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Messina A, Concerto C, Rodolico A, Petralia A, Caraci F, Signorelli MS. Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift in the Treatment of Schizophrenia? The Use of Inflammation-Reducing and Neuroprotective Drugs-A Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:957. [PMID: 37371435 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehending the pathogenesis of schizophrenia represents a challenge for global mental health. To date, although it is evident that alterations in dopaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmission underlie the clinical expressiveness of the disease, neuronal disconnections represent only an epiphenomenon. In recent years, several clinical studies have converged on the hypothesis of microglia hyperactivation and a consequent neuroinflammatory state as a pathogenic substrate of schizophrenia. Prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors can cause microglia to switch from M2 anti-inflammatory to M1 pro-inflammatory states. A continuous mild neuroinflammatory state progressively leads to neuronal loss, a reduction in dendritic spines, and myelin degeneration. The augmentation of drugs that reduce neuroinflammation to antipsychotics could be an effective therapeutic modality in managing schizophrenia. This review will consider studies in which drugs with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties have been used in addition to antipsychotic treatment in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmen Concerto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rodolico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Petralia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Unit of Translational Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Maria Salvina Signorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Xie Y, Yang Y, Yuan T. Brain Damage in the Preterm Infant: Clinical Aspects and Recent Progress in the Prevention and Treatment. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2023; 22:27-40. [PMID: 35209835 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220223092905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the prevalence of brain injury and related neurodevelopmental disabilities resulting from preterm birth are major public health concerns, there are no definite neuroprotective strategies to prevent or reduce brain injury. The pattern of brain injury seen in preterm infants has evolved into more subtle lesions that are still essential to diagnose regarding neurodevelopmental outcomes. There is no specific effective method for the treatment of premature infant brain injury, and the focus of clinical treatment is still on prevention. Prevention of this injury requires insight into the pathogenesis, but many gaps exist in our understanding of how neonatal treatment procedures and medications impact cerebral hemodynamics and preterm brain injury. Many studies provide evidence about the prevention of premature infant brain injury, which is related to some drugs (such as erythropoietin, melatonin, mesenchymal stem cells, etc.). However, there are still some controversies about the quality of research and the effectiveness of therapy. This review aims to recapitulate the results of preclinical studies and provide an update on the latest developments around etiological pathways, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Xie
- Department of Neonatology, Children\'s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Children\'s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Tianming Yuan
- Department of Neonatology, Children\'s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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da Silva Beggiora P, da Silva SC, Rodrigues KP, Almeida TADL, Botelho GS, Silva GAPDM, Machado HR, da Silva Lopes L. Memantine associated with ventricular-subcutaneous shunt promotes behavioral improvement, reduces reactive astrogliosis and cell death in juvenile hydrocephalic rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 125:102165. [PMID: 36152798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is defined as the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles. The usual treatment of hydrocephalus is surgical (shunt), but not all patients can undergo treatment immediately after diagnosis. Thus, neuroprotective measures were tested to minimize the tissue damage involved. Memantine is a non-competitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, which has shown a neuroprotective action in neurodegenerative diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective response of memantine in animals treated with or without a ventricular-subcutaneous shunt. Seven-day-old male Wistar rats induced by intracisternal injection of kaolin were used, divided into five groups: intact control (n=10), hydrocephalic (n=10), hydrocephalic treated with memantine (20mg/kg/day) (n=10), hydrocephalic treated with shunt (n=10), hydrocephalic treated with shunt and memantine (20mg/kg/day) (n=10). Memantine administration was started on the day after hydrocephalus induction and continued until the last day of the experimental period, totaling 21 consecutive days of drug application. The CSF shunt surgery was performed seven days after hydrocephalus induction. Behavioral tests (open field, and modified Morris water maze), histological, and immunohistochemical evaluations were performed. Treatment with memantine resulted in significant improvement (p<0.05) in sensorimotor development, preservation of spatial memory, reduction of astrocytic reaction in the corpus callosum, cortex, and germinal matrix. When associated with the shunt, it has also been shown to reduce the cell death cascade. It is concluded that memantine is a promising adjuvant drug with beneficial potential for the treatment of lesions secondary to hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pâmella da Silva Beggiora
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes Av, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-900, Brazil.
| | - Stephanya Covas da Silva
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Federal University of São Carlos, Washington Luiz, Monjolinho, São Carlos - SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Karine Pereira Rodrigues
- Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes Av, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-900, Brazil.
| | - Timóteo Abrantes de Lacerda Almeida
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes Av, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-900, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Sampaio Botelho
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's and Maternity Hospital of São José do Rio Preto. Jamil Ferreira Kfouri Av, 3355, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15091-240, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Aparecido Pinto de Moura Silva
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes Av, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-900, Brazil.
| | - Hélio Rubens Machado
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes Av, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-900, Brazil.
| | - Luiza da Silva Lopes
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes Av, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-900, Brazil.
