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Hou X, Alagoz Y, Welsch R, Mortimer MD, Pogson BJ, Cazzonelli CI. Reducing PHYTOENE SYNTHASE activity fine-tunes the abundance of a cis-carotene-derived signal that regulates the PIF3/HY5 module and plastid biogenesis. J Exp Bot 2024; 75:1187-1204. [PMID: 37948577 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
PHYTOENE SYNTHASE (PSY) is a rate-limiting enzyme catalysing the first committed step of carotenoid biosynthesis, and changes in PSY gene expression and/or protein activity alter carotenoid composition and plastid differentiation in plants. Four genetic variants of PSY (psy-4, psy-90, psy-130, and psy-145) were identified using a forward genetics approach that rescued leaf virescence phenotypes and plastid abnormalities displayed by the Arabidopsis CAROTENOID ISOMERASE (CRTISO) mutant ccr2 (carotenoid and chloroplast regulation 2) when grown under a shorter photoperiod. The four non-lethal mutations affected alternative splicing, enzyme-substrate interactions, and PSY:ORANGE multi-enzyme complex binding, constituting the dynamic post-transcriptional fine-tuning of PSY levels and activity without changing localization to the stroma and protothylakoid membranes. psy genetic variants did not alter total xanthophyll or β-carotene accumulation in ccr2, yet they reduced specific acyclic linear cis-carotenes linked to the biosynthesis of a currently unidentified apocarotenoid signal regulating plastid biogenesis, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and photomorphogenic regulation. ccr2 psy variants modulated the PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 3/ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (PIF3/HY5) ratio, and displayed a normal prolamellar body formation in etioplasts and chlorophyll accumulation during seedling photomorphogenesis. Thus, suppressing PSY activity and impairing PSY:ORANGE protein interactions revealed how cis-carotene abundance can be fine-tuned through holoenzyme-metabolon interactions to control plastid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hou
- ARC Training Centre for Accelerated Future Crops Development, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yagiz Alagoz
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Ralf Welsch
- Faculty of Biology II, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthew D Mortimer
- ARC Training Centre for Accelerated Future Crops Development, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- ARC Training Centre for Accelerated Future Crops Development, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher I Cazzonelli
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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Mishra LS, Funk C. The FtsHi Enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana: Pseudo-Proteases with an Important Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5917. [PMID: 34072887 PMCID: PMC8197885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
FtsH metalloproteases found in eubacteria, animals, and plants are well-known for their vital role in the maintenance and proteolysis of membrane proteins. Their location is restricted to organelles of endosymbiotic origin, the chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana, there are 17 membrane-bound FtsH proteases containing an AAA+ (ATPase associated with various cellular activities) and a Zn2+ metalloprotease domain. However, in five of those, the zinc-binding motif HEXXH is either mutated (FtsHi1, 2, 4, 5) or completely missing (FtsHi3), rendering these enzymes presumably inactive in proteolysis. Still, homozygous null mutants of the pseudo-proteases FtsHi1, 2, 4, 5 are embryo-lethal. Homozygous ftshi3 or a weak point mutant in FTSHi1 are affected in overall plant growth and development. This review will focus on the findings concerning the FtsHi pseudo-proteases and their involvement in protein import, leading to consequences in embryogenesis, seed growth, chloroplast, and leaf development and oxidative stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christiane Funk
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
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Hirosawa Y, Ito-Inaba Y, Inaba T. Ubiquitin-Proteasome-Dependent Regulation of Bidirectional Communication between Plastids and the Nucleus. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:310. [PMID: 28360917 PMCID: PMC5350108 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are DNA-containing organelles and can have unique differentiation states depending on age, tissue, and environment. Plastid biogenesis is optimized by bidirectional communication between plastids and the nucleus. Import of nuclear-encoded proteins into plastids serves as anterograde signals and vice versa, plastids themselves send retrograde signals to the nucleus, thereby controlling de novo synthesis of nuclear-encoded plastid proteins. Recently, it has become increasingly evident that the ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates both the import of anterograde plastid proteins and retrograde signaling from plastids to the nucleus. Targets of ubiquitin-proteasome regulation include unimported chloroplast precursor proteins in the cytosol, protein translocation machinery at the chloroplast surface, and transcription factors in the nucleus. This review will focus on the mechanism through which the ubiquitin-proteasome system optimizes plastid biogenesis and plant development through the regulation of nuclear-plastid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Hirosawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of MiyazakiMiyazaki, Japan
