1
|
Galiot L, Audet I, Ouattara B, Lo Verso L, Bissonnette N, Guy B, Litta G, Talbot G, Lessard M, Lapointe J, Guay F, Matte JJ. Effects of sources and routes of administration of vitamins A, D and copper on postnatal status of these micronutrients in piglets. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 8:txad138. [PMID: 38304120 PMCID: PMC10833445 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Twenty-six nulliparous sows were fed conventional gestation and lactation diets supplemented (N = 13) or not (N = 13) with extra daily supplements of 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol (25-OH-D3; 4 ĸIU), β-carotene (24 ĸIU), and copper (Cu)-proteinate (45 mg) from day 90 of gestation to 21 d of lactation (L21). In each litter, 10 piglets were divided into 5 pairs received, at 2 (L2) and 8 d (L8) of age, one of the five combinations of micronutrient sources and routes of administration (N = 260 piglets total). These neonatal treatments (N = 26 pairs or 52 piglets each) consisted of oral vitamin D3, retinol acetate and CuSO4 (T1); oral 25-OH-D3, β-carotene, and Cu proteinate (T2); exposure to ultraviolet light (UVB), oral retinol palmitate and Cu gluconate (T3); intramuscular vitamin D3 and retinyl propionate and oral Cu acetate (T4); oral saline (CTRL). Oral or intramuscular provisions corresponded to 12 mg of Cu and 70 and 12 ĸIU of vitamins A and D, respectively. Blood samples were collected from all piglets at L2, L8, and L21 for determination of serum Cu, retinol, and 25-OH-D3. Body weight was measured at birth, L2, L8, and L21. Piglets were weaned at L21, and liver and blood samples were collected 2 d later to evaluate oxidative enzymes in blood and liver and hepatic ATP concentrations and expression of genes associated with antioxidant status. Sow treatments had marginal or no impacts on Cu, retinol, 25-OH-D3, or antioxidant status in piglet blood serum and liver. However, when supplements were given to piglets, hepatic Cu was 38% greater in for all treated piglets compared to CTRL (P < 0.01), hepatic retinol was 3 times higher in T1 than in CTRL (P < 0.01) and intermediate for other treatments whereas serum 25-OH-D3 was markedly increased with T2 and T3 at L8 and L21, respectively, compared to CTRL (Piglet treatment × Age interaction, P < 0.01). Concerning antioxidant activities, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were increased (P < 0.03) in plasma of T2 piglets whereas the highest values (P < 0.03) for indicators of oxidative damage to proteins were observed in T4 piglets. The study revealed that oral Cu proteinate from T2, oral retinol acetate from T1, oral 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol from T2, and UVB light exposure from T3 were the most efficient ways of increasing the postnatal status of these micronutrients in suckling piglets and this may have some impacts on their peri-weaning antioxidant status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Galiot
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Isabelle Audet
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Centre de recherche et de développement de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J0B 1L0, Canada
| | - Bazoumana Ouattara
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Centre de recherche et de développement de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J0B 1L0, Canada
| | - Luca Lo Verso
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Centre de recherche et de développement de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J0B 1L0, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Centre de recherche et de développement de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J0B 1L0, Canada
| | - Bertrand Guy
- DNP R&D Analytics, DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Kaiseraugst, 4303, Switzerland
| | - Gilberto Litta
- DNP R&D Analytics, DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Kaiseraugst, 4303, Switzerland
| | - Guylaine Talbot
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Centre de recherche et de développement de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J0B 1L0, Canada
| | - Martin Lessard
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Centre de recherche et de développement de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J0B 1L0, Canada
| | - Jérôme Lapointe
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Centre de recherche et de développement de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J0B 1L0, Canada
| | - Frédéric Guay
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean Jacques Matte
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Centre de recherche et de développement de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J0B 1L0, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng Y, Azad MAK, Ding S, Liu Y, Blachier F, Ye T, Kong X. Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Potential Relationship Between Sow Colostrum and Neonatal Serum Metabolites in Different Pig Breeds. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200677. [PMID: 37436085 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Colostrum composition is an important indicator of newborn piglet survival and growth. However, limited information is available on the association between colostrum metabolites in sows and serum metabolites in neonates. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the metabolites in the colostrum of sows, in the serum of their offspring piglets, and mother-offspring metabolite correlations in different pig breeds. METHODS AND RESULTS Colostrum and serum samples are collected from 30 sows and their piglets from three pig breeds (Taoyuan black, TB; Xiangcun black, XB; and Duroc) to analyze the targeted metabolomics. This study identifies 191 metabolites in the colostrum of sows, including fatty acids, amino acids, bile acids, carnitines, carbohydrates, and organic acids, and the concentrations of these metabolites are highest in the TB pigs. Metabolite profiles in sow colostrum and piglet serum differ among Duroc, TB, and XB pigs, and the matching metabolites are mainly enriched in the digestive system and transportation pathways. Furthermore, identification of the associations between metabolites in the colostrum of sows and their neonate sera suggests that metabolite compounds from colostrum are transported to suckling piglets. CONCLUSION The present study findings deepen the understanding of the composition of sow colostrum metabolites and the transportation of metabolites from sow colostrum to piglets. The findings also provide insight regarding the development of dietary formulas that resemble the sow colostrum for newborn animals to maintain health and improve the early growth of offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yating Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Md Abul Kalam Azad
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sujuan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yating Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | | | - Ting Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sarkar VK, De UK, Kala A, Chauhan A, Verma AK, Paul BR, Soni S, Chaudhuri P, Patra MK, Gaur GK. Effects of oral probiotic and lactoferrin interventions on iron-zinc homeostasis, oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium and diarrhoea incidence of neonatal piglets. Benef Microbes 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37026367 DOI: 10.3920/bm2022.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of early-life host specific probiotic and lactoferrin (LF) supplementations on diarrhoea incidence, iron (Fe)-zinc (Zn) balance and antioxidant capabilities in serum of neonatal piglets. A total of eight sow litters obtained from parity matched sows were randomly divided into four groups and assigned to one of the four interventions: control (2.0 ml normal saline), bovine lactoferrin (bLF) (100 mg bLF in normal saline), probiotic (Pb) (1×109 cfu of swine origin Pediococcus acidilactici FT28 strain) and bLF+Pb (both 100 mg bLF and 1×109 cfu of P. acidilactici FT28). All the piglets received supplementations once daily orally for first 7 days of life. The incidence of diarrhoea markedly decreased in bLF group compared to control group. Notably, no incidences of diarrhoea were recorded in Pb and bLF+Pb groups. The Zn and Fe concentrations were significantly increased from day 7 to 21 in bLF and on day 21 in bLF+Pb group. No such changes were noted in Pb group. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum was significantly increased on days 7 and 15 in bLF group and on days 7 and 21 in bLF+Pb group. Malonaldehyde concentration was markedly reduced from day 7 to 21 in bLF and bLF+Pb groups. The concentrations of nitrate on days 15 and 21 and malonaldehyde on day 7 were significantly higher in Pb group, but mean TAC was unaltered from day 0 to 21. Although no correlation between the incidence of diarrhoea and Zn/Fe and oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis was noted in the Pb group, the supplementation of P. acidilactici FT28 alone was sufficient to prevent the incidence of diarrhoea in neonatal piglets. Taken together, it is concluded that strategic supplementation of P. acidilactici FT28 in early life could help in preventing diarrhoea until weaning of piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V K Sarkar
