay AA, Sycheva LP, Kurochkina KG, Averina OA, Belopolskaya MV, Sergiev PV, Dontsova OA, Lazarev VN, Maev IV, Kostyaeva MG, Eremeev AV, Chukina SI, Lagarkova MA. Sweet-Tasting Natural Proteins Brazzein and Monellin: Safe Sugar Substitutes for the Food Industry. Foods 2023; 12:4065. [PMID: 38002123 PMCID: PMC10670179 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This article presents the results of a comprehensive toxicity assessment of brazzein and monellin, yeast-produced recombinant sweet-tasting proteins. Excessive sugar consumption is one of the leading dietary and nutritional problems in the world, resulting in health complications such as obesity, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease. Although artificial small-molecule sweeteners widely replace sugar in food, their safety and long-term health effects remain debatable. Many sweet-tasting proteins, including thaumatin, miraculin, pentadin, curculin, mabinlin, brazzein, and monellin have been found in tropical plants. These proteins, such as brazzein and monellin, are thousands-fold sweeter than sucrose. Multiple reports have presented preparations of recombinant sweet-tasting proteins. A thorough and comprehensive assessment of their toxicity and safety is necessary to introduce and apply sweet-tasting proteins in the food industry. We experimentally assessed acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity effects, as well as allergenic and mutagenic properties of recombinant brazzein and monellin. Our study was performed on three mammalian species (mice, rats, and guinea pigs). Assessment of animals' physiological, biochemical, hematological, morphological, and behavioral indices allows us to assert that monellin and brazzein are safe and nontoxic for the mammalian organism, which opens vast opportunities for their application in the food industry as sugar alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara S. Novik
- Scientific Research Centre Pharmbiomed, Selskohozjajstvennaja Str., 12a, Moscow 129226, Russia; (T.S.N.); (E.I.K.); (K.G.K.); (S.I.C.)
| | - Elena I. Koveshnikova
- Scientific Research Centre Pharmbiomed, Selskohozjajstvennaja Str., 12a, Moscow 129226, Russia; (T.S.N.); (E.I.K.); (K.G.K.); (S.I.C.)
| | - Anatoly A. Kotlobay
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya Str. 1a, Moscow 119435, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.N.L.); (A.V.E.)
| | - Lyudmila P. Sycheva
- Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Zhivopisnaya Str., 46, Moscow 123182, Russia;
| | - Karine G. Kurochkina
- Scientific Research Centre Pharmbiomed, Selskohozjajstvennaja Str., 12a, Moscow 129226, Russia; (T.S.N.); (E.I.K.); (K.G.K.); (S.I.C.)
| | - Olga A. Averina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia; (O.A.A.); (P.V.S.); (O.A.D.)
| | | | - Petr V. Sergiev
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia; (O.A.A.); (P.V.S.); (O.A.D.)
| | - Olga A. Dontsova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia; (O.A.A.); (P.V.S.); (O.A.D.)
| | - Vassili N. Lazarev
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya Str. 1a, Moscow 119435, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.N.L.); (A.V.E.)
| | - Igor V. Maev
- Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases and Gastroenterology, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Delegatskaya St. 20/1, Moscow 103473, Russia;
| | - Margarita G. Kostyaeva
- Faculty of Medicine, Peoples Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba, Miklukho-Maklaya Str.6, Moscow 117198, Russia;
| | - Artem V. Eremeev
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya Str. 1a, Moscow 119435, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.N.L.); (A.V.E.)
| | - Svetlana I. Chukina
- Scientific Research Centre Pharmbiomed, Selskohozjajstvennaja Str., 12a, Moscow 129226, Russia; (T.S.N.); (E.I.K.); (K.G.K.); (S.I.C.)
| | - Maria A. Lagarkova
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya Str. 1a, Moscow 119435, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.N.L.); (A.V.E.)
