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Narasaraju T, Neeli I, Criswell SL, Krishnappa A, Meng W, Silva V, Bila G, Vovk V, Serhiy Z, Bowlin GL, Meyer N, Luning Prak ET, Radic M, Bilyy R. Neutrophil Activity and Extracellular Matrix Degradation: Drivers of Lung Tissue Destruction in Fatal COVID-19 Cases and Implications for Long COVID. Biomolecules 2024; 14:236. [PMID: 38397474 PMCID: PMC10886497 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis, severe alveolitis, and the inability to restore alveolar epithelial architecture are primary causes of respiratory failure in fatal COVID-19 cases. However, the factors contributing to abnormal fibrosis in critically ill COVID-19 patients remain unclear. This study analyzed the histopathology of lung specimens from eight COVID-19 and six non-COVID-19 postmortems. We assessed the distribution and changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, including elastin and collagen, in lung alveoli through morphometric analyses. Our findings reveal the significant degradation of elastin fibers along the thin alveolar walls of the lung parenchyma, a process that precedes the onset of interstitial collagen deposition and widespread intra-alveolar fibrosis. Lungs with collapsed alveoli and organized fibrotic regions showed extensive fragmentation of elastin fibers, accompanied by alveolar epithelial cell death. Immunoblotting of lung autopsy tissue extracts confirmed elastin degradation. Importantly, we found that the loss of elastin was strongly correlated with the induction of neutrophil elastase (NE), a potent protease that degrades ECM. This study affirms the critical role of neutrophils and neutrophil enzymes in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Consistently, we observed increased staining for peptidyl arginine deiminase, a marker for neutrophil extracellular trap release, and myeloperoxidase, an enzyme-generating reactive oxygen radical, indicating active neutrophil involvement in lung pathology. These findings place neutrophils and elastin degradation at the center of impaired alveolar function and argue that elastolysis and alveolitis trigger abnormal ECM repair and fibrosis in fatal COVID-19 cases. Importantly, this study has implications for severe COVID-19 complications, including long COVID and other chronic inflammatory and fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teluguakula Narasaraju
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA or (T.N.); (I.N.); (V.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Center for Research and Innovation, Adichunchanagiri University, Mandya 571448, India
| | - Indira Neeli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA or (T.N.); (I.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Sheila L. Criswell
- Department of Diagnostic and Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Amita Krishnappa
- Department of Pathology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Adichunchanagiri University, Mandya 571448, India;
| | - Wenzhao Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (W.M.); (E.T.L.P.)
| | - Vasuki Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA or (T.N.); (I.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Galyna Bila
- Department of Histology, Cytology, Histology & Embryology, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine; (G.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Volodymyr Vovk
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine;
- Lviv Regional Pathological Anatomy Office, CU ENT (Pulmonology Lviv Regional Diagnostic Center), 79000 Lviv, Ukraine;
| | - Zolotukhin Serhiy
- Lviv Regional Pathological Anatomy Office, CU ENT (Pulmonology Lviv Regional Diagnostic Center), 79000 Lviv, Ukraine;
| | - Gary L. Bowlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
| | - Nuala Meyer
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Translational Lung Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eline T. Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (W.M.); (E.T.L.P.)
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Marko Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA or (T.N.); (I.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Rostyslav Bilyy
- Department of Histology, Cytology, Histology & Embryology, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine; (G.B.); (R.B.)