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122 (UP), India
| | - U K De
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122 (UP), India
| | - A Kala
- Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122 (UP), India
| | - A Chauhan
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122 (UP), India
| | - A K Verma
- Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122 (UP), India
| | - B R Paul
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122 (UP), India
| | - S Soni
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122 (UP), India
| | - P Chaudhuri
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122 (UP), India
| | - M K Patra
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122 (UP), India
| | - G K Gaur
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122 (UP), India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Metzler-Zebeli BU, Lerch F, Yosi F, Vötterl JC, Koger S, Aigensberger M, Rennhofer PM, Berthiller F, Schwartz-Zimmermann HE. Creep Feeding and Weaning Influence the Postnatal Evolution of the Plasma Metabolome in Neonatal Piglets. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020214. [PMID: 36837833 PMCID: PMC9960666 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on the evolution of blood metabolites and metabolic markers in neonatal piglets are scarce, although this information is vital to detect physiological aberrations from normal development. We aimed to characterize age- and nutrition-related changes in the plasma metabolome and serum biochemistry of suckling and newly weaned piglets and assess metabolite patterns as physiological markers for the two phases. In two replicate batches (n = 10 litters/group), piglets either received sow milk alone or were additionally offered creep feed from day 10 until weaning (day 28). Blood was collected from one piglet/litter on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 31 and 35 of life, totaling five females and five males/group/day. Signature feature ranking identified plasma triglycerides (TG) as discriminative for age and nutrition during the suckling phase. Influential TG 20:4_36:5, TG 17:0_34:2 and TG 18:2_38:6 were higher in creep-fed piglets on days 14, 21 and 28 of life, respectively, compared to only sow milk-fed piglets. Metabolites belonging to pathways within histidine, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism as well as hippuric acid were distinctive for the postweaning compared to the suckling period. In conclusion, plasma lipid profiles especially corresponded to the type of nutrition in the suckling phase and showed a strong weaning effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara U. Metzler-Zebeli
- Unit of Nutritional Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Frederike Lerch
- Unit of Nutritional Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fitra Yosi
- Unit of Nutritional Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sriwijaya, Palembang 30662, South Sumatra, Indonesia
| | - Julia C. Vötterl
- Unit of Nutritional Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Koger
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Aigensberger
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Patrick M. Rennhofer
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Heidi E. Schwartz-Zimmermann
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yuan C, Zhang P, Liu P, Li Y, Li J, Zhang E, Jin Y, Yang Q. A Novel Pathway for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Transmission from Sows to Neonatal Piglets Mediated by Colostrum. J Virol 2022;:e0047722. [PMID: 35758666 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00477-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of colostrum-mediated virus transmission are difficult to elucidate because of the absence of experimental animal models and the difficulties in tissue sample collection from mothers in the peripartum period. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a reemerging enteropathogenic coronavirus that has catastrophic impacts on the global pig industry. PEDV primarily infects neonatal piglets by multiple routes, especially 1- to 2-day-old neonatal piglets. Here, our epidemiological investigation and animal challenge experiments revealed that PEDV could be vertically transmitted from sows to neonatal piglets via colostrum, and CD3+ T cells in the colostrum play an important role in this process. The results showed that PEDV colonizing the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) of orally immunized infected sows could be transferred to CD3+ T cells located just beneath the IECs. Next, PEDV-carrying CD3+ T cells, with the expression of integrin α4β7 and CCR10, migrate from the intestine to the mammary gland through blood circulation. Arriving in the mammary gland, PEDV-carrying CD3+ T cells could be transported across mammary epithelial cells (MECs) into the lumen (colostrum), as illustrated by an autotransfusion assay and an MECs/T coculture system. The PEDV-carrying CD3+ T cells in colostrum could be interspersed between IECs of neonatal piglets, causing intestinal infection via cell-to-cell contact. Our study demonstrates for the first time that colostrum-derived CD3+ T cells comprise a potential route for the vertical transmission of PEDV. IMPORTANCE The colostrum represents an important infection route for many viruses. Here, we demonstrate the vertical transmission of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) from sows to neonatal piglets via colostrum. PEDV colonizing the intestinal epithelial cells could transfer the virus to CD3+ T cells located in the sow intestine. The PEDV-carrying CD3+ T cells in the sow intestine, with the expression of integrin α4β7 and CCR10, arrive at the mammary gland through blood circulation and are transported across mammary epithelial cells into the lumen, finally leading to intestinal infection via cell-to-cell contact in neonatal piglets. Our study not only demonstrates an alternative route of PEDV infection but also provides an animal model of vertical transmission of human infectious disease.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wellington MO, Rodrigues LA, Li Q, Dong B, Panisson JC, Yang C, Columbus DA. Birth Weight and Nutrient Restriction Affect Jejunal Enzyme Activity and Gene Markers for Nutrient Transport and Intestinal Function in Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092672. [PMID: 34573638 PMCID: PMC8469232 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Birth weight and nutrient utilization are thought to have significant effects on intestinal development in neonatal pigs. The present study evaluated the impact of low and normal birth weight with and without nutrient restriction during the neonatal period on jejunal development. The results observed suggest that during the first 28 d of life, birth weight had greater effects on intestinal development than nutrient level, however, at d 56, the nutrient level was a significant contributor to intestinal function and enzyme activity compared to birth weight. Taken together, both birth weight and nutrient restriction have effects on intestinal development, but may have a greater impact in early life (d 28). Abstract Significant variation in the birth weight of piglets has arisen due to increased sow prolificacy. Intestinal development and function may be affected by birth weight. Low birth weight (LBW) pigs may also have reduced feed intake, leading to further impairment of intestinal development. The objective of this study was to examine the intestinal development pattern of LBW and normal birth weight (NBW) piglets with normal nutrition (NN) or restricted nutrition (RN) in the pre-weaning period. Jejunal intestinal samples were analyzed for target gene expression and enzyme activity at d 28 (weaning) and d 56 (post-weaning). At d 28, excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAC1) and sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter (B0AT1) were downregulated in LBW compared to NBW pigs (p < 0.05). On d 56, B0AT1 and ASCT2 (glutamine transporter) were downregulated in RN compared to NN pigs (p < 0.05), regardless of birth weight. Peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) expression was downregulated in LBW compared to NBW pigs at 28 d (p < 0.05), with no effects of treatments at 56 d. Sodium-glucose transporter-1 (SGLT1) was upregulated in NBW-NN compared to LBW-NN pigs (p < 0.05) at 28 d. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was upregulated in LBW-RN at d 28. At d 56, claudin-3 (CLDN-3) and Zonular occludin-1 (ZO-1) were upregulated in NN compared to RN pigs (p < 0.05). There were no treatment effects on ALP, maltase, or sucrase activity at 28 d. However, at 56 d, ALP was upregulated in NBW-NN pigs while sucrase activity was upregulated in NN pigs (p < 0.05). The results demonstrate differences in jejunal gene expression associated with birth weight, with reduced gene expression of amino acid transporters (PepT1, EAAC1, B0AT1) in LBW compared to NBW pigs (p < 0.05). While neonatal nutrient restriction had minimal effects at 28 d and d 56 for tight junction protein transcript abundance, neutral amino acid transporter abundance was upregulated in NN pigs compared to RN piglets (p < 0.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael O. Wellington
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7H 5N9, Canada; (M.O.W.); (L.A.R.); (J.C.P.)