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Huang FH, Wang QL. [ Toxicology studies for compound preparations of traditional Chinese medicine in ancient classic prescriptions]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2022; 47:6529-6532. [PMID: 36604900 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20221025.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
According to Provisions for Drug Registration and Categories and Requirements of Application Dossiers for Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM), non-clinical safety research/toxicology research should be conducted for classical compound Chinese medicine prescriptions(Categories 3.1 and 3.2), and the data should be submitted at the application for the marketing authorization. Based on the requirements of toxicology research in Categories and Requirements of Application Dossiers for Traditional Chinese Medicine, this study further refined and clarified the requirements of toxicology research on classical compound Chinese medicine preparations(Categories 3.1 and 3.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Hua Huang
- Center for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration Beijing 100022, China
| | - Qing-Li Wang
- Center for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration Beijing 100022, China
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de Rijk E, Beekhuijzen M, Lambregts A, Czajkowski M, van den Brink-Knol H. A Critical Assessment of the Requirement for a Single Time Point Vaginal Cytology on the Day of Necropsy in Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:466-477. [PMID: 35730190 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221103273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For toxicology testing of (agro)chemicals, different study types are being performed with general and/or reproductive toxicity endpoints (see Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines). In most of these rat studies, vaginal cytology is performed on serial samples (collected by lavage) for evaluation of cycle regularity and evidence of mating, and/or on a single sample collected on the day of necropsy for information on the estrous cycle stage and allowing correlation with histopathology. In the latter case, the utility of vaginal cytology can be argued. In this article, estrous cycle stages based on vaginal cytology of samples taken on the day of necropsy and histopathology of ovaries, uterus, and vagina (gold standard for estrous cycle stage assessment) were compared. The agreement was generally low. Disagreement between the two methods could be explained by time differences between lavage and necropsy, by manipulation of vaginal epithelium during lavage which may impact epithelial morphology on histology, and by misinterpretation of vaginal cytology during or shortly after lactation. Based on the results of estrous staging within different study types, we strongly discourage vaginal cytology from samples collected on the day of necropsy since there is no added value, vaginal manipulation can be stressful and may complicate the histologic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline de Rijk
- Charles River Laboratories, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ankie Lambregts
- Charles River Laboratories, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
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Deval G, Boland S, Fournier T, Ferecatu I. On Placental Toxicology Studies and Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212266. [PMID: 34830142 PMCID: PMC8624015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human placenta is a transient organ essential for pregnancy maintenance, fetal development and growth. It has several functions, including that of a selective barrier against pathogens and xenobiotics from maternal blood. However, some pollutants can accumulate in the placenta or pass through with possible repercussions on pregnancy outcomes. Cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs), also termed nanoceria, are an emerging pollutant whose impact on pregnancy is starting to be defined. CeO2 NPs are already used in different fields for industrial and commercial applications and have even been proposed for some biomedical applications. Since 2010, nanoceria have been subject to priority monitoring by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in order to assess their toxicity. This review aims to summarize the current methods and models used for toxicology studies on the placental barrier, from the basic ones to the very latest, as well as to overview the most recent knowledge of the impact of CeO2 NPs on human health, and more specifically during the sensitive window of pregnancy. Further research is needed to highlight the relationship between environmental exposure to CeO2 and placental dysfunction with its implications for pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Deval
- Université de Paris, Inserm, UMR-S 1139, 3PHM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 75006 Paris, France; (G.D.); (T.F.)
| | - Sonja Boland
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Thierry Fournier
- Université de Paris, Inserm, UMR-S 1139, 3PHM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 75006 Paris, France; (G.D.); (T.F.)
| | - Ioana Ferecatu
- Université de Paris, Inserm, UMR-S 1139, 3PHM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 75006 Paris, France; (G.D.); (T.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-5373-9605