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Sapko K, Jamroz-Wiśniewska A, Rejdak K. Novel Drugs in a Pipeline for Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:3342. [PMID: 35743410 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a widely known inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The pathogenesis of progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) is a complex, multi-level process that causes therapeutic difficulties. Along with variables such as age and duration of the disease, pathogenetic mechanisms change from inflammatory to neurodegenerative processes. Therefore, the efficacy of available anti-inflammatory drugs approved for the treatment of PMS, such as ocrelizumab or siponimod, is limited in time. In search of innovative solutions, several research studies have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of drugs with neuroprotective or remyelinating effects in PMS, including biotin, ibudilast, simvastatin, alpha-lipoic acid, clemastine, amiloride, fluoxetine, riluzole, masitinib, opicinumab, and lamotrigine. The current review includes those compounds, which have entered the clinical phase of assessment, and the authors discuss future prospects for successful PMS treatment.
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Sampaio-Dias IE, Santejo M, Silva-Reis SC, Liz MA, Alcoholado C, Algarra M, García-Mera X, Rodríguez-Borges JE. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Hybrid Glypromate Analogues Using 2-Azanorbornane as a Prolyl and Pipecolyl Surrogate. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3615-3624. [PMID: 34515466 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system are a class of heterogeneous pathologies affecting millions of people worldwide and represent a global health burden in developed and developing countries. Without restorative treatments currently available, research on neuroprotective drugs is considered a health priority. In this study, new analogues of the glycyl-l-prolyl-l-glutamic acid (Glypromate) neuropeptide were designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated using (1R,3S,4S)-2-azanorbornane-3-carboxylic acid as a hybrid construct of l-proline and l-pipecolic acid. Neuroprotection assays carried out in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells using 6-hydroxydopamine as a stress inducer showed great percentage of recovery (29.7-40.0%) at 100 μM. Among this series, [(1R,3S,4S)-2-glycyl-2-azanorbornane-3-carbonyl]-l-aspartic acid (2a) stands out with a remarkable percentage of recovery (40.0%, at 100 μM) and safe toxicological profile in SH-SY5Y and human adipose mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo E. Sampaio-Dias
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Santejo
- Neurodegeneration Team, Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC − Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal, and i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C. Silva-Reis
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia A. Liz
- Neurodegeneration Team, Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC − Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal, and i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Alcoholado
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Algarra
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Xerardo García-Mera
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José E. Rodríguez-Borges
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Cunha A, Gaubert A, Latxague L, Dehay B. PLGA-Based Nanoparticles for Neuroprotective Drug Delivery in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1042. [PMID: 34371733 PMCID: PMC8309027 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases has become one of the most challenging topics of the last decades due to their prevalence and increasing societal cost. The crucial point of the non-invasive therapeutic strategy for neurological disorder treatment relies on the drugs' passage through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Indeed, this biological barrier is involved in cerebral vascular homeostasis by its tight junctions, for example. One way to overcome this limit and deliver neuroprotective substances in the brain relies on nanotechnology-based approaches. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) are biocompatible, non-toxic, and provide many benefits, including improved drug solubility, protection against enzymatic digestion, increased targeting efficiency, and enhanced cellular internalization. This review will present an overview of the latest findings and advances in the PLGA NP-based approach for neuroprotective drug delivery in the case of neurodegenerative disease treatment (i.e., Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's diseases, Amyotrophic Lateral, and Multiple Sclerosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cunha
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, ARNA, ARN: Régulations Naturelle et Artificielle, ChemBioPharm, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33076 Bordeaux, France;
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexandra Gaubert
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, ARNA, ARN: Régulations Naturelle et Artificielle, ChemBioPharm, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33076 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Laurent Latxague
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, ARNA, ARN: Régulations Naturelle et Artificielle, ChemBioPharm, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33076 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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Modrau B, Winder A, Hjort N, Johansen MN, Andersen G, Fiehler J, Vorum H, Forkert ND. Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Brain Tissue Infarction in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke Treated With Theophylline as an Add-On to Thrombolytic Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial Subgroup Analysis. Front Neurol 2021; 12:613029. [PMID: 34093387 PMCID: PMC8175622 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.613029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: The theophylline in acute ischemic stroke trial investigated the neuroprotective effect of theophylline as an add-on to thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The aim of this pre-planned subgroup analysis was to use predictive modeling to virtually test for differences in the follow-up lesion volumes. Materials and Methods: A subgroup of 52 patients from the theophylline in acute ischemic stroke trial with multi-parametric MRI data acquired at baseline and at 24-h follow-up were analyzed. A machine learning model using voxel-by-voxel information from diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI and clinical parameters was used to predict the infarct volume for each individual patient and both treatment arms. After training of the two predictive models, two virtual lesion outcomes were available for each patient, one lesion predicted for theophylline treatment and one lesion predicted for placebo treatment. Results: The mean predicted volume of follow-up lesions was 11.4 ml (standard deviation 18.7) for patients virtually treated with theophylline and 11.2 ml (standard deviation 17.3) for patients virtually treated with placebo (p = 0.86). Conclusions: The predicted follow-up brain lesions for each patient were not significantly different for patients virtually treated with theophylline or placebo, as an add-on to thrombolytic therapy. Thus, this study confirmed the lack of neuroprotective effect of theophylline shown in the main clinical trial and is contrary to the results from preclinical stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Modrau
