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Gandolfi MG, Zamparini F, Valente S, Parchi G, Pasquinelli G, Taddei P, Prati C. Green Hydrogels Composed of Sodium Mannuronate/Guluronate, Gelatin and Biointeractive Calcium Silicates/Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate Designed for Oral Bone Defects Regeneration. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:3439. [PMID: 34947788 PMCID: PMC8706657 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Innovative green, eco-friendly, and biologically derived hydrogels for non-load bearing bone sites were conceived and produced. Natural polysaccharides (copolymers of sodium D-mannuronate and L-guluronate) with natural polypeptides (gelatin) and bioactive mineral fillers (calcium silicates CaSi and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate DCPD) were used to obtain eco-sustainable biomaterials for oral bone defects. Three PP-x:y formulations were prepared (PP-16:16, PP-33:22, and PP-31:31), where PP represents the polysaccharide/polypeptide matrix and x and y represent the weight % of CaSi and DCPD, respectively. Hydrogels were tested for their chemical-physical properties (calcium release and alkalizing activity in deionized water, porosity, solubility, water sorption, radiopacity), surface microchemistry and micromorphology, apatite nucleation in HBSS by ESEM-EDX, FT-Raman, and micro-Raman spectroscopies. The expression of vascular (CD31) and osteogenic (alkaline phosphatase ALP and osteocalcin OCN) markers by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from human vascular walls, cultured in direct contact with hydrogels or with 10% of extracts was analysed. All mineral-filled hydrogels, in particular PP-31:31 and PP-33:22, released Calcium ions and alkalized the soaking water for three days. Calcium ion leakage was high at all the endpoints (3 h-28 d), while pH values were high at 3 h-3 d and then significantly decreased after seven days (p < 0.05). Porosity, solubility, and water sorption were higher for PP-31:31 (p < 0.05). The ESEM of fresh samples showed a compact structure with a few pores containing small mineral granules agglomerated in some areas (size 5-20 microns). PP-CTRL degraded after 1-2 weeks in HBSS. EDX spectroscopy revealed constitutional compounds and elements of the hydrogel (C, O, N, and S) and of the mineral powders (Ca, Si and P). After 28 days in HBSS, the mineral-filled hydrogels revealed a more porous structure, partially covered with a thicker mineral layer on PP-31:31. EDX analyses of the mineral coating showed Ca and P, and Raman revealed the presence of B-type carbonated apatite and calcite. MSCs cultured in contact with mineral-filled hydrogels revealed the expression of genes related to vascular (CD31) and osteogenic (mainly OCN) differentiation. Lower gene expression was found when cells were cultured with extracts added to the culture medium. The incorporation of biointeractive mineral powders in a green bio-derived algae-based matrix allowed to produce bioactive porous hydrogels able to release biologically relevant ions and create a suitable micro-environment for stem cells, resulting in interesting materials for bone regeneration and healing in oral bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Gandolfi
- Laboratory of Green Biomaterials and Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, DIBINEM, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy; (F.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Fausto Zamparini
- Laboratory of Green Biomaterials and Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, DIBINEM, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy; (F.Z.); (G.P.)
- Endodontic Clinical Section, School of Dentistry, DIBINEM, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Valente
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, DIMES, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.V.); (G.P.)
| | - Greta Parchi
- Laboratory of Green Biomaterials and Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, DIBINEM, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy; (F.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Gianandrea Pasquinelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, DIMES, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.V.); (G.P.)
- Subcellular Nephro-Vascular Diagnostic Program, Pathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Taddei
- Biochemistry Unit, DIBINEM, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Carlo Prati
- Endodontic Clinical Section, School of Dentistry, DIBINEM, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy;
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Forni M, Bernardini C, Zamparini F, Zannoni A, Salaroli R, Ventrella D, Parchi G, Degli Esposti M, Polimeni A, Fabbri P, Fava F, Prati C, Gandolfi MG. Vascular Wall-Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation on 3D Biodegradable Highly Porous CaSi-DCPD Doped Poly (α-hydroxy) Acids Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10020243. [PMID: 32013247 PMCID: PMC7075175 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascularization is a crucial factor when approaching any engineered tissue. Vascular wall-mesenchymal stem cells are an excellent in vitro model to study vascular remodeling due to their strong angiogenic attitude. This study aimed to demonstrate the angiogenic potential of experimental highly porous scaffolds based on polylactic acid (PLA) or poly-e-caprolactone (PCL) doped with calcium silicates (CaSi) and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), namely PLA-10CaSi-10DCPD and PCL-10CaSi-10DCPD, designed for the regeneration of bone defects. Vascular wall-mesenchymal stem cells (VW-MSCs) derived from pig thoracic aorta were seeded on the scaffolds and the expression of angiogenic markers, i.e. CD90 (mesenchymal stem/stromal cell surface marker), pericyte genes α-SMA (alpha smooth muscle actin), PDGFR-β (platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β), and NG2 (neuron-glial antigen 2) was evaluated. Pure PLA and pure PCL scaffolds and cell culture plastic were used as controls (3D in vitro model vs. 2D in vitro model). The results clearly demonstrated that the vascular wall mesenchymal cells colonized the scaffolds and were metabolically active. Cells, grown in these 3D systems, showed the typical gene expression profile they have in control 2D culture, although with some main quantitative differences. DNA staining and immunofluorescence assay for alpha-tubulin confirmed a cellular presence on both scaffolds. However, VW-MSCs cultured on PLA-10CaSi-10DCPD showed an individual cells growth, whilst on PCL-10CaSi-10DCPD scaffolds VW-MSCs grew in spherical clusters. In conclusion, vascular wall mesenchymal stem cells demonstrated the ability to colonize PLA and PCL scaffolds doped with CaSi-DCPD for new vessels formation and a potential for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.); (A.Z.); (R.S.); (D.V.)
| | - Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.); (A.Z.); (R.S.); (D.V.)
| | - Fausto Zamparini
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Green Materials and Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy; (F.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Augusta Zannoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.); (A.Z.); (R.S.); (D.V.)
| | - Roberta Salaroli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.); (A.Z.); (R.S.); (D.V.)
| | - Domenico Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.); (A.Z.); (R.S.); (D.V.)
| | - Greta Parchi
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Green Materials and Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy; (F.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Micaela Degli Esposti
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.D.E.); (P.F.); (F.F.)
| | - Antonella Polimeni
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Sciences, Pediatric Dentistry Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paola Fabbri
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.D.E.); (P.F.); (F.F.)
| | - Fabio Fava
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.D.E.); (P.F.); (F.F.)
| | - Carlo Prati
- Endodontic Clinical Section, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Maria Giovanna Gandolfi
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Green Materials and Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy; (F.Z.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence:
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