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Guo R, Cao M, Hu M, Deng W, Zhang W, Gao Y, Ye S, Zhou W, Shi J. Synthesis and Toxicity of Halogenated Bisphenol Monosubstituted-Ethers: Establishing a Library for Potential Environmental Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminant. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000481. [PMID: 32924325 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As an important branch of halogenated bisphenol compounds, the halogenated bisphenol monosubstituted-ether compounds have received a lot of attention in environmental health science because of their toxicity and variability. In this study, a synthetic method for bisphenol monosubstituted-ether byproduct libraries was developed. By using the versatile and efficient method, tetrachlorobisphenol A, tetrabromobisphenol A, and tetrabromobisphenol S monosubstituted alkyl-ether compounds were accessed in 39-82 % yield. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity of 27 compounds were screened using three different cell lines (HepG2, mouse primary astrocytes and Chang liver cells). Compound 2,6-dibromo-4-[3,5-dibromo-4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzene-1-sulfonyl]phenol was more toxic than other compounds in various cells, and the sensitivity of this compound to the normal hepatocytes and cancer cells was inconsistent. The compounds 2,6-dichloro-4-(2-{3,5-dichloro-4-[(prop-2-en-1-yl)oxy]phenyl}propan-2-yl)phenol and 2,6-dibromo-4-(2-{3,5-dibromo-4-[(prop-2-en-1-yl)oxy]phenyl}propan-2-yl)phenol were the most toxic to HepG2 cells, and most of the other compounds inhibited cell proliferation. Moreover, typical compounds were also reproductive and developmental toxic to zebrafish embryos at different concentrations. The synthetic byproduct libraries could be used as pure standard compounds and applied in research on environmental behavior and the transformation of halogenated flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, 8 Sanjiaohu Road, Economic and Technological Development District, Wuhan, 430056, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
| | - Mengxi Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, 8 Sanjiaohu Road, Economic and Technological Development District, Wuhan, 430056, P. R. China
| | - Ming Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, 8 Sanjiaohu Road, Economic and Technological Development District, Wuhan, 430056, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, 8 Sanjiaohu Road, Economic and Technological Development District, Wuhan, 430056, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, 8 Sanjiaohu Road, Economic and Technological Development District, Wuhan, 430056, P. R. China
| | - Yangguang Gao
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, 8 Sanjiaohu Road, Economic and Technological Development District, Wuhan, 430056, P. R. China
| | - Shihan Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, 8 Sanjiaohu Road, Economic and Technological Development District, Wuhan, 430056, P. R. China
| | - Weixiang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, 8 Sanjiaohu Road, Economic and Technological Development District, Wuhan, 430056, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, 8 Sanjiaohu Road, Economic and Technological Development District, Wuhan, 430056, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
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Abstract
Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is essential for the regulation of reproductive function. Progesterone has been approved for several indications including the treatment of anovulatory menstrual cycles, assisted reproductive technology, contraception during lactation and, when combined with estrogen, for the prevention of endometrial hyperplasia in postmenopausal hormonal therapy. In addition to its role in reproduction, progesterone regulates a number of biologically distinct processes in other tissues, particularly in the nervous system. This physiological hormone is poorly absorbed when administered in a crystalline form and is not active when given orally, unless in micronized form, or from different non-oral delivery systems that allow a more constant delivery rate. A limited number of preclinical studies have been conducted to document the toxicity, carcinogenicity and overall animal safety of progesterone delivered from different formulations, and these rather old studies showed no safety concern. More recently, it has been shown in animal experiments that progesterone, its metabolite allopregnanolone and structurally related progestins have positive effects on neuroregeneration and repair of brain damage, as well as myelin repair. These recent preclinical findings have the potential to accelerate therapeutic translation for multiple unmet neurological needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sitruk-Ware
- a Center for Biomedical Research , Population Council , New York , NY , USA
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Green M, Al-humadi N. Preclinical Toxicology of Vaccines 1 1Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this chapter have not been formally disseminated by the Food and Drug Administration and should not be construed to represent any Agency determination or policy. A Comprehensive Guide to Toxicology in Nonclinical Drug Development 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803620-4.00027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to targeted infectious diseases may be conferred or enhanced by vaccines, which are manufactured from recombinant forms as well as inactivated or attenuated organisms. These vaccines have to meet requirements for safety, quality, and efficacy. In addition to antigenic components, various adjuvants may be included in vaccines to evoke an effective immune response. To ensure the safety of new vaccines, preclinical toxicology studies are conducted prior to the initiation of, and concurrently with, clinical studies. There are five different types of preclinical toxicology study in the evaluation of vaccine safety: single and/or repeat dose, reproductive and developmental, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and safety pharmacology. If any adverse effects are observed in the course of these studies, they should be fully evaluated and a final safety decision made accordingly. Successful preclinical toxicology studies depend on multiple factors including using the appropriate study designs, using the right animal model, and evoking an effective immune response. Additional in vivo and in vitro assays that establish the identity, purity, safety, and potency of the vaccine play a significant role in assessing critical characteristics of vaccine safety.