- Department of Neurology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anthony Winder
- Departments of Radiology & Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Niels Hjort
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Grethe Andersen
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Fiehler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Vorum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nils D Forkert
- Departments of Radiology & Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Abstract
Introduction: Secondary spinal cord injury (SCI) sets on immediately after trauma and, despite prompt treatment, may become chronic. SCI is a complex condition and presents numerous challenges to patients and physicians alike, also considering the lack of an approved pharmacological therapy.Areas covered: This review describes the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to secondary SCI to highlight possible targets for pharmacological therapy. Furthermore, an extensive search of the literature on different databases (PubMed, Google scholar, Embase, and Scopus) and of the current clinical trials (clinicaltrials.gov) was performed to investigate the current outlook for the pharmacological management of SCI. Only drugs with performed or ongoing clinical trials were considered.Expert opinion: Pharmacological therapy aims to improve motor and sensory function in patients. Overall, drugs are divided into neuroprotective compounds, which aim to limit the damage induced by the pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic milieu of SCI, and neuroregenerative drugs, which induce neuronal and axonal regrowth. While many compounds have been trialed with promising results, none has yet completed a stage III trial and has been approved for the pharmacological management of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Baroncini
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.,School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University School of Medicine, Stoke on Trent, UK.,Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Jörg Eschweiler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Tingart
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Filippo Migliorini
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
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Battaglini D, Siwicka-Gieroba D, Rocco PR, Cruz FF, Silva PL, Dabrowski W, Brunetti I, Patroniti N, Pelosi P, Robba C. Novel Synthetic and Natural Therapies for Traumatic Brain Injury. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:1661-1687. [PMID: 33632101 PMCID: PMC8977630 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210225145957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability and death worldwide. The initial mechanical insult results in tissue and vascular disruption with hemorrhages and cellular necrosis that is followed by dynamic secondary brain damage that presumably results in additional destruction of the brain. In order to minimize deleterious consequences of the secondary brain damage-such as inflammation, bleeding or reduced oxygen supply. The old concept of the -staircase approach- has been updated in recent years by most guidelines and should be followed as it is considered the only validated approach for the treatment of TBI. Besides, a variety of novel therapies have been proposed as neuroprotectants. The molecular mechanisms of each drug involved in the inhibition of secondary brain injury can result as a potential target for the early and late treatment of TBI. However, no specific recommendation is available on their use in the clinical setting. The administration of both synthetic and natural compounds, which act on specific pathways involved in the destructive processes after TBI, even if usually employed for the treatment of other diseases, can show potential benefits. This review represents a massive effort towards current and novel therapies for TBI that have been investigated in both pre-clinical and clinical settings. This review aims to summarize the advancement in therapeutic strategies based on specific and distinct -target of therapies-: brain edema, ICP control, neuronal activity and plasticity, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, cerebral autoregulation, antioxidant properties, and future perspectives with the adoption of mesenchymal stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Battaglini
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa. Italy
| | - Dorota Siwicka-Gieroba
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Medical University of Lublin. Poland
| | - Patricia Rm Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. Brazil
| | - Pedro Leme Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. Brazil
| | - Wojciech Dabrowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Medical University of Lublin. Poland
| | - Iole Brunetti
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa. Italy
| | - Nicolò Patroniti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa. Italy
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa. Italy
| | - Chiara Robba
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa. Italy
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Hashioka S, Wu Z, Klegeris A. Glia-Driven Neuroinflammation and Systemic Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:908-924. [PMID: 33176652 PMCID: PMC8686312 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666201111104509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroinflammatory hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) was proposed more than 30 years ago. The involvement of the two main types of glial cells microglia and astrocytes, in neuroinflammation, was suggested early on. In this review, we highlight that the exact contributions of reactive glia to AD pathogenesis remain difficult to define, likely due to the heterogeneity of glia populations and alterations in their activation states through the stages of AD progression. In the case of microglia, it is becoming apparent that both beneficially and adversely activated cell populations can be identified at various stages of AD, which could be selectively targeted to either limit their damaging actions or enhance beneficial functions. In the case of astrocytes, less information is available about potential subpopulations of reactive cells; it also remains elusive whether astrocytes contribute to the neuropathology of AD by mainly gaining neurotoxic functions or losing their ability to support neurons due to astrocyte damage. We identify L-type calcium channel blocker, nimodipine, as a candidate drug for AD, which potentially targets both astrocytes and microglia. It has already shown consistent beneficial effects in basic experimental and clinical studies. We also highlight the recent evidence linking peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation. Several chronic systemic inflammatory diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and periodontitis, can cause immune priming or adverse activation of glia, thus exacerbating neuroinflammation and increasing risk or facilitating the progression of AD. Therefore, reducing peripheral inflammation is a potentially effective strategy for lowering AD prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadayuki Hashioka
