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Youssef J, Zhu S, Crunteanu A, Orlianges JC, Ho HP, Bachelot R, Zeng S. Highly Sensitive Plasmonic Biosensors with Precise Phase Singularity Coupling on the Metastructures. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:bios12100866. [PMID: 36291002 PMCID: PMC9599844 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrated the ability of a plasmonic metasensor to detect ultra-low refractive index changes (in the order of ∆n = 10-10 RIU), using an innovative phase-change material, vanadium dioxide (VO2), as the sensing layer. Different from current cumbersome plasmonic biosensing setups based on optical-phase-singularity measurement, our phase signal detection is based on the direct measurement of the phase-related lateral position shift (Goos-Hänchen) at the sensing interface. The high sensitivity (1.393 × 108 μm/RIU for ∆n = 10-10 RIU), based on the Goos-Hänchen lateral shift of the reflected wave, becomes significant when the sensor is excited at resonance, due to the near-zero reflectivity dip, which corresponds to the absolute dark point (lower than 10-6). GH shifts in the order of 2.997 × 103 μm were obtained using the optimal metasurface configuration. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) curves (reflectivity, phase, GH) and electromagnetic simulations were derived using the MATLAB programming algorithm (by the transfer matrix method) and Comsol modeling (by finite element analysis), respectively. These results will provide a feasible way for the detection of cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Youssef
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Shaodi Zhu
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Aurelian Crunteanu
- XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252 CNRS/University of Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Orlianges
- XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252 CNRS/University of Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France
| | - Ho-Pui Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Shuwen Zeng
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
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Abutoama M, Abuleil M, Abdulhalim I. Resonant Subwavelength and Nano-Scale Grating Structures for Biosensing Application: A Comparative Study. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:4523. [PMID: 34282800 PMCID: PMC8271722 DOI: 10.3390/s21134523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Resonant-based sensors are attractive optical structures due to the easy detection of shifts in the resonance location in response to variations in the analyte refractive index (RI) in comparison to non-resonant-based sensors. In particular, due to the rapid progress of nanostructures fabrication methods, the manufacturing of subwavelength and nano-scale gratings in a large area and at a low cost has become possible. A comparative study is presented involving analysis and experimental work on several subwavelength and nanograting structures, highlighting their nano-scale features' high potential in biosensing applications, namely: (i) Thin dielectric grating on top of thin metal film (TDGTMF), which can support the excitation of extended surface plasmons (ESPs), guided mode resonance, or leaky mode; (ii) reflecting grating for conventional ESP resonance (ESPR) and cavity modes (CMs) excitation; (iii) thick dielectric resonant subwavelength grating exhibiting guided mode resonance (GMR) without a waveguide layer. Among the unique features, we highlight the following: (a) Self-referenced operation obtained using the TDGTMF geometry; (b) multimodal operation, including ESPR, CMs, and surface-enhanced spectroscopy using reflecting nanograting; (c) phase detection as a more sensitive approach in all cases, except the case of reflecting grating where phase detection is less sensitive than intensity or wavelength detection. Additionally, intensity and phase detection modes were experimentally demonstrated using off-the-shelf grating-based optical compact discs as a low-cost sensors available for use in a large area. Several flexible designs are proposed for sensing in the visible and infrared spectral ranges based on the mentioned geometries. In addition, enhanced penetration depth is also proposed for sensing large entities such as cells and bacteria using the TDGTMF geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abutoama
- Department of Electrooptics and Photonics Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel;
| | | | - Ibrahim Abdulhalim
- Department of Electrooptics and Photonics Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel;
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Brunner V, Siegl M, Geier D, Becker T. Biomass soft sensor for a Pichia pastoris fed-batch process based on phase detection and hybrid modeling. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2749-2759. [PMID: 32510166 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A common control strategy for the production of recombinant proteins in Pichia pastoris using the alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) promotor is to separate the bioprocess into two main phases: biomass generation on glycerol and protein production via methanol induction. This study reports the establishment of a soft sensor for the prediction of biomass concentration that adapts automatically to these distinct phases. A hybrid approach combining mechanistic (carbon balance) and data-driven modeling (multiple linear regression) is used for this purpose. The model parameters are dynamically adapted according to the current process phase using a multilevel phase detection algorithm. This algorithm is based on the online data of CO2 in the off-gas (absolute value and first derivative) and cumulative base feed. The evaluation of the model resulted in a mean relative prediction error of 5.52% and R² of .96 for the entire process. The resulting model was implemented as a soft sensor for the online monitoring of the P. pastoris bioprocess. The soft sensor can be used for quality control and as input to process control systems, for example, for methanol control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Brunner
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Manuel Siegl
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Dominik Geier