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Lucas A. Rodrigues
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7H 5N9, Canada; (M.O.W.); (L.A.R.); (J.C.P.)
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB RT3 2N2, Canada; (Q.L.); (B.D.); (C.Y.)
| | - Bingqi Dong
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB RT3 2N2, Canada; (Q.L.); (B.D.); (C.Y.)
| | - Josiane C. Panisson
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7H 5N9, Canada; (M.O.W.); (L.A.R.); (J.C.P.)
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB RT3 2N2, Canada; (Q.L.); (B.D.); (C.Y.)
| | - Daniel A. Columbus
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7H 5N9, Canada; (M.O.W.); (L.A.R.); (J.C.P.)
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Holdsworth SE, Kells NJ, Chidgey KL, Vallée E, Ward N, Mellor DJ, Beausoleil NJ. Characterisation of the Behavioural Effects of a Thoracic Squeeze in Healthy Newborn Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082465. [PMID: 34438922 PMCID: PMC8388775 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Firmly squeezing the chests of newborn foals and calves that are showing abnormal behaviours after birth causes them to enter a less-responsive state, characterised by lying down with eyes closed and no limb movements. Once the squeeze is removed, the newborns immediately ‘wake up’ and begin to display more normal behaviours. This response to the thoracic squeeze has also been observed in healthy, normally behaving foals. However, no studies have looked at the effects of the thoracic squeeze in healthy newborns of other mammalian species. We aimed to characterise the behavioural responses of healthy newborn piglets to a thoracic squeeze using the following two methods: a soft fabric rope, or a purpose-made inflation cuff. Behavioural data indicated that all piglets initially became less responsive, with reduced or absent reflex responses to a toe pinch or touch of the eyelid observed in over half of the piglets. The piglets squeezed with the inflation cuff appeared to enter a less-responsive state faster than the piglets squeezed with the rope. These findings suggest that the piglets responded to the thoracic squeeze in a similar way to healthy foals and that this may be a response conserved across multiple precocial mammalian species. Furthermore, the squeeze was found to be safe for inducing a less-responsive state in healthy piglets. This study provides a foundation for exploring the mechanisms underlying the responses to the thoracic squeeze and potential applications whilst performing husbandry procedures. Abstract A thoracic squeeze has been observed to cause both healthy and low vigour neonatal foals to enter a ‘less-responsive state’, characterised by loss of posture, eye closure and cessation of movement, from which they rapidly recover to express normal healthy behaviours when the squeeze is released. To date, there have been no systematic studies characterising the responses of healthy neonates of other mammalian species to a thoracic squeeze. We describe the responses of healthy newborn piglets (n = 17) to a standardised application of the thoracic squeeze and evaluate the effect of the method of squeeze application on the response. Neonatal piglets were squeezed around the chest with either a soft fabric rope as has been used in foals (n = 8) or a novel purpose-made inflation cuff (n = 9). Both methods were effective at inducing a less-responsive behavioural state in all piglets, with neural reflexes reduced or absent in over half of them. The inflation cuff appeared to induce the less-responsive state faster than the rope, and more piglets squeezed with the cuff remained in this state for the full 10-min squeeze. These findings suggest that the behavioural response of foals to thoracic squeezing can be generalised to neonates of other precocial mammalian species. This initial study provides a foundation for further research using the inflation cuff to explore mechanisms underlying the thoracic squeeze and ways in which it may be applied whilst performing husbandry procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia E. Holdsworth
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.E.H.); (N.J.K.); (N.W.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Nikki J. Kells
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.E.H.); (N.J.K.); (N.W.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Kirsty L. Chidgey
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Emilie Vallée
- EpiCentre, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Neil Ward
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.E.H.); (N.J.K.); (N.W.); (D.J.M.)
| | - David J. Mellor
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.E.H.); (N.J.K.); (N.W.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Ngaio J. Beausoleil
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.E.H.); (N.J.K.); (N.W.); (D.J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gao LM, Zhou TT, Chen ZP, Wassie T, Li B, Wu X, Yin YL. Maternal yeast-based nucleotide supplementation decreased stillbirth by regulating nutrient metabolism. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:4018-4032. [PMID: 33349941 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an enzymatic product of yeast, yeast-based nucleotide (YN) is rich in nucleotides. To test the effects of maternal dietary supplementation with YN during late pregnancy on placental nutrient transport and nutrient metabolism in neonatal piglets, 64 pregnant sows (day 85 ± 3) were assigned into two groups: (i) control (CON) and (ii) treatment (YN; 4 g kg-1 ). Blood, placenta and liver samples of neonates during delivery were collected. RESULTS The results showed that maternal YN supplementation decreased stillbirth rate and intra-uterine growth restriction rate (P < 0.05). In addition, maternal YN supplementation increased total serum protein, albumin and total cholesterol (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in neonatal piglets in the YN group, both serum amino acidand nucleotide profiles were affected, as well as liver amino acid, and fatty acid profiles were regulated (P < 0.05). Moreover, maternal YN supplementation increased liver mRNA expression of SLC28A3, SLC29A1, SLC29A2, PC, PCK1, FBP1, SREBP1c, HSL and CYP7a1 of neonatal piglets (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, there was a decrease in placental gene expression of EAAT2, EAAT3, LAT1 and PAT1, as well as lower protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, AKT, phosphorylated-AKT, phosphorylated-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Raptor, in the YN group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Taken together, these results indicate that maternal YN supplementation regulates placental nutrient transport by regulating the mTOR complex 1-PPAR pathway, and affects the liver metabolism of nucleotides, amino acids and fatty acids in neonatal piglets, thereby improving the reproductive performance of sow to a certain extent. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Min Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Pin Chen
- The Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang, China
| | - Teketay Wassie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Biao Li
- The Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang, China
| | - Xin Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Long Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou H, Wu H, Chen Y, Zou W, Lu W, He Y. Administration of All-Trans Retinoic Acid to Pregnant Sows Alters Gut Bacterial Community of Neonatal Piglets With Different Hoxa1 Genotypes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:712212. [PMID: 34381436 PMCID: PMC8350768 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.712212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to pregnant sows improves developmental defects of Hoxa1–/– fetal pigs, and this study aimed to explore the influence of maternal ATRA administration during pregnancy on gut microbiota of neonatal piglets. Samples of jejunal and ileal meconium of neonatal piglets before suckling were collected including 5 Hoxa1–/– and 20 non-Hoxa1–/– (Hoxa1+/+ and Hoxa1+/−) neonatal piglets from the control group and 5 Hoxa1–/– and 7 non-Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets from the experimental group. Results indicated that Hoxa1 mutation shaped the bacterial composition of the jejunum and ileum of neonatal piglets and Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets had significantly higher diversity and species richness, higher relative abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes, lower relative abundances of phylum Firmicutes and genus Lactobacillus, and lower ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes than non-Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets. After maternal ATRA administration, Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets had significantly higher diversity and species richness, higher relative abundances of two bacterial phyla (Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria), and lower relative abundances of phylum Firmicutes and genus Lactobacillus in the jejunum than non-Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets. Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets delivered by sows with maternal ATRA administration had lower diversity and species richness and higher relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes in the jejunum than Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets born by sows with no maternal ATRA administration. Non-Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets delivered by sows with maternal ATRA administration had higher diversity and species richness and significantly lower relative abundances of phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and genus Lactobacillus in the ileum than non-Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets born by sows with no maternal ATRA administration. Hoxa1 mutation decreased the expression of bacterial genes involved in ABC transporters, purine metabolism, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and increased the expression of bacterial genes involved in two-component system, starch and sucrose metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism. Maternal ATRA administration decreased the expression of bacterial genes involved in arginine and proline metabolism, peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and fatty acid biosynthesis. Hoxa1 mutation resulted in bacterial dysbiosis of the small intestine of Hoaxa1–/– neonatal piglets, and maternal ATRA administration restored the bacterial dysbiosis of Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets and altered the bacterial composition of the small intestine of non-Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haimei Zhou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Animal Science, Jiangxi Agricultural Engineering College, Zhangshu, China
| | - Huadong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wanjie Zou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuyong He
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yuan C, Li Y, Zhang E, Jin Y, Yang Q. The Mechanism of PEDV-Carrying CD3 + T Cells Migrate into the Intestinal Mucosa of Neonatal Piglets. Viruses 2021; 13:469. [PMID: 33809123 DOI: 10.3390/v13030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) can cause intestinal infection in neonatal piglets through the nasal cavity. A process in which CD3+ T cells carry PEDV plays a key role. However, the modes through which PEDV bridles CD3+ T cells as a vehicle for migration to the intestinal epithelium have not been clarified. In this study, we first demonstrated that PEDV could survive in blood-derived CD3+ T cells for several hours, depending on the multiplicity of infection. In addition, PEDV preferentially survived in CD4+ T cells over CD8+ T cells. Moreover, viral transmission was mediated by cell-to-cell contact between mesenteric lymph-node-derived CD3+ T cells, but did not occur in blood-derived CD3+ T cells. Following an increase in gut-homing integrin α4β7, blood-derived CD3+ T cells carrying PEDV migrated to the intestines via blood circulation and transferred the virus to intestinal epithelial cells through cell-to-cell contact in neonatal piglets. Our findings have significant implications for understanding PEDV pathogenesis in neonatal piglets, which is essential for developing innovative therapies to prevent PEDV infection.
Collapse
|
11
|
Yuan C, Jin Y, Li Y, Zhang E, Zhang P, Yang Q. PEDV infection in neonatal piglets through the nasal cavity is mediated by subepithelial CD3 + T cells. Vet Res 2021; 52:26. [PMID: 33597007 PMCID: PMC7888150 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00883-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) primarily infects neonatal piglets causing catastrophic effects on the global pig farming industry. PEDV infects piglets through the nasal cavity, a process in which dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role. However, neonatal piglets have fewer nasal DCs. This study found that subepithelial CD3+ T cells mediated PEDV invasion through the nasal cavity in neonatal piglets. PEDV could replicate in the nasal epithelial cells (NECs) isolated from the nasal cavity of neonatal piglets. Infection of NECs with PEDV could induce antiviral and inflammatory cytokines at the late stage. The infected NECs mediated transfer of virus to CD3+ T cells distributed in the subepithelial of the nasal cavity via cell-to-cell contact. The infected CD3+ T cells could migrate to the intestine via blood circulation, causing intestinal infection in neonatal piglets. Thus, the findings of this study indicate the importance of CD3+T cells in the dissemination of PEDV from the nasal cavity to the intestinal mucosa in neonatal piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yuan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yuxin Jin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - En Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Penghao Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that the consumption of different milk lipids is one of the factors affecting metabolic response to lipid in the early life of infants. Neonatal piglets, as animal models, were stratified by the feeding mode (formula-fed, bovine-, caprine-, and human milk-fed). Lipidomic profiles of plasma and liver samples were detected using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results indicate that 31, 54, and 28 differential lipid species could be used as potential biomarkers for bovine milk, caprine milk, and infant formula-fed samples, respectively, and the main lipid classes screened in plasma were SM, PC, and PE, including PC(14:1/P-20:0) as the isoform of PC(34:1), which regulates the lipid metabolism gene peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, PPAR-α. SM(d15:1/22:0) was the common potential biomarker screened from all of the groups. The amounts of biomarkers screened from the caprine milk-fed liver samples were the highest, which had a significant effect on the distribution of SM, PI, and PA. Infant formula, bovine-, and caprine milk-fed samples had an obvious effect on the metabolism of glycerophospholipid and glycerol ester, especially TG (16:0/18:0/18:2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chenglin Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yuan C, Zhang P, Jin Y, Ullah Shah A, Zhang E, Yang Q. Single-Blinded Study Highlighting the Differences between the Small Intestines of Neonatal and Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020271. [PMID: 33494523 PMCID: PMC7910829 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The gut mucosa of pigs, which contains intestinal epithelium and subepithelial immune cells, forms a barrier against microorganisms. Nonetheless, infectious diseases of the digestive tract remain the most frequent and recurrent conditions in the swine industry. Changes in intestinal morphology and structure primarily occur at birth and during weaning. However, the difference in the intestinal structures between neonatal and weaned piglets remains unclear. In this study, for the first time, we evaluated the differences in the small intestine between neonatal (0-day-old) and weaned piglets (21-day-old) and analyzed the morphology and immunological components of the small intestines of 0- and 21-day-old piglets, thereby providing preliminary data for future mechanistic studies. Abstract The gut is one of the body’s major immune structures, and the gut mucosa, which contains intestinal epithelium and subepithelial immune cells, is the primary site for eliciting local immune responses to foreign antigens. Intestinal immune system development in pigs is a transitional period during birth and weaning. This study compares the morphological and immunological differences in the small intestine of neonatal and weaned piglets to potentially prevent intestinal infectious diseases in neonatal piglets. Histological analyses of weaned piglet intestines showed increased crypt depth, higher IEL count, and larger ileal Peyer’s patches compared with those of neonates. Additionally, the ileal villi of weaned piglets were longer than those of neonatal piglets, and claudin-3 protein expression was significantly higher in weaned than in neonatal piglets. The numbers of CD3+ T, goblet, and secretory cells were also higher in the small intestines of weaned piglets than in those of neonates. No significant differences were observed in the secretory IgA-positive cell number in the jejunum of weaned and neonatal piglets. The mRNA expression of most pattern recognition receptors genes in the duodenum and jejunum was higher in the weaned than neonatal piglets; however, the opposite was true in the ileum. The mRNA levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the jejunal and ileal mucosa were higher in weaned piglets than in neonatal piglets. There were significantly fewer CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood-mononuclear cells in neonatal piglets. Our study provides insights regarding the different immune mechanisms within the small intestines of 0- and 21-day-old piglets. Studies on the additional developmental stages and how differences in the small intestines affect the response of pigs to pathogens remain warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qian Yang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-8439-5817