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Psychiatry, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan;, E-mail: and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada; E-mail:
| | | | - Andis Klegeris
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Psychiatry, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan;, E-mail: and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada; E-mail:
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Modrau B, Andersen G, Mikkelsen IK, Nielsen A, Hansen MB, Johansen MB, Eskildsen HW, Povlsen JP, Yavarian Y, Mouridsen K, Østergaard L, Bach FW, Hjort N. Theophylline as an Add-On to Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Stroke 2020; 51:1983-1990. [PMID: 32568651 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.027446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Delayed recanalization increases the risk of infarct growth and poor clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke. The vasoactive agent theophylline has shown neuroprotective effects in animal stroke models but inconclusive results in case series and randomized clinical trials. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate whether theophylline, as an add-on to thrombolytic therapy, is safe and effective in acute ischemic stroke patients. METHODS The TEA-Stroke trial (The Theophylline in Acute Ischemic Stroke) was an investigator-initiated 2-center, proof-of-concept, phase II clinical study with a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled design. The main inclusion criteria were magnetic resonance imaging-verified acute ischemic stroke, moderate to severe neurological deficit (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of ≥4), and treatment with thrombolysis within 4.5 hours of onset. Participants were randomly assigned in the ratio 1:1 to either 220 mg of intravenous theophylline or placebo. The co-primary outcomes were early clinical improvement on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score and infarct growth on magnetic resonance imaging at 24-hour follow-up. RESULTS Theophylline as an add-on to thrombolytic therapy improved the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at 24 hours by mean 4.7 points (SD, 5.6) compared with an improvement of 1.3 points (SD, 7.5) in the control group (P=0.044). Mean infarct growth was 141.6% (SD, 126.5) and 104.1% (SD, 62.5) in the theophylline and control groups, respectively (P=0.146). Functional independence at 90 days was 61% in the theophylline group and 58% in the control group (P=0.802). CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-concept trial investigated theophylline administration as an add-on to thrombolytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke. The co-primary end points early clinical improvement and infarct growth at 24-hour follow-up were not significantly different after post hoc correction for multiplicity (Bonferroni technique). The small study size precludes a conclusion as to whether theophylline has a neuroprotective effect but provides a promising clinical signal that may support a future clinical trial. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: EudraCT number 2013-001989-42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Modrau
- Departments of Neurology (B.M., F.W.B.), Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Grethe Andersen
- Departments of Neurology (G.A., N.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Irene Klærke Mikkelsen
- Centre of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Denmark (I.K.M., A.N., M.B.H., K.M., L.Ø.)
| | - Anne Nielsen
- Centre of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Denmark (I.K.M., A.N., M.B.H., K.M., L.Ø.)
| | - Mikkel Bo Hansen
- Centre of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Denmark (I.K.M., A.N., M.B.H., K.M., L.Ø.)
| | | | | | | | - Yousef Yavarian
- Neuroradiology (H.W.E., J.P.P., Y.Y.), Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Kim Mouridsen
- Centre of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Denmark (I.K.M., A.N., M.B.H., K.M., L.Ø.)
| | - Leif Østergaard
- Neuroradiology (L.Ø.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.,Centre of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Denmark (I.K.M., A.N., M.B.H., K.M., L.Ø.)
| | | | - Niels Hjort
- Departments of Neurology (G.A., N.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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12
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Abstract
AIM To develop a personalized approach to the appointment of a complex antidepressant therapy in combination with drugs of neuroprotective and neurotrophic action in depressed elderly patients based on the selection of predictors of low therapeutic response (LTR). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 152 hospitalized patients, aged 60 years and older, with moderate and mild depression (ICD-10) who received monotherapy (44 people) with antidepressants of the new generation and complex therapy (108 people) with the same antidepressants in combination with neuroprotective drugs. In the monotherapy group, correlations between treatment efficacy (change in average total HAMD-17 scores) and a set of parameters, including socio-demographic data, results of psychopathological, somatic, standardized assessment and neuroimaging (CT) of the brain were analyzed. The validity of the established correlations as predictors of LTR was estimated based on a comparison of their frequency among the responders (≥50% reduction) and non-responders (<50% reduction). Comparison of the efficacy of therapy in groups of patients with mono - and complex therapy was carried out depending on the presence or absence of predictors of LTR. RESULTS LTR predictors are living alone, complaints about memory loss and signs of pronounced diffuse lesions of the subcortical white matter of the brain, which are significantly more frequently observed in non-responders (p<0.05). The increase in the number of predictors (2 and more) correlates with a significant decrease in therapeutic efficacy (p<0.001). Patients with complex in structure and protracted depressions tend to decrease in efficiency, and in most of them (more than 87% of cases) LTR predictors are detected. In patients with LTR predictors, the complex therapy is significantly more effective than monotherapy, allowing in all cases to achieve 50% reduction of depressive symptoms by the 4th week of treatment. CONCLUSION Personalized indications for the appointment of complex antidepressant therapy in combination with neuroprotective drugs in depressed elderly patients are formulated.