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Shindo S, Pierrelus R, Ikeda A, Nakamura S, Heidari A, Pastore MR, Leon E, Ruiz S, Chheda H, Khatiwala R, Kumagai T, Tolson G, Elderbashy I, Ouhara K, Han X, Hernandez M, Vardar-Sengul S, Shiba H, Kawai T. Extracellular Release of Citrullinated Vimentin Directly Acts on Osteoclasts to Promote Bone Resorption in a Mouse Model of Periodontitis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081109. [PMID: 37190018 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated osteoclast (OC)-mediated bone resorption, a common pathological feature between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), implicates a possible mutually shared pathogenesis. The autoantibody to citrullinated vimentin (CV), a representative biomarker of RA, is reported to promote osteoclastogenesis (OC-genesis). However, its effect on OC-genesis in the context of periodontitis remains to be elucidated. In an in vitro experiment, the addition of exogenous CV upregulated the development of Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear OCs from mouse bone marrow cells and increased the formation of resorption pits. However, Cl-amidine, an irreversible pan-peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) inhibitor, suppressed the production and secretion of CV from RANKL-stimulated OC precursors, suggesting that the citrullination of vimentin occurs in OC precursors. On the other hand, the anti-vimentin neutralizing antibody suppressed in vitro Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL)-induced OC-genesis. The CV-induced upregulation of OC-genesis was abrogated by the Protein kinase C (PKC)-δ inhibitor Rottlerin, accompanied by the downmodulation of OC-genesis-related genes, including Osteoclast stimulatory transmembrane protein (OC-STAMP), TRAP and Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) as well as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-kinase phosphorylation. Elevated levels of soluble CV and vimentin-bearing mononuclear cells were found in the bone resorption lesions of periodontitis induced in mice in the absence of an anti-CV antibody. Finally, local injection of anti-vimentin neutralizing antibody suppressed the periodontal bone loss induced in mice. Collectively, these results indicated that the extracellular release of CV promoted OC-genesis and bone resorption in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Shindo
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Roodelyne Pierrelus
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Shin Nakamura
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Alireza Heidari
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Maria Rita Pastore
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Elizabeth Leon
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Sunniva Ruiz
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Harsh Chheda
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Rhea Khatiwala
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Tomoki Kumagai
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
- Department of Biological Endodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - George Tolson
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Islam Elderbashy
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Maria Hernandez
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Saynur Vardar-Sengul
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Hideki Shiba
- Department of Biological Endodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
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Uhm S, Cho YA, Choe JY, Park JW, Kim MJ, Han WH, Lee J, Lee JW, Shin DW, Soh JS, Lim H, Kang HS, Moon SH, Kim SE. Expression of Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 2 Is Closely Associated with Recurrence in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13. [PMID: 36832148 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13040659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminases (PAD) enzymes have been investigated in various cancers. Recently, PAD enzyme, in particular PAD2, has been further implicated in cancers. Although the expression of PAD2 was significantly higher in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue, its diagnostic or prognostic role of PAD2 in HCC patients is unknown. This study investigated whether the expression of PAD2 affects recurrence and survival in HCC patients who underwent hepatic resection. One hundred and twenty-two HCC patients after hepatic resection were enrolled. The median follow-up was 41 months (range 1-213 months) in enrolled patients. To investigate an association between PAD2 expression level and the clinical characteristics of enrolled patients, the recurrence of HCC following surgical resection and survival of the patients were examined. Ninety-eight cases (80.3%) of HCC demonstrated a higher expression of PAD2. The expression of PAD2 was correlated with age, hepatitis B virus positivity, hypertension, and higher alpha-fetoprotein level. There was no association between PAD2 expression and sex, diabetes mellitus, Child-Pugh class, major portal vein invasion, HCC size or number. The recurrence rates in patients with lower PAD2 expression were higher than those with higher PAD2 expression. The cumulative survival rates of patients with higher PAD2 expression were better than those of patients with lower PAD2 expression, but it was not statistically significant. In conclusion, PAD2 expression is closely associated with recurrence of HCC patients following surgical resection.
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Pan B, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang W, Huang G, Ouyang Y. Circulating CitH3 Is a Reliable Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker of Septic Patients in Acute Pancreatitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:766391. [PMID: 34868018 PMCID: PMC8637845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.766391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease. AP starts with sterile inflammation and is often complicated with critical local or systemic infection or sepsis in severe cases. Septic AP activates peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) and citrullinates histone H3 (CitH3), leading to neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Investigating the role of NETs and underlying mechanisms in septic AP may facilitate developing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this study, we sought to identify the expression of CitH3 in septic AP patients and to analyze the correlation of CitH3 concentration with NET components as well as clinical outcomes. Methods Seventy AP patients with or without sepsis (40 septic cases, 30 nonseptic cases) and 30 healthy volunteers were recruited in this study. Concentration of NET components (CitH3 and double-strain DNA) and key enzymes (PAD2/4) were measured. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients were recorded and analyzed. Results Levels of CitH3 were elevated significantly in septic AP patients compared with those in nonseptic AP and healthy volunteers. The area under the curve (AUC, 95% confidence interval) for diagnosing septic AP was 0.93 (0.86–1.003), and the cutoff was 43.05 pg/ml. Among septic AP cases (n = 40), the concentration of CitH3 was significantly increased in those who did not survive or were admitted to the intensive care unit, when compared with that in those who survived or did not require intensive care unit. Association analysis revealed that CitH3 concentration was positively correlated with PAD2, PAD4, dsDNA concentration, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores. Conclusion CitH3 concentration increased in septic AP patients and was closely correlated with disease severity and clinical outcomes. CitH3 may potentially be a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of septic AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihong Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaozhen Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gengwen Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Ouyang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Kang H, Seo J, Yang EJ, Choi IH. Silver Nanoparticles Induce Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Via Activation of PAD and Neutrophil Elastase. Biomolecules 2021; 11:317. [PMID: 33669660 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in various fields because of their antimicrobial properties. However, many studies have reported that AgNPs can be harmful to both microorganisms and humans. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a key factor of cytotoxicity of AgNPs in mammalian cells and an important factor in the immune reaction of neutrophils. The immune reactions of neutrophils include the expulsion of webs of DNA surrounded by histones and granular proteins. These webs of DNA are termed neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs allow neutrophils to catch and destroy pathogens in extracellular spaces. In this study, we investigated how AgNPs stimulate neutrophils, specifically focusing on NETs. Freshly isolated human neutrophils were treated with 5 or 100 nm AgNPs. The 5 nm AgNPs induced NET formation, but the 100 nm AgNPs did not. Subsequently, we investigated the mechanism of AgNP-induced NETs using known inhibitors related to NET formation. AgNP-induced NETs were dependent on ROS, peptidyl arginine deiminase, and neutrophil elastase. The result in this study indicates that treatment of 5 nm AgNPs induce NET formation through histone citrullination by peptidyl arginine deiminase and histone cleavage by neutrophil elastase.