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Adamcova M, Popelova-Lencova O, Jirkovsky E, Simko F, Gersl V, Sterba M. Cardiac troponins--Translational biomarkers in cardiology: Theory and practice of cardiac troponin high-sensitivity assays. Biofactors 2016; 42:133-48. [PMID: 26876101 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tn is a unique translational biomarker in cardiology whose potential has not been diminished in the new era of high sensitive assays. cTns can be valuable markers in cardiac diseases as well as in infectious diseases and respiratory diseases. Furthermore, the role of cTns is growing in the routine evaluation of cardioxicity and in determining the efficacy/safety ratio of novel cardioprotective strategies in clinical settings. cTns can detect myocardial injury not only in a wide spectrum of laboratory animals in experimental studies in vivo, but also in isolated heart models or cardiomyocytes in vitro. The crucial issue regarding the cross-species usage of cardiac troponin investigation remains the choice of cardiac troponin testing. This review summarizes the recent proteomic data on aminoacid sequences of cTnT and cTnI in various species, as well as selected analytical characteristics of human cardiac troponin high-sensitivity assays. Due to the highly phylogenetically conserved structure of troponins, the same bioindicator can be investigated using the same method in both clinical and experimental cardiology, thus contributing to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases as well as to increased effectiveness of troponin use in clinical practice. Measuring cardiac troponins using commercially available human high-sensitivity cardiac troponin tests with convenient antibodies selected on the basis of adequate proteomic knowledge can solve many issues which would otherwise be difficult to address in clinical settings for various ethical and practical reasons. Our survey could help elaborate the practical guidelines for optimizing the choice of cTns assay in cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Adamcova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, 500 38, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Popelova-Lencova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, 500 38, Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Jirkovsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, 500 38, Czech Republic
| | - Fedor Simko
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic - Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- 3rdDepartment of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic - Limbova 5, 833 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic - Vlarska 3, 833 06, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Center of Excellence NOREG, Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimir Gersl
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, 500 38, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Sterba
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, 500 38, Czech Republic
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Green MD. Acute Phase Responses to Novel, Investigational Vaccines in Toxicology Studies: The Relationship Between C-Reactive Protein and Other Acute Phase Proteins. Int J Toxicol 2015; 34:379-83. [PMID: 26268767 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815598750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of investigational vaccine candidates on acute-phase proteins (APPs) as determined in GLP toxicology studies. Sixty-four GLP toxicity studies, which were submitted to the Food and Drug Administration from 2008 to 2012 in support of proposed clinical investigations, were reviewed and entered into a database. These studies employed the intramuscular route of injection and were conducted using New Zealand White rabbits. A retrospective review of these GLP toxicity studies was conducted to evaluate the changes in plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and albumin as APPs following the administration of various investigational vaccines. The incidence and intensity of responses associated with acute-phase responses both positive and negative were observed to increase in animals when treated with vaccines containing more potent immunological components such as novel adjuvants that activate Toll-like receptors in the investigational vaccine products. Changes in plasma levels of CRP were prominent among these responses and provided a basis to propose a classification scheme of H, M, L, and N responding groups. These changes in plasma proteins reflect an activation of the acute-phase response and indicate increasing levels of systemic inflammation, which potentially may be correlated with important clinical adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Green
- Division of Vaccines and Related Product Applications, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
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Ng KM, Law CY, Tse HF. Clinical Potentials of Cardiomyocytes Derived from Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Clin Med 2014; 3:1105-23. [PMID: 26237594 PMCID: PMC4470173 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3041105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of appropriate human cardiomyocyte-based experimental platform has largely hindered the study of cardiac diseases and the development of therapeutic strategies. To date, somatic cells isolated from human subjects can be reprogramed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and subsequently differentiated into functional cardiomyocytes. This powerful reprogramming technology provides a novel in vitro human cell-based platform for the study of human hereditary cardiac disorders. The clinical potential of using iPSCs derived from patients with inherited cardiac disorders for therapeutic studies have been increasingly highlighted. In this review, the standard procedures for generating patient-specific iPSCs and the latest commonly used cardiac differentiation protocols will be outlined. Furthermore, the progress and limitations of current applications of iPSCs and iPSCs-derived cardiomyocytes in cell replacement therapy, disease modeling, drug-testing and toxicology studies will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwong-Man Ng
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Rm. 1928, Block K, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Cheuk-Yiu Law
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Rm. 1928, Block K, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Rm. 1928, Block K, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Hong Kong-Guangdong Joint Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, the University of Hong Kong and Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Shenzhen Institutes of Research and Innovation, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Chanut F, Kimbrough C, Hailey R, Berridge B, Hughes-Earle A, Davies R, Roland K, Stokes A, Casartelli A, York M, Jordan H, Crivellente F, Cristofori P, Thomas H, Klapwijk J, Adler R. Spontaneous cardiomyopathy in young Sprague-Dawley rats: evaluation of biological and environmental variability. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:1126-36. [PMID: 23475560 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313478692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular safety signals in nonclinical studies remain among the main reasons for drug attrition during pharmaceutical research and development. Drug-induced changes can be functional and/or associated with morphological alterations in the normal heart histology. It is therefore crucial to understand the normal variations in histology to discriminate test article-related changes from background lesions. Rodent progressive cardiomyopathy is probably the most commonly encountered change in control animals of nonclinical toxicity studies. A multisite study mimicking standard short-term toxicity studies using young male Sprague-Dawley rats was performed to better characterize this finding. Using an enhanced sectioning method for this research study, it was observed that the incidence of background cardiomyopathy was 100%. The vast majority of the microscopic findings were inflammatory in nature, with associated necrotic changes (defined as necrosis/inflammatory cell infiltrate) and these changes were mainly located in the myocardium of the mid region of the ventricles (the left side being predominantly affected). The monitored environmental factors in this study (multiple facilities, study duration, handling) did not have an effect on the incidence or severity of the spontaneous cardiomyopathy. In addition, cardiac-specific serum troponin levels were measured and were within the published control range.
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