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13
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Sysoev YI, Uzuegbunam BC, Okovityi SV. Attenuation of neurological deficit by a novel ethanolamine derivative in rats after brain trauma. J Exp Pharmacol 2019; 11:53-63. [PMID: 31354367 PMCID: PMC6590625 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s199464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To prove that our novel ethanolamine derivative (FDES) can normalize overall movement and exploratory activity of rats with traumatic brain injury (TBI) owing to its peculiar properties. Materials and methods: TBI was modeled using controlled cortical impact injury (CCI) model method. The resulting neurological deficit, efficacy of the novel agent and other reference agents used were assayed in tests which evaluated overall movements and exploratory behavior of the rats. Finally, scopolamine in equimolar dose was used to estimate the role of cholinergic system in the efficacy of our agent. The tests included: limb-placing, open field, elevated plus maze, cylinder, and beam walking tests. Results: Intraperitoneal administration of FDES at a dose of 10 mg/kg led to improvement of fore- and hind-limb functions of rats with traumatic brain injury as was shown in “Limb placing”, “Open field” “Cylinder” and “Beam walking” tests. The new agent had no effects on traumatized rats behavior in the “Elevated Plus Maze” test. Simultaneous co-administration of scopolamine with FDES reduced the beneficial effects of the latter in rats with trauma. Conclusion: The neuroprotective effects of new agent were manifested in the reduction of motor deficiencies, and exploratory activity in the CCI model rats. In comparison with choline alfoscerate and citicoline, FDES showed more beneficial effects as were observed in most of the tests, and did not negatively influence the traumatized rats psychologically. Notably, it is possible that the neuroprotective influence of the new agent is mediated by its actions on the cholinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Igorevich Sysoev
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Saint-Petersburg State Chemical-Pharmaceutical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Translational Biomedicine (ITBM), Saint-Peterburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bright Chukwunwike Uzuegbunam
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Saint-Petersburg State Chemical-Pharmaceutical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Vladimirovich Okovityi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Saint-Petersburg State Chemical-Pharmaceutical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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14
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Stegeman R, Lamur KD, van den Hoogen A, Breur JMPJ, Groenendaal F, Jansen NJG, Benders MJNL. Neuroprotective Drugs in Infants With Severe Congenital Heart Disease: A Systematic Review. Front Neurol 2018; 9:521. [PMID: 30018590 PMCID: PMC6037764 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Perinatal and perioperative brain injury is a fundamental problem in infants with severe congenital heart disease undergoing neonatal cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. An impaired neuromotor and neurocognitive development is encountered and associated with a reduction in quality of life. New neuroprotective drugs during surgery are described to reduce brain injury and improve neurodevelopmental outcome. Therefore, our aim was to provide a systematic review and best-evidence synthesis on the effects of neuroprotective drugs on brain injury and neurodevelopmental outcome in congenital heart disease infants requiring cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library (PRISMA statement). Search terms were “infants,” “congenital heart disease,” “cardiac surgery,” “cardiopulmonary bypass,” and “neuroprotective drug.” Data describing the effects on brain injury and neurodevelopmental outcome were extracted. Study quality was assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Two reviewers independently screened sources, extracted data and scored bias. Disagreements were resolved by involving a third researcher. Results: The search identified 293 studies of which 6 were included. In total 527 patients with various congenital heart diseases participated with an average of 88 infants (13–318) per study. Allopurinol, sodium nitroprusside, erythropoietin, ketamine, dextromethorphan and phentolamine were administered around cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Allopurinol showed less seizures, coma, death and cardiac events in hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) infants (OR: 0.44; 95%-CI:0.21–0.91). Sodium nitroprusside resulted in lower post cardiopulmonary bypass levels of S100ß in infants with transposition of the great arteries after 24 (p < 0.01) and 48 (p = 0.04) h of treatment. Erytropoietin, ketamine and dextromethorphan showed no neuroprotective effects. Phentolamine led to higher S100ß-levels and cerebrovascular resistance after rewarming and at the end of surgery (both p < 0.01). Risk of bias varied between studies, including low (sodium nitroprusside, phentolamine), moderate (ketamine, dextromethorphan), and high (erytropoietin, allopurinol) quality. Conclusions: Allopurinol seems promising for future trials in congenital heart disease infants to reduce brain injury given the early neuroprotective effects in hypoplastic left heart syndrome infants. Larger well-designed trials are needed to assess the neuroprotective effects of sodium nitroprusside, erytropoietin, ketamine and dextromethorphan. Future neuroprotective studies in congenital heart disease infants should not only focus on the perioperative period, however also on the perinatal period, since significant brain injury already exists before surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Stegeman
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kaya D Lamur
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Agnes van den Hoogen
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johannes M P J Breur
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Floris Groenendaal
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas J G Jansen
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Manon J N L Benders
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
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15