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Odqvist L, Jevnikar Z, Riise R, Öberg L, Rhedin M, Leonard D, Yrlid L, Jackson S, Mattsson J, Nanda S, Cohen P, Knebel A, Arthur S, Thörn K, Svenungsson E, Jönsen A, Gunnarsson I, Tandre K, Alexsson A, Kastbom A, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Eloranta ML, Syvänen AC, Bengtsson A, Johansson P, Sandling JK, Sjöwall C, Rönnblom L, Collins B, Vaarala O. Genetic variations in A20 DUB domain provide a genetic link to citrullination and neutrophil extracellular traps in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 78:1363-1370. [PMID: 31300459 PMCID: PMC6788882 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genetic variations in TNFAIP3 (A20) de-ubiquitinase (DUB) domain increase the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis. A20 is a negative regulator of NF-κB but the role of its DUB domain and related genetic variants remain unclear. We aimed to study the functional effects of A20 DUB-domain alterations in immune cells and understand its link to SLE pathogenesis. METHODS CRISPR/Cas9 was used to generate human U937 monocytes with A20 DUB-inactivating C103A knock-in (KI) mutation. Whole genome RNA-sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes between WT and C103A KI cells. Functional studies were performed in A20 C103A U937 cells and in immune cells from A20 C103A mice and genotyped healthy individuals with A20 DUB polymorphism rs2230926. Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation was addressed ex vivo in neutrophils from A20 C103A mice and SLE-patients with rs2230926. RESULTS Genetic disruption of A20 DUB domain in human and murine myeloid cells did not give rise to enhanced NF-κB signalling. Instead, cells with C103A mutation or rs2230926 polymorphism presented an upregulated expression of PADI4, an enzyme regulating protein citrullination and NET formation, two key mechanisms in autoimmune pathology. A20 C103A cells exhibited enhanced protein citrullination and extracellular trap formation, which could be suppressed by selective PAD4 inhibition. Moreover, SLE-patients with rs2230926 showed increased NETs and increased frequency of autoantibodies to citrullinated epitopes. CONCLUSIONS We propose that genetic alterations disrupting the A20 DUB domain mediate increased susceptibility to SLE through the upregulation of PADI4 with resultant protein citrullination and extracellular trap formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Odqvist
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Zala Jevnikar
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Riise
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lisa Öberg
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Rhedin
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Dag Leonard
- Department of Medical Sciences, Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linda Yrlid
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sonya Jackson
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Johan Mattsson
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sambit Nanda
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Philip Cohen
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Axel Knebel
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Simon Arthur
- Division of Immunology and Cell Signaling, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Kristofer Thörn
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Svenungsson
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Jönsen
- Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Science Lund, Rheumatology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karolina Tandre
- Department of Medical Sciences, Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrei Alexsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alf Kastbom
- Department of Rheumatology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Solbritt Rantapää-Dahlqvist
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Rheumatology, Umeå Universitet Medicinska fakulteten, Umea, Sweden
| | - Maija-Leena Eloranta
- Department of Medical Sciences, Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Bengtsson
- Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Science Lund, Rheumatology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrik Johansson
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Johanna K Sandling
- Department of Medical Sciences, Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sjöwall
- Department of Rheumatology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Barry Collins
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Outi Vaarala
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Department, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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Wiefel L, Steinbüchel A. Enzymatic Modification of Soluble Cyanophycin Using the Type II Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase from Oryctolagus cuniculus. Macromol Biosci 2016; 16:1064-71. [PMID: 26953800 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An increased structural variety expands the number of putative applications for cyanophycin (multi-l-arginyl-poly-[l-aspartic acid], CGP). Therefore, structural modifications of CGP are of major interest; these are commonly obtained by modification and optimization of the bacterial producing strain or by chemical modification. In this study, an enzymatic modification of arginine side chains from lysine-rich CGP is demonstrated using the peptidyl arginine deiminase from Oryctolagus cuniculus, purified from Escherichia coli after heterologous expression. About 10% of the arginine side chains are converted to citrulline which corresponds to 4% of the polymer's total side chains. An inhibition of the reaction in the presence of small amounts of l-citrulline is observed, thereby explaining the low conversion rate. CGP dipeptides can be modified with about 7.5 mol% of the Asp-Arg dipeptides being converted to Asp-Cit. These results show that the enzymatic modification of CGP is feasible, opening up a whole new area of possible CGP modifications for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wiefel