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dong Z, Wan D, Yang H, Li G, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Wu X, Yin Y. Effects of Iron Deficiency on Serum Metabolome, Hepatic Histology, and Function in Neonatal Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1353. [PMID: 32764239 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Iron deficiency is a serious nutrient deficiency in neonatal pigs during the suckling period in modern intensive farming systems and leads to impaired immune response, infection risks, and retardation of growth. The objective was to determine how iron deficiency in neonatal pigs alters the serum metabolomic profile using quantitative and qualitative analysis by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (UPLCMS/MS). The current results revealed that iron deficiency led to a series of metabolic changes involved in tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, bile secretion, primary bile acid biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis, and upregulated activities of the urea cycle enzymes in the liver of neonatal piglets. Abstract Few studies focused on the effects of iron on characterizing alterations of metabolic processes in neonatal piglets. In the present study, 16 neonatal piglets were randomly assigned to two groups. In the first group piglets were given an intramuscularly injection of iron dextran at 150 mg as a positive control (CON) and the second group were not supplemented with iron as a negative control for iron deficiency (ID). At day 8, iron status, serum biochemical parameters, serum metabolome, hepatic histology, and hepatic expression of genes for the metabolism were analyzed. Results indicated that piglets without iron supplementation had significantly reduced iron values and increased blood urea nitrogen concentrations at day 8 (p < 0.05). Analysis of serum metabolome revealed that concentrations of serum lysine, leucine, tyrosine, methionine, and cholesterol were significantly decreased while concentrations of 3-Methyldioxyindole, chenodeoxycholate acid, indoleacetic acid, icosadienoic acid, phenylpyruvic acid, pantothenic acid, ursocholic acid, and cholic acid were significantly increased in iron deficient piglets (p < 0.05). Furthermore, expressions of cyp7a1 and the urea cycle enzyme (ornithinetranscarbamoylase and argininosuccinate synthetase) were significantly increased in iron deficient pigs (p < 0.05). The present experimental results indicated that neonatal piglets without iron supplementation drop to borderline anemia within 8 days after birth. Iron deficiency led to a series of metabolic changes involved in tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, bile secretion, primary bile acid biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis, and upregulated activities of the urea cycle enzymes in the liver of neonatal piglets, suggesting early effects on metabolic health of neonatal piglets.
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang S, Wu Z, Yuan X, Li N, Li T, Wang J, Levesque CL, Feng C. Transcriptome Differences Suggest Novel Mechanisms for Intrauterine Growth Restriction Mediated Dysfunction in Small Intestine of Neonatal Piglets. Front Physiol 2020; 11:561. [PMID: 32655399 PMCID: PMC7324767 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired intestinal function is frequently detected in newborns with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), whereas the mechanism between transcriptome profiles and small intestinal dysfunction is still unclear. Therefore, this study was conducted by using IUGR neonatal piglets to uncover the mechanism underlying intestinal dysfunction. Neonatal piglets with IUGR and normal birth weight (NBW) were sacrificed at birth. Transcriptomic sequencing was performed on jejunum samples and generated 18,997 and 17,531 genes in NBW and IUGR groups, respectively. A total of 10 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified; of note, only seven were mapped to the genome reference database, with two up-regulated (HSF4 and NR1H4; heat shock transcription factor 4 and nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 4, respectively) and five down-regulated (SLC35C1, BTNL3, BPI, NLRP6, and SLC5A8; Solute carrier family 35 member C1, butyrophilin like 3, bactericidal permeability increasing protein, NLR family pyrin domain containing 6, and solute carrier family 5 member 8, respectively). Combining an enrichment analysis and reverse transcriptase–quantitative polymerase chain reaction validation of DEGs, our results proved the lipid metabolism disorder, intestinal dysfunction, and inflammatory response in IUGR piglets. Here, IUGR piglets presented lower concentration of glucose and triglyceride and higher concentration of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, compared with NBW piglets. Histological analysis revealed decreased mucins and increased apoptosis in both jejunum and ileum for IUGR piglets. Collectively, we found that IUGR induced intestinal dysfunction by altering lipid metabolism, intestinal barrier, and inflammatory response in neonatal piglets at birth, which provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of IUGR that protects against metabolic disorders and inflammatory-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiongkun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Crystal L Levesque
- Department of Animal Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Cuiping Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Woliński J, Szczurek P, Pierzynowska K, Wychowański P, Seklecka B, Boryczka M, Kuwahara A, Kato I, Drahanchuk O, Zaworski K, Pierzynowski SG, Słupecka-Ziemilska M. Influence of obestatin on the histological development of the small intestine in piglets during the first week of postnatal life. Animal 2020; 14:2129-37. [PMID: 32398171 DOI: 10.1017/S1751731120000919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obestatin is a gastrointestinal peptide having wide-ranging effects on cell proliferation; however, its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Thus, the aim of the study was to elucidate the effect of exogenous obestatin on the postnatal structural development of the small intestine. Seven-day-old piglets with an average BW of 1.56 ± 0.23 kg were divided into four groups (n = 10) that received intragastrically obestatin (2, 10 or 15 μg/kg BW) or vehicle. After a 6-day experimental period, morphological analysis of gastrointestinal tract and small intestine wall (mitosis and apoptosis indexes, histomorphometry of mucosa and muscularis layers) was performed. The study revealed a seemingly incoherent pattern of the histological structure of the small intestine among the experimental groups, suggesting that the effect of obestatin is both intestinal segment specific and dose dependent. Histomorphometric analysis of the small intestine showed that higher doses of obestatin seem to promote the structural development of the duodenum while simultaneously hindering the maturation of more distal parts of the intestine. Intragastric administration of obestatin increased the crypt mitotic index in all segments of the small intestine with the strongest pro-mitotic activity following the administration of obestatin at a dose of 10 and 15 μg/kg BW. The significant differences in the number of apoptotic cells in the intestinal villi among the groups were observed only in proximal jejunum and ileum. In conclusion, it seems that obestatin shows a broad-spectrum of activity in the gastrointestinal tract of newborn piglets, being able to accelerate its structural development. However, the varied effect depending on the intestinal segment or the concentration of exogenous obestatin causes that further research is needed to clarify the exact mechanism of this phenomenon.