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Kakish J, Allen KJH, Harkness TA, Krol ES, Lee JS. Novel Dimer Compounds That Bind α-Synuclein Can Rescue Cell Growth in a Yeast Model Overexpressing α-Synuclein. A Possible Prevention Strategy for Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1671-1680. [PMID: 27673434 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The misfolding of α-synuclein is a critical event in the death of dopaminergic neurons and the progression of Parkinson's disease. Previously, it was suggested that drugs, which bind to α-synuclein and form a loop structure between the N- and C-termini, tend to be neuroprotective, whereas others, which cause a more compact structure, tend to be neurotoxic. To improve the binding to α-synuclein, eight novel compounds were synthesized from a caffeine scaffold attached to (R,S)-1-aminoindan, (R,S)-nicotine, and metformin, and their binding to α-synuclein determined through nanopore analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry. The ability of the dimers to interact with α-synuclein in a cell system was assayed in a yeast model of PD which expresses an AS-GFP (α-synuclein-Green Fluorescent Protein) construct under the control of a galactose promoter. In 5 mM galactose this yeast strain will not grow and large cytoplasmic foci are observed by fluorescent microscopy. Two of the dimers, C8-6-I and C8-6-N, at a concentration of 0.1 μM allowed the yeast to grow normally in 5 mM galactose and the AS-GFP became localized to the periphery of the cell. Both dimers were superior when compared to the monomeric compounds. The presence of the dimers also caused the disappearance of preformed cytoplasmic foci. Nanopore analysis of C8-6-I and C8-6-N were consistent with simultaneous binding to both the N- and C-terminus of α-synuclein but the binding constants were only 105 M-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Kakish
- Department of Biochemistry, ‡Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College
of Pharmacy and Nutrition, and §Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 0W0
| | - Kevin J. H. Allen
- Department of Biochemistry, ‡Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College
of Pharmacy and Nutrition, and §Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 0W0
| | - Troy A. Harkness
- Department of Biochemistry, ‡Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College
of Pharmacy and Nutrition, and §Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 0W0
| | - Ed S. Krol
- Department of Biochemistry, ‡Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College
of Pharmacy and Nutrition, and §Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 0W0
| | - Jeremy S. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, ‡Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College
of Pharmacy and Nutrition, and §Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 0W0
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16
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Abstract
The misfolding of α-synuclein is a critical event in the death of dopaminergic neurons and the progression of Parkinson's disease. Drugs that bind to α-synuclein and form a loop structure between the N- and C-terminus tend to be neuroprotective, whereas others that cause a more compact structure tend to be neurotoxic. The binding of several natural products and other drugs that are involved in dopamine metabolism were investigated by nanopore analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry. The antinausea drugs, cinnarizine and metoclopramide, do not bind to α-synuclein, whereas amphetamine and the herbicides, paraquat and rotenone, bind tightly and cause α-synuclein to adopt a more compact conformation. The recreational drug, cocaine, binds to α-synuclein, whereas heroin and methadone do not. Metformin, which is prescribed for diabetes and is neuroprotective, binds well without causing α-synuclein to adopt a more compact conformation. Methylphenidate (ritalin) binds to sites in both the N- and C-terminus and causes α-synuclein to adopt a loop conformation. In contrast, amphetamine only binds to the N-terminus. Except for cinnarizine and metoclopramide, there is a good correlation between the mode of binding to α-synuclein and whether a drug is neuroprotective or neurotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Kakish
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Canada, S7N 0W0
| | - Dongsoo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Canada, S7N 0W0
| | - Jeremy S. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Canada, S7N 0W0
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17
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DeLoach A, Cozart M, Kiaei A, Kiaei M. A retrospective review of the progress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis drug discovery over the last decade and a look at the latest strategies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:1099-118. [PMID: 26307158 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1067197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug discovery for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has experienced a surge in clinical studies and remarkable preclinical milestones utilizing a variety of mutant superoxide dismutase 1 model systems. Of the drugs that were tested and showed positive preclinical effects, none demonstrated therapeutic benefits to ALS patients in clinical settings. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the advances made in drug discovery for ALS and highlights why drug development is proving to be so difficult. It also discusses how a closer look at both preclinical and clinical studies could uncover the reasons why these preclinical successes have yet to result in the availability of an effective drug for clinical use. EXPERT OPINION Valuable lessons from the numerous preclinical and clinical studies supply the biggest advantage in the monumental task of finding a cure for ALS. Obviously, a single design type for ALS clinical trials has not yielded success. The authors suggest a two-pronged approach that may prove essential to achieve clinical efficacy in the identification of novel targets and preclinical testing in multiple models to identify biomarkers that can function in diagnostic, predictive and prognostic roles, and changes to clinical trial design and patient recruitment criteria. The advancement of technology and invention of more powerful tools will further enhance the above. This will give rise to more sophisticated clinical trials with consideration of a range of criteria from: optimum dose, route of delivery, specific biomarkers, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicology to biomarkers, timing for trial and patients' clinical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail DeLoach
- a 1 University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences , Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Michael Cozart
- b 2 University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Arianna Kiaei
- a 1 University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences , Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Mahmoud Kiaei
- a 1 University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences , Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.,b 2 University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.,c 3 University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology , 4301 W. Markham St, 846, Little Rock, AR 72205 7199, USA
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18
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Abstract
