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Levy RB, Mousa HM, Lightbourn CO, Shiuey EJ, Latoni D, Duffort S, Flynn R, Du J, Barreras H, Zaiken M, Paz K, Blazar BR, Perez VL. Analyses and Correlation of Pathologic and Ocular Cutaneous Changes in Murine Graft versus Host Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:184. [PMID: 35008621 PMCID: PMC8745722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is initiated by donor allo-reactive T cells activated against recipient antigens. Chronic GVHD (cGVHD) is characterized by immune responses that may resemble autoimmune features present in the scleroderma and Sjogren's syndrome. Unfortunately, ocular involvement occurs in approximately 60-90% of patients with cGVHD following allo-hematopoietic stem cell transplants (aHSCT). Ocular GVHD (oGVHD) may affect vision due to ocular adnexa damage leading to dry eye and keratopathy. Several other compartments including the skin are major targets of GVHD effector pathways. Using mouse aHSCT models, the objective was to characterize cGVHD associated alterations in the eye and skin to assess for correlations between these two organs. The examination of multiple models of MHC-matched and MHC-mismatched aHSCT identified a correlation between ocular and cutaneous involvement accompanying cGVHD. Studies detected a "positive" correlation, i.e., when cGVHD-induced ocular alterations were observed, cutaneous compartment alterations were also observed. When no or minimal ocular signs were detected, no or minimal skin changes were observed. In total, these findings suggest underlying cGVHD-inducing pathological immune mechanisms may be shared between the eye and skin. Based on the present observations, we posit that when skin involvement is present in aHSCT patients with cGVHD, the evaluation of the ocular surface by an ophthalmologist could potentially be of value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B. Levy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; (C.O.L.); (S.D.); (H.B.)
| | - Hazem M. Mousa
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (H.M.M.); (E.J.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Casey O. Lightbourn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; (C.O.L.); (S.D.); (H.B.)
| | - Eric J. Shiuey
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (H.M.M.); (E.J.S.); (D.L.)
| | - David Latoni
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (H.M.M.); (E.J.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Stephanie Duffort
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; (C.O.L.); (S.D.); (H.B.)
| | - Ryan Flynn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.F.); (J.D.); (M.Z.); (K.P.); (B.R.B.)
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.F.); (J.D.); (M.Z.); (K.P.); (B.R.B.)
| | - Henry Barreras
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; (C.O.L.); (S.D.); (H.B.)
| | - Michael Zaiken
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.F.); (J.D.); (M.Z.); (K.P.); (B.R.B.)
| | - Katelyn Paz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.F.); (J.D.); (M.Z.); (K.P.); (B.R.B.)
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.F.); (J.D.); (M.Z.); (K.P.); (B.R.B.)
| | - Victor L. Perez
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (H.M.M.); (E.J.S.); (D.L.)
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Timmers AM, Newmark JA, Turunen HT, Farivar T, Liu J, Song C, Ye GJ, Pennock S, Gaskin C, Knop DR, Shearman MS. Ocular Inflammatory Response to Intravitreal Injection of Adeno-Associated Virus Vector: Relative Contribution of Genome and Capsid. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 31:80-89. [PMID: 31544533 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Both subretinal dosing and intravitreal (IVT) dosing of adeno-associated virus (AAV) in higher species induce mild and transient inflammatory responses that increase with dose. Foreign protein and foreign DNA are known inducers of inflammation, which is also true in the immune-privileged ocular environment. We explored which component(s) of AAV vectors, viral capsid, or viral DNA drive inflammatory responses. Recombinant AAV with three tyrosine to phenylalanine substitutions in the capsid of AAV serotype 2 (rAAV2tYF), and with a generic ubiquitous promoter (cytomegalovirus [CMV]) controlling the expression of humanized green fluorescent protein (hGFP), was processed to enrich for AAV capsids containing genome (full capsids), capsids without genome (empty capsids), and residual material. Nonhuman primate eyes were injected by IVT in both eyes. During in-life, ocular inflammation and development of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) were measured. Following termination, lymph node immunophenotyping was performed, vitreous was processed for cytokine and RNAseq analyses, and ocular sections were assessed for transgene expression (by in situ hybridization) and histopathology. IVT dosing of AAV vectors transiently raised cellular inflammation in the aqueous and induced a more sustained inflammation in the vitreous. Lowering the total capsid dose by removing empty AAV capsids reduced inflammation and improved viral transduction. IVT dosing of AAV induced systemic NAb to AAV irrespective of the vector preparation. Similarly, lymph node immunophenotyping revealed identical profiles irrespective of viral preparation used for dosing. Immune cells in the vitreous were identified based on RNAseq analysis. Three months postdose, cytokine levels were low, indicative of minimal levels of inflammation in agreement with histopathological assessment of the retina.
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