Collapse
|
17
|
Li HY, Li BX, Liang QQ, Jin XH, Tang L, Ding QW, Wang ZX, Wei ZY. Porcine deltacoronavirus infection alters bacterial communities in the colon and feces of neonatal piglets. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1036. [PMID: 32239666 PMCID: PMC7349149 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a novel enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea in piglets. Little is known regarding the alteration of the gut microbiota in PDCoV‐induced diarrhea piglets. In this study, 5‐day‐old piglets were experimentally infected with PDCoV strain CH‐01, and all piglets developed typical clinical disease, characterized by acute and severe watery diarrhea. Histologic lesions were limited to the villous epithelium of the duodenum and ileum. Gut microbiota profiles in the colon and feces of piglets inoculated with PDCoV were investigated using 16S rRNA sequencing. The results showed that PDCoV infection reduced bacterial diversity and significantly altered the composition of the microbiota from the phylum to the genus level in the colon and feces of piglets. Firmicutes (phylum), Lactobacillaceae (family), and Lactobacillus (genus) were significantly increased (p < .01), while the abundance of Bacteroidetes (phylum) was markedly reduced in the colon and feces of the PDCoV‐infected piglets (p < .01) when compared to those of the healthy piglets. Furthermore, microbial function prediction indicated that the changes in the intestinal flora also affected the nucleotide transport and metabolism, defense, translation, and transcription function of the intestinal microbiota. The current study provides new insight into the pathology and physiology of PDCoV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bing-Xiao Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qing-Qing Liang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Jin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Tang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qing-Wen Ding
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhan-Yong Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zeineldin M, Megahed A, Burton B, Blair B, Aldridge B, Lowe JF. Effect of Single Dose of Antimicrobial Administration at Birth on Fecal Microbiota Development and Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Piglets. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1414. [PMID: 31275295 PMCID: PMC6593251 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimization of antimicrobial use in swine management systems requires full understanding of antimicrobial-induced changes on the developmental dynamics of gut microbiota and the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impacts of early life antimicrobial intervention on fecal microbiota development, and prevalence of selected ARGs (ermB, tetO, tetW, tetC, sulI, sulII, and blaCTX–M) in neonatal piglets. A total of 48 litters were randomly allocated into one of six treatment groups soon after birth. Treatments were as follows: control (CONT), ceftiofur crystalline free acid (CCFA), ceftiofur hydrochloride (CHC), oxytetracycline (OTC), procaine penicillin G (PPG), and tulathromycin (TUL). Fecal swabs were collected from piglets at days 0 (prior to treatment), 5, 10, 15, and 20 post treatment. Sequencing analysis of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene and selected ARGs were performed using the Illumina Miseq platform. Our results showed that, while early life antimicrobial prophylaxis had no effect on individual weight gain, or mortality, it was associated with minor shifts in the composition of fecal microbiota and noticeable changes in the abundance of selected ARGs. Unifrac distance metrics revealed that the microbial communities of the piglets that received different treatments (CCFA, CHC, OTC, PPG, and TUL) did not cluster distinctly from CONT piglets. Compared to CONT group, PPG-treated piglets exhibited a significant increase in the relative abundance of ermB and tetW at day 20 of life. Tulathromycin treatment also resulted in a significant increase in the abundance of tetW at days 10 and 20, and ermB at day 20. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the shifts in fecal microbiota structure caused by perinatal antimicrobial intervention are modest and limited to particular groups of microbial taxa. However, early life PPG and TUL intervention could promote the selection of ARGs in herds. While additional investigations are required to explore the consistency of these findings across larger populations, these results could open the door to new perspectives on the utility of early life antimicrobial administration to healthy neonates in swine management systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zeineldin
- Integrated Food Animal Management Systems, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.,Infectious Genomic of One Health, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Ameer Megahed
- Integrated Food Animal Management Systems, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Brandi Burton
- Integrated Food Animal Management Systems, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Benjamin Blair
- Integrated Food Animal Management Systems, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Brian Aldridge
- Integrated Food Animal Management Systems, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - James F Lowe
- Integrated Food Animal Management Systems, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Welch-Jernigan RJ, Abrahamse E, Stoll B, Smith O, Wierenga PA, van de Heijning BJM, Renes IB, Burrin DG. Postprandial Amino Acid Kinetics of Milk Protein Mixtures are Affected by Composition, But Not Denaturation, in Neonatal Piglets. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzy102. [PMID: 30963144 PMCID: PMC6447734 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzy102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have indicated that formula-fed infants show a different growth trajectory compared with breastfed infants. The observed growth rates are suggested to be linked to higher postprandial levels of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) and insulin related to differences in protein quality. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effects of milk protein denaturation and milk protein composition on postprandial plasma and hormone concentrations. METHODS Neonatal piglets were bolus-fed randomly, in an incomplete crossover design, 2 of 3 milk protein solutions: native whey protein isolate (NWPI), denatured whey protein isolate (DWPI), or protein base ingredient, comprising whey and casein (PBI). Postprandial plasma amino acids (AAs), insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1, glucose, and paracetamol concentrations were assayed. Plasma responses were fitted with a model of first-order absorption with linear elimination. RESULTS DWPI (91% denatured protein) compared with NWPI (91% native protein) showed lower essential amino acids (EAAs) (∼10%) and BCAA (13-19%) concentrations in the first 30-60 min. However, total amino acid (TAA) concentration per time-point and area under the curve (AUC), as well as EAA and BCAA AUC were not different. PBI induced a ∼30% lower postprandial insulin spike than NWPI, yet plasma TAA concentration at several time-points and AUC was higher in PBI than in NWPI. The TAA rate constant for absorption (k a) was twofold higher in PBI than in NWPI. Plasma BCAA levels from 60 to 180 min and AUC were higher in PBI than in NWPI. Plasma EAA concentrations and AUCs in PBI and NWPI were not different. CONCLUSIONS Denaturation of WPI had a minimal effect on postprandial plasma AA concentration. The differences between PBI and NWPI were partly explained by the difference in AA composition, but more likely differences in protein digestion and absorption kinetics. We conclude that modifying protein composition, but not denaturation, of milk protein solutions impacts the postprandial amino acid availability in neonatal piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan Abrahamse
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Stoll
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - O'Brian Smith
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Peter A Wierenga
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ingrid B Renes