Rasagiline (N-propargyl-1-R-aminoindan) and selegiline (1-deprenyl) are MAO-B inhibitors which are used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The binding of rasagiline, selegiline, and their metabolites including 1-aminoindan, 2-aminoindan, and methamphetamine to α-synuclein was investigated by nanopore analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry. Blockade current histograms of α-synuclein alone give a peak at -86 pA which is due to translocation of the protein through the pore. In the presence of rasagiline and R-1-aminoindan, this peak shifts to about -80 pA. In the presence of selegiline and R-methamphetamine, the number of events at -86 pA is reduced and there is a higher proportion of bumping events at about -25 pA which are due to a more compact conformation. Rasagiline can also bind to sites in both the N- and C-terminal regions of α-synuclein. The binding constants of rasagiline and selegiline were estimated by isothermal titration calorimetry to be about 5 × 10(5) and <10(4) M(-1), respectively. A model is presented in which both rasagiline and R-1-aminoindan bind to α-synuclein, forming a loop structure which is less likely to aggregate or form fibrils. In contrast, selegiline binds and forms a more compact structure similar to that formed by methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Kakish
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107
Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 0W0
| | - Omid Tavassoly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107
Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 0W0
| | - Jeremy S. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107
Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 0W0
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19
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Wiest DB, Chang E, Fanning D, Garner S, Cox T, Jenkins DD. Antenatal pharmacokinetics and placental transfer of N-acetylcysteine in chorioamnionitis for fetal neuroprotection. J Pediatr 2014; 165:672-7.e2. [PMID: 25064164 PMCID: PMC4177316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) and placental transfer of intravenous (i.v.) N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in mothers with a clinical diagnosis of chorioamnionitis (CA) and determine the PK of i.v. NAC in their infants. STUDY DESIGN In this prospective, double-blind study i.v. NAC 100 mg/kg/dose or saline was administered within 4 hours of CA diagnosis to pregnant women ≥24 weeks' gestation and then every 6 hours until delivery. Maternal PK and placental transfer were determined with maternal blood and matched maternal and cord venous blood. Neonatal PK estimates were determined from i.v. NAC (12.5-25 mg/kg/dose) administered every 12 hours for 5 doses. Noncompartmental analyses were performed for maternal and neonatal PK estimates. RESULTS Eleven mothers (5 preterm, 6 near-term) and 12 infants (1 set of twins) received NAC. Maternal clearance (CL) of NAC was faster than in nonpregnant adults, with a terminal elimination half-life of 1.2 ± 0.2 hours. The NAC cord to maternal ratio was 1.4 ± 0.8, suggesting rapid placental transfer and slower rate of fetal CL. Neonatal PK estimates for near-term compared with preterm infants showed a significantly shorter terminal elimination half-life (5.1 vs 7.5 hours, respectively) and greater CL (53.7 vs 45.0 mL/h/kg, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Maternal CL and placental transfer of NAC was rapid, with umbilical cord concentrations frequently exceeding maternal concentrations. The administration of NAC to mothers with CA achieves predictable NAC plasma concentrations in the fetus, indicating that antenatal neuroprotection may be possible for these newborns at high risk for neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B. Wiest
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Outcome Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Eugene Chang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Deanna Fanning
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Sandra Garner
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Outcome Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Toby Cox
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Outcome Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Dorothea D. Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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20
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Romero A, Egea J, González-Muñoz GC, Martı́n de Saavedra MD, del Barrio L, Rodríguez-Franco MI, Conde S, López MG, Villarroya M, de los Ríos C. ITH12410/SC058: a new neuroprotective compound with potential in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:770-5. [PMID: 25008046 DOI: 10.1021/cn500131t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective profile of the dibenzothiadiazepine ITH12410/SC058 (2-chloro-5,6-dihydro-5,6-diacetyldibenzo[b,f][1,4,5]thiadiazepine) against several neurotoxicity models related to neurodegenerative diseases is herein described. ITH12410/SC058 protected SH-SY5Y cells against the loss of cell viability elicited by amyloid beta peptide and okadaic acid, a selective inhibitor of phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A that induces neurofibrillary tangle formation. Furthermore, ITH12410/SC058 is neuroprotective against several in vitro models of oxidative stress, that is, H2O2 exposure or incubation with rotenone plus oligomycin A in SH-SY5Y cells, and oxygen and glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation in rat hippocampal slices. By contrast, ITH12410/SC058 was unable to significantly protect SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells against the toxicity elicited by Ca(2+) overload. Our results confirm the hypothesis that the dibenzothiadiazepine ITH12410/SC058 features its neuroprotective actions in a multitarget fashion, and is a promising drug for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- Instituto
Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo
Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Egea
- Instituto
Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo
Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M Dolores Martı́n de Saavedra
- Instituto
Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo
Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura del Barrio
- Instituto
Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo
Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Conde
- Instituto de Química
Médica (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de
la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G. López
- Instituto
Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo
Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio
de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación
Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/Diego de
León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Villarroya
- Instituto
Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo
Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristóbal de los Ríos
- Instituto
Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo
Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio
de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación
Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/Diego de