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Bello V, Simoni A, Merlo S. Spectral Phase Shift Interferometry for Refractive Index Monitoring in Micro-Capillaries. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20041043. [PMID: 32075175 PMCID: PMC7070839 DOI: 10.3390/s20041043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate spectral phase-shift interferometry operating in the near-infrared wavelength range for refractive index (RI) monitoring of fluidic samples in micro-capillaries. A detailed theoretical model was developed to calculate the phase-sensitive spectral reflectivity when low-cost rectangular glass micro-capillaries, filled with samples with different refractive indices, are placed at the end of the measurment arm of a Michelson interferometer. From the phase-sensitive spectral reflectivity, we recovered the cosine-shaped interferometric signal as a function of the wavelength, as well as its dependence on the sample RI. Using the readout radiation provided by a 40-nm wideband light source with a flat emission spectrum centered at 1.55 µm and a 2 × 1 fiberoptic coupler on the common input-output optical path, experimental results were found to be in good agreement with the expected theoretical behavior. The shift of the micro-capillary optical resonances, induced by RI variations in the filling fluids (comparing saline solution with respect to distilled water, and isopropanol with respect to ethanol) were clearly detected by monitoring the positions of steep phase jumps in the cosine-shaped interferometric signal recorded as a function of the wavelength. By adding a few optical components to the instrumental configuration previously demonstrated for the spectral amplitude detection of resonances, we achieved phase-sensitive detection of the wavelength positions of the resonances as a function of the filling fluid RI. The main advantage consists of recovering RI variations by detecting the wavelength shift of “sharp peaks”, with any amplitude above a threshold in the interferometric signal derivative, instead of “wide minima” in the reflected power spectra, which are more easily affected by uncertainties due to amplitude fluctuations.
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Durdaut P, Höft M, Friedt JM, Rubiola E. Equivalence of Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Operation of SAW Resonators and Delay Lines. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19010185. [PMID: 30621029 PMCID: PMC6339006 DOI: 10.3390/s19010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors in the form of two-port resonators or delay lines are widely used in various fields of application. The readout of such sensors is achieved by electronic systems operating either in an open-loop or in a closed-loop configuration. The mode of operation of the sensor system is usually chosen based on requirements like, e.g., bandwidth, dynamic range, linearity, costs, and immunity against environmental influences. Because the limit of detection (LOD) at the output of a sensor system is often one of the most important figures of merit, both readout structures, i.e., open-loop and closed-loop systems, are analyzed in terms of the minimum achievable LOD. Based on a comprehensive phase noise analysis of these structures for both resonant sensors and delay line sensors, expressions for the various limits of detection are derived. Under generally valid conditions, the equivalence of open-loop and closed-loop operation is shown for both types of sensors. These results are not only valid for SAW devices, but are also applicable to all kinds of phase-sensitive sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Durdaut
- Chair of Microwave Engineering, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Michael Höft
- Chair of Microwave Engineering, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jean-Michel Friedt
- FEMTO-ST Institute, Department of Time and Frequency, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), and CNRS, ENSMM, 26 Rue de l'Épitaphe, 25000 Besançon, France.
| | - Enrico Rubiola
- FEMTO-ST Institute, Department of Time and Frequency, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), and CNRS, ENSMM, 26 Rue de l'Épitaphe, 25000 Besançon, France.
- Physics Metrology Division, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada Delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy.
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Deng S, Wang P, Yu X. Phase-Sensitive Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors: Recent Progress and Future Prospects. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:E2819. [PMID: 29206182 DOI: 10.3390/s17122819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is an optical sensing technique that is capable of performing real-time, label-free and high-sensitivity monitoring of molecular interactions. SPR biosensors can be divided according to their operating principles into angle-, wavelength-, intensity- and phase-interrogated devices. With their complex optical configurations, phase-interrogated SPR sensors generally provide higher sensitivity and throughput, and have thus recently emerged as prominent biosensing devices. To date, several methods have been developed for SPR phase interrogation, including heterodyne detection, polarimetry, shear interferometry, spatial phase modulation interferometry and temporal phase modulation interferometry. This paper summarizes the fundamentals of phase-sensitive SPR sensing, reviews the available methods for phase interrogation of these sensors, and discusses the future prospects for and trends in the development of this technology.
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Crescentini M, Rossi M, Ashburn P, Lombardini M, Sangiorgi E, Morgan H, Tartagni M. AC and Phase Sensing of Nanowires for Biosensing. Biosensors (Basel) 2016; 6:15. [PMID: 27104577 DOI: 10.3390/bios6020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanowires are label-free sensors that allow real-time measurements. They are economical and pave the road for point-of-care applications but require complex readout and skilled personnel. We propose a new model and technique for sensing nanowire sensors using alternating currents (AC) to capture both magnitude and phase information from the sensor. This approach combines the advantages of complex impedance spectroscopy with the noise reduction performances of lock-in techniques. Experimental results show how modifications of the sensors with different surface chemistries lead to the same direct-current (DC) response but can be discerned using the AC approach.
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