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Corrensstraße 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinbüchel
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Corrensstraße 3, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Environmental Science Department, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Enriquez-Algeciras M, Bhattacharya SK, Serra HM. Deimination level and peptidyl arginine deiminase 2 expression are elevated in astrocytes with increased incubation temperature. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1388-98. [PMID: 25801379 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes respond to environmental cues, including changes in temperatures. Increased deimination, observed in many progressive neurological diseases, is thought to be contributed by astrocytes. We determined the level of deimination and expression of peptidyl arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) in isolated primary astrocytes in response to changes on either side (31°C and 41°C) of the optimal temperature (37°C). We investigated changes in the astrocytes by using a number of established markers and accounted for cell death with the CellTiter-Blue assay. We found increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, ALDH1L1, and J1-31, resulting from increased incubation temperature and increased expression of TSP1, S100β, and AQP4, resulting from decreased incubation temperature vs. optimal temperature, suggesting activation of different biochemical pathways in astrocytes associated with different incubation temperatures. Mass spectrometric analyses support such trends. The PAD2 level was increased only as a result of increased incubation temperature with a commensurate increased level of deimination. Actin cytoskeleton and iso[4]LGE, a lipid peroxidase modification, also showed an increase with higher incubation temperature. Altogether, these results suggest that temperature, as an environmental cue, activates astrocytes in a different manner on either side of the optimal temperature and that increase in deimination is associated only with the higher temperature side of the spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Enriquez-Algeciras
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,CIBICI, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, República Argentina
| | - Sanjoy K Bhattacharya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Horacio M Serra
- CIBICI, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, República Argentina
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Lange S, Gögel S, Leung KY, Vernay B, Nicholas AP, Causey CP, Thompson PR, Greene ND, Ferretti P. Protein deiminases: new players in the developmentally regulated loss of neural regenerative ability. Dev Biol 2011; 355:205-14. [PMID: 21539830 PMCID: PMC4768803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord regenerative ability is lost with development, but the mechanisms underlying this loss are still poorly understood. In chick embryos, effective regeneration does not occur after E13, when spinal cord injury induces extensive apoptotic response and tissue damage. As initial experiments showed that treatment with a calcium chelator after spinal cord injury reduced apoptosis and cavitation, we hypothesized that developmentally regulated mediators of calcium-dependent processes in secondary injury response may contribute to loss of regenerative ability. To this purpose we screened for such changes in chick spinal cords at stages of development permissive (E11) and non-permissive (E15) for regeneration. Among the developmentally regulated calcium-dependent proteins identified was PAD3, a member of the peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzyme family that converts protein arginine residues to citrulline, a process known as deimination or citrullination. This post-translational modification has not been previously associated with response to injury. Following injury, PAD3 up-regulation was greater in spinal cords injured at E15 than at E11. Consistent with these differences in gene expression, deimination was more extensive at the non-regenerating stage, E15, both in the gray and white matter. As deimination paralleled the extent of apoptosis, we investigated the effect of blocking PAD activity on cell death and deiminated-histone 3, one of the PAD targets we identified by mass-spectrometry analysis of spinal cord deiminated proteins. Treatment with the PAD inhibitor, Cl-amidine, reduced the abundance of deiminated-histone 3, consistent with inhibition of PAD activity, and significantly reduced apoptosis and tissue loss following injury at E15. Altogether, our findings identify PADs and deimination as developmentally regulated modulators of secondary injury response, and suggest that PADs might be valuable therapeutic targets for spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Lange
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Stefanie Gögel
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Kit-Yi Leung
- Neural Development Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Bertrand Vernay
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Anthony P. Nicholas
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Corey P. Causey
- University of South Carolina, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Columbia, 29208, USA
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, TSRI, Scripps Florida, Florida 33458 USA
| | | | - Patrizia Ferretti
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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