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Veljović K, Dinić M, Lukić J, Mihajlović S, Tolinački M, Živković M, Begović J, Mrvaljević I, Golić N, Terzić-Vidojević A. Promotion of Early Gut Colonization by Probiotic Intervention on Microbiota Diversity in Pregnant Sows. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2028. [PMID: 29104563 PMCID: PMC5654949 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to design a novel mixed probiotic culture for piglets and to evaluate its beneficial effect on the piglets' gut health. The possible mechanisms of probiotic activity, such as adhesion, competitive pathogen exclusion and influence on gut microbiota diversity were determined. Mixed probiotic starter culture is composed of three thermophilic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains: Lactobacillus helveticus BGRA43, Lactobacillus fermentum BGHI14 and Streptococcus thermophilus BGVLJ1-44. The strains BGVLJ1-44 and BGRA43 showed good technological properties (fast milk curdling, strong proteolytic activity). In addition, the strain BGVLJ1-44 produces exopolysaccharide (EPS), BGHI14 is heterofermentative LAB strain with significant immunomodulatory effect, while the strain BGRA43 showed strong antimicrobial activity against different pathogens and exhibited significantly higher level of adhesion to Caco-2 cells comparing to other two strains. Both lactobacilli strains BGRA43 and BGHI14 (p < 0.05), as well as probiotic combination (p < 0.01) significantly reduced the adhesion of Escherichia coli ATCC25922 to Caco-2 cells, while the strains BGVLJ1-44 (p < 0.01) and BGRA43 (p < 0.05) significantly reduced adhesion of Salmonella 654/7E (veterinary isolate). The results of farm trial revealed that treatment of sows with new fermented dairy probiotic influenced the piglets' gut colonization with beneficial bacteria and reduced the number of enterobacteriaceae in litters from some treated sows (no significant due to high variability among animals). Finally, this is the first study reporting that the treatment of sows with probiotic combination resulted in the improved microbiota diversity in neonatal piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Veljović
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Dinić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre for Development and Production, Veterinary Station “Koker”, Adaševci, Serbia
| | - Jovanka Lukić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Mihajlović
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Tolinački
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Živković
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Begović
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Mrvaljević
- Centre for Development and Production, Veterinary Station “Koker”, Adaševci, Serbia
| | - Nataša Golić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Amarela Terzić-Vidojević
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu H, Hou C, Wang G, Jia H, Yu H, Zeng X, Thacker PA, Zhang G, Qiao S. Lactobacillus reuteri I5007 Modulates Intestinal Host Defense Peptide Expression in the Model of IPEC-J2 Cells and Neonatal Piglets. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9060559. [PMID: 28561758 PMCID: PMC5490538 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the synthesis of endogenous host defense peptides (HDPs) by probiotics represents a novel antimicrobial approach for disease control and prevention, particularly against antibiotic-resistant infections in human and animals. However, the extent of HDP modulation by probiotics is species dependent and strain specific. In the present study, The porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) cells and neonatal piglets were used as in-vitro and in-vivo models to test whether Lactobacillus reuteri I5007 could modulate intestinal HDP expression. Gene expressions of HDPs, toll-like receptors, and fatty acid receptors were determined, as well as colonic short chain fatty acid concentrations and microbiota. Exposure to 108 colony forming units (CFU)/mL of L. reuteri I5007 for 6 h significantly increased the expression of porcine β-Defensin2 (PBD2), pBD3, pBD114, pBD129, and protegrins (PG) 1-5 in IPEC-J2 cells. Similarly, L. reuteri I5007 administration significantly increased the expression of jejunal pBD2 as well as colonic pBD2, pBD3, pBD114, and pBD129 in neonatal piglets (p < 0.05). This was probably associated with the increase in colonic butyric acid concentration and up-regulating expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and G Protein-Coupled Receptor 41 (GPR41) (p < 0.05), but not with stimulation of Pattern-Recognition Receptors. Additionally, supplementation with L. reuteri I5007 in the piglets did not affect the colonic microbiota structure. Our findings suggested that L. reuteri I5007 could modulate intestinal HDP expression and improve the gut health of neonatal piglets, probably through the increase in colonic butyric acid concentration and the up-regulation of the downstream molecules of butyric acid, PPAR-γ and GPR41, but not through modifying gut microbiota structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Chengli Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Institute of Food Science and Technology CAAS, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hongmin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Haitao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Philip A Thacker
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5C5, Canada.
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA.
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang Q, Huang X, Zhao S, Sun W, Yan Z, Wang P, Li S, Huang W, Zhang S, Liu L, Gun S. Structure and Function of the Fecal Microbiota in Diarrheic Neonatal Piglets. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:502. [PMID: 28392784 PMCID: PMC5364137 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is a leading cause of increased mortality in neonatal and young piglets. Aberration of the gut microbiota is one important factor in the etiology of piglet diarrhea. However, information regarding the structure and function of the gut microbiome in diarrheic neonatal piglets is limited. To investigate the composition and functional potential of the fecal microbiota in neonatal piglets, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing on 20 fecal samples from diarrheic piglets and healthy controls, and metagenomics sequencing on a subset of six samples. We found striking compositional and functional differences in fecal microbiota between diarrheic and healthy piglets. Neonatal piglet diarrhea was associated with increases in the relative abundance of Prevotella, Sutterella, and Campylobacter, as well as Fusobacteriaceae. The increased relative abundance of Prevotella was correlated with the reduction in Escherichia coli and the majority of beneficial bacteria that belonging to the Firmicutes phylum (e.g., Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, and Blautia) in diarrheic piglets. The differentially functional gene abundances in diarrheic piglets were an increase in bacterial ribosome, and contributed primarily by the genera Prevotella, this indicates a growth advantage of the Prevotella in diarrheic conditions. Additional functional gene sets were associated with the reduction of polyamine transport, monosaccharide and sugar-specific PTS transport, amino acid transport, and two-component regulatory system. These profiles likely impact the ability to transport and uptake nutrients, as well as the ability to fight microbial infections in the piglet gut ecosystem. This work identifies a potential role for Prevotella in the community-wide microbial aberration and dysfunction that underpins the pathogenesis of piglet diarrhea. Identification of these microbial and functional signatures may provide biomarkers of neonatal piglet diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenyang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou, China
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou, China
| | - Shenggui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou, China
| | - Wangzhou Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengwei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou, China
| | - Lixia Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China; Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and TechnologyLanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Inoue R, Tsukahara T, Nakatani M, Okutani M, Nishibayashi R, Ogawa S, Harayama T, Nagino T, Hatanaka H, Fukuta K, Romero-Pérez GA, Ushida K, Kelly D. Weaning Markedly Affects Transcriptome Profiles and Peyer's Patch Development in Piglet Ileum. Front Immunol 2015; 6:630. [PMID: 26697021 PMCID: PMC4678207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome analyses were conducted on the ileal mucosa of 14- to 35-day-old piglets to investigate postnatal gut development during suckling and postweaning. The transcriptome profiles of 14-day-old suckling piglets showed a considerably higher number of differentially expressed genes than did those of 21-, 28-, and 35-day olds, indicating an intensive gut development during the first 14–21 postnatal days. In addition, the analysis of biological pathways indicated that Chemotaxis Leucocyte chemotaxis was the most significantly affected pathway in suckling piglets between 14 and 21 days of age. Weaning negatively affected pathways associated with acquired immunity, but positively affected those associated with innate immunity. Interestingly, pathway Chemotaxis Leucocyte chemotaxis was found positively affected when comparing 14- and 21-day-old suckling piglets, but negatively affected in 28-day-old piglets weaned at 21 days of age, when compared with 28-day-old suckling piglets. Genes CXCL13, SLA-DOA (MHC class II), ICAM1, VAV1, and VCAM1 were involved in the pathway Chemotaxis Leukocyte chemotaxis and they were found to significantly change between 14- and 21-day-old suckling piglets and between groups of suckling and weaned piglets. The expression of these genes significantly declined after weaning at 14, 21, and 28 days of age. This decline indicated that CXCL13, SLA-DOA, ICAM1, VAV1, and VCAM1 may be involved in the development of Peyer’s patches (PP) because lower gene expression clearly corresponded with smaller areas of PP in the ileal mucosa of piglets. Moreover, weaning piglets prior to a period of intensive gut development, i.e., 14 days of age, caused significant adverse effects on the size of PP, which were not reverted even 14 days postweaning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan ; Gut Immunology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Takamitsu Tsukahara