León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Halperin I, Morelli M, Korczyn AD, Youdim MBH, Mandel SA. Biomarkers for evaluation of clinical efficacy of multipotential neuroprotective drugs for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:128-40. [PMID: 19110204 PMCID: PMC5084261 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2008.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last century, the world population has shown a staggering increase in its proportion of elderly members and thus neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), respectively, are becoming an increasing burden on society. Among the diverse, significant challenges facing clinicians, is the improvement of diagnostic measures to detect early and subtle symptoms, a phase in which prevention efforts might be expected to have their greatest impact and provide a measure of disease progression that can be evaluated during the course of drug treatment. At present, clinical diagnosis of AD and PD is based on a constellation of symptoms and manifestations, although the disease originated several years earlier. Given the multiple etiological nature of AD and PD, it is reasonable to assume that the initial causative pathobiological processes may differ between the affected individuals. Therefore, the availability of biological markers or biomarkers will help not only early disease diagnosis, but also delineate the pathological mechanisms more definitively and reliably than the traditional cognitive and neurological phenotypes. In the current article, we review the literature on biochemical, genetic, and neuroimaging biomarkers and discuss their predictive value as indicative for disease vulnerability to detect individuals at risk for PD and AD, and to determine the clinical efficacy of novel, disease-modifying (neuroprotective) strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Halperin
- Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, 64239 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Micaela Morelli
- grid.7763.50000000417553242Department of Toxicology and Centre of Excellence for Neurobiology of Dependence, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Amos D. Korczyn
- grid.12136.370000000419370546Sieratzki Chair of Neurology, Tel-Aviv University Medical School, 31096 Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | - Moussa B. H. Youdim
- Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel, Efron St., P.O.B. 9697, 31096 Haifa, Israel
| | - Silvia A. Mandel
- Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel, Efron St., P.O.B. 9697, 31096 Haifa, Israel
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Yokoo H, Shiraishi S, Kobayashi H, Yanagita T, Minami SI, Yamamoto R, Wada A. Short- and long-term differential effects of neuroprotective drug NS-7 on voltage-dependent sodium channels in adrenal chromaffin cells. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 131:779-87. [PMID: 11030728 PMCID: PMC1572381 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, NS-7 [4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methyl-6-(5-piperidinopentyloxy) pyrimidine hydrochloride], a newly-synthesized neuroprotective drug, inhibited veratridine-induced (22)Na(+) influx via voltage-dependent Na(+) channels (IC(50)=11.4 microM). The inhibition by NS-7 occurred in the presence of ouabain, an inhibitor of Na(+),K(+) ATPase, but disappeared at higher concentration of veratridine, and upon the washout of NS-7. NS-7 attenuated veratridine-induced (45)Ca(2+) influx via voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels (IC(50)=20.0 microM) and catecholamine secretion (IC(50)=25.8 microM). Chronic (>/=12 h) treatment of cells with NS-7 increased cell surface [(3)H]-STX binding by 86% (EC(50)=10.5 microM; t(1/2)=27 h), but did not alter the K(D) value; it was prevented by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, or brefeldin A, an inhibitor of vesicular transport from the trans-Golgi network, but was not associated with increased levels of Na(+) channel alpha- and beta(1)-subunit mRNAs. In cells subjected to chronic NS-7 treatment, (22)Na(+) influx caused by veratridine (site 2 toxin), alpha-scorpion venom (site 3 toxin) or beta-scorpion venom (site 4 toxin) was suppressed even after the extensive washout of NS-7, and veratridine-induced (22)Na(+) influx remained depressed even at higher concentration of veratridine; however, either alpha- or beta-scorpion venom, or Ptychodiscus brevis toxin-3 (site 5 toxin) enhanced veratridine-induced (22)Na(+) influx as in nontreated cells. These results suggest that in the acute treatment, NS-7 binds to the site 2 and reversibly inhibits Na(+) channels, thereby reducing Ca(2+) channel gating and catecholamine secretion. Chronic treatment with NS-7 up-regulates cell surface Na(+) channels via translational and externalization events, but persistently inhibits Na(+) channel gating without impairing the cooperative interaction between the functional domains of Na(+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yokoo
- Department of Pharmacology, Miyazaki Medical College, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Seiji Shiraishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Miyazaki Medical College, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Miyazaki Medical College, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yanagita
- Department of Pharmacology, Miyazaki Medical College, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Minami
- Department of Pharmacology, Miyazaki Medical College, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Miyazaki Medical College, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Akihiko Wada
- Department of Pharmacology, Miyazaki Medical College, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
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Stefani A, Hainsworth AH, Spadoni F, Bernardi G. On the inhibition of voltage activated calcium currents in rat cortical neurones by the neuroprotective agent 619C89. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 125:1058-64. [PMID: 9846645 PMCID: PMC1565663 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The lamotrigine analogue 619C89, utilised to reduce postischaemic and posttraumatic neuronal injury, has been shown to inhibit sodium channels and cloned N-type calcium channels. To verify whether this neuroprotective agent also blocked native calcium channels, we have tested its action in cortical pyramidal neurones, acutely isolated from the adult rat brain. 2. 619C89 inhibited more than 90% of the high voltage-activated calcium currents recorded in the whole-cell configuration. The response was relatively slow in onset (30-60 s), recovered incompletely (96%), but showed no consistent desensitization. 3. This inhibitory effect was not selective for any calcium channel subtype, being largely unaffected by omega-conotoxin-GVIA, omega-agatoxin-IVA, omega-conotoxin-MVIIC and dihydropyridine antagonists. 4. Saturating responses to 619C89 were detected for concentrations > or = 50 microM. Dose-response curves revealed that 619C89 have an approximately 8 microM binding site. 5. The effect of 619C89 was dependent on the divalent concentrations in that its potency was reduced on increase of the charge carrier up to 20 mM barium. Since the lamotrigine analogue shifted to the right the dose-dependence of the cadmium block, the 619C89-mediated inhibition of calcium currents seemed to rely on a direct interaction with the channel pore. Functional implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stefani
- Department of Neuroscience, Università di Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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