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan ; Kyoto Institute of Nutrition and Pathology , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masako Nakatani
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Mie Okutani
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | | | - Shohei Ogawa
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Tomoko Harayama
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Takayuki Nagino
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Hironori Hatanaka
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kikuto Fukuta
- Technical Center, Toyohashi Feed Mills , Shinshiro , Japan
| | | | - Kazunari Ushida
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Denise Kelly
- Gut Immunology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
De Vos M, Huygelen V, Van Raemdonck G, Willemen S, Fransen E, Van Ostade X, Casteleyn C, Van Cruchten S, Van Ginneken C. Supplementing formula-fed piglets with a low molecular weight fraction of bovine colostrum whey results in an improved intestinal barrier. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3491-501. [PMID: 25012977 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that a low molecular weight fraction of colostral whey could affect the morphology and barrier function of the small intestine, 30 3-d-old piglets (normal or low birth weight) were suckled (n = 5), artificially fed with milk formula (n = 5), or artificially fed with milk formula with a low molecular weight fraction of colostral whey (n = 5) until 10 d of age. The small intestine was sampled for histology (haematoxylin and eosin stain; anti-KI67 immunohistochemistry) and enzyme activities (aminopeptidase A, aminopeptidase N, dipeptidylpeptidase IV, lactase, maltase, and sucrase). In addition, intestinal permeability was evaluated via a dual sugar absorption test and via the measurement of occludin abundance. Artificially feeding of piglets reduced final BW (P < 0.001), villus height (P < 0.001), lactase (P < 0.001), and dipeptidylpeptidase IV activities (P < 0.07), whereas crypt depth (P < 0.001) was increased. No difference was observed with regard to the permeability measurements when comparing artificially fed with naturally suckling piglets. Supplementing piglets with the colostral whey fraction did not affect BW, enzyme activities, or the outcome of the dual sugar absorption test. On the contrary, the small intestines of supplemented piglets had even shorter villi (P = 0.001) than unsupplemented piglets and contained more occludin (P = 0.002). In conclusion, at 10 d of age, no differences regarding intestinal morphology and permeability measurements were observed between the 2 BW categories. In both weight categories, the colostral whey fraction affected the morphology of the small intestine but did not improve the growth performances or the in vivo permeability. These findings should be acknowledged when developing formulated milk for neonatal animals with the aim of improving the performance of low birth weight piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M De Vos
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - V Huygelen
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - G Van Raemdonck
- Laboratory Protein Science, Proteomics, and Epigenetic Signaling, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - S Willemen
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - E Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - X Van Ostade
- Laboratory Protein Science, Proteomics, and Epigenetic Signaling, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - C Casteleyn
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - S Van Cruchten
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - C Van Ginneken
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Huygelen V, De Vos M, Willemen S, Fransen E, Casteleyn C, Van Cruchten S, Van Ginneken C. Age-related differences in mucosal barrier function and morphology of the small intestine in low and normal birth weight piglets. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3398-406. [PMID: 25006062 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that the mucosal maturation of the small intestine is altered in low birth weight piglets, pairs of naturally suckled low birth weight (LBW, n = 20) and normal birth weight (NBW, n = 20) littermate piglets were selected and sampled after 0, 3, 10, and 28 d of suckling. In vivo intestinal permeability was evaluated via a lactulose-mannitol absorption test. Other indirect measurements for mucosal barrier functioning included sampling for histology and immunohistochemistry (intestinal trefoil factor [ITF]), measuring intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity, and immunoblotting for occludin, caspase-3, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The lactulose-mannitol ratio did not differ between NBW and LBW piglets, but a significant increase in this ratio was observed in 28-d-old piglets (P = 0.001). Small intestinal villus height did not differ with age (P = 0.02) or birth weight (P = 0.20). In contrast, villus width (P = 0.02) and crypt depth (P < 0.05) increased gradually with age, but no birth-weight-related differences were observed. LBW piglets had significantly (P = 0.03) more ITF immunoreactive positive cells per villus area compared to NBW piglets, whereas no age (P = 0.82) or region-related (P = 0.13) differences could be observed. The activity of IAP in the small intestine was higher in newborn piglets compared to the older piglets. No significant differences in cell proliferation in the small intestine was observed (P = 0.47) between NBW and LBW piglets; the highest proliferation was seen in piglets of 28 d of age (P = 0.01). Newborn piglets had significantly fewer apoptotic cells, whereas more apoptotic cells were seen in piglets of 10 d of age (P < 0.01). In conclusion, birth weight did not affect the parameters related to intestinal barrier function investigated in this study, suggesting that the mucosal barrier function is not altered in LBW piglets. Nevertheless, these results confirm that the mucosal barrier function in the small intestine of piglets alters with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Huygelen
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - M De Vos
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - S Willemen
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - E Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C Casteleyn
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - S Van Cruchten
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - C Van Ginneken
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Booth EA, Dukatz C, Sood BG, Wider M. Near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring of cerebral oxygen during assisted ventilation. Surg Neurol Int 2011; 2:65. [PMID: 21697979 PMCID: PMC3115161 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.81722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in the arterial partial pressure of CO(2) (PaCO(2)) has a direct though transient effect on the cerebral vasculature and cerebral circulation. Decreased PaCO(2) levels lead to vasoconstriction and can result in dangerously low levels of cerebral perfusion that resolve in 4-6 h. It is currently believed that perfusion abnormalities contribute to intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) in the neonate. PaCO(2)-induced vasoconstriction may contribute to the pathology of IVH and PVL. METHODS Near-infrared spectroscopy [NIRS; (INVOS cerebral/somatic oximeter; Somanetics Corporation, Troy, MI, USA)] was utilized to determine changes in regional oxygenation (rSO(2)) of the brain in response to changes in ventilation in isoflurane anesthetized newborn piglets. RESULTS Changes in cerebral rSO(2) correlated significantly with end-tidal CO(2) levels and to blood flow in the common carotid artery. This correlation was significant during baseline conditions, after periods of CO(2) loading and during periods of hypothermia. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study demonstrate the utility of NIRS to accurately reflect changes in cerebral oxygenation and flow to the brain in response to changes in CO(2) levels in anesthetized, ventilated neonatal piglets. The use of NIRS may provide an early alert of low levels of cerebral blood flow and brain oxygenation, potentially helping in preventing the progression of IVH or PVL in the neonate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Booth
- Department of Medical Science, Somanetics Corporation, Troy, MI, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|