| | - Yasuko Ito-Inaba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of MiyazakiMiyazaki, Japan
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of MiyazakiMiyazaki, Japan
| | - Takehito Inaba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of MiyazakiMiyazaki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takehito Inaba,
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Li Y, Deng H, Miao M, Li H, Huang S, Wang S, Liu Y. Tomato MBD5, a methyl CpG binding domain protein, physically interacting with UV-damaged DNA binding protein-1, functions in multiple processes. New Phytol 2016; 210:208-26. [PMID: 26551231 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), high pigment mutations (hp-1 and hp-2) were mapped to genes encoding UV-damaged DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1) and de-etiolated-1 (DET1), respectively. Here we characterized a tomato methyl-CpG-binding domain protein SlMBD5 identified by yeast two-hybrid screening using SlDDB1 as a bait. Yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated that the physical interaction of SlMBD5 with SlDDB1 is mediated by the C-termini of SlMBD5 and the β-propeller-C (BPC) of SlDDB1. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that SlMBD5 associates with SlDDB1-interacting partners including SlDET1, SlCUL4, SlRBX1a and SlRBX1b in vivo. SlMBD5 was shown to target to nucleus and dimerizes via its MBD motif. Electrophoresis mobility shift analysis suggested that the MBD of SlMBD5 specifically binds to methylated CpG dinucleotides but not to methylated CpHpG or CpHpH dinucleotides. SlMBD5 expressed in protoplast is capable of activating transcription of CG islands, whereas CUL4/DDB1 antagonizes this effect. Overexpressing SlMBD5 resulted in diverse developmental alterations including darker green fruits with increased plastid level and elevated pigmentation, as well as enhanced expression of SlGLK2, a key regulator of plastid biogenesis. Taken together, we hypothesize that the physical interaction of SlMBD5 with the CUL4-DDB1-DET1 complex component may affect its binding activity to methylated DNA and subsequently attenuate its transcription activation of downstream genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Li
- Ministry of education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, State key laboratory of Hydraulics and mountain River Engineering, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Heng Deng
- Ministry of education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, State key laboratory of Hydraulics and mountain River Engineering, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Min Miao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Huirong Li
- Ministry of education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, State key laboratory of Hydraulics and mountain River Engineering, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Shengxiong Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Songhu Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- Ministry of education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, State key laboratory of Hydraulics and mountain River Engineering, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
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Paila YD, Richardson LGL, Schnell DJ. New insights into the mechanism of chloroplast protein import and its integration with protein quality control, organelle biogenesis and development. J Mol Biol 2014; 427:1038-1060. [PMID: 25174336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The translocons at the outer (TOC) and the inner (TIC) envelope membranes of chloroplasts mediate the targeting and import of several thousand nucleus-encoded preproteins that are required for organelle biogenesis and homeostasis. The cytosolic events in preprotein targeting remain largely unknown, although cytoplasmic chaperones have been proposed to facilitate delivery to the TOC complex. Preprotein recognition is mediated by the TOC GTPase receptors Toc159 and Toc34. The receptors constitute a GTP-regulated switch, which initiates membrane translocation via Toc75, a member of the Omp85 (outer membrane protein 85)/TpsB (two-partner secretion system B) family of bacterial, plastid and mitochondrial β-barrel outer membrane proteins. The TOC receptor systems have diversified to recognize distinct sets of preproteins, thereby maximizing the efficiency of targeting in response to changes in gene expression during developmental and physiological events that impact organelle function. The TOC complex interacts with the TIC translocon to allow simultaneous translocation of preproteins across the envelope. Both the two inner membrane complexes, the Tic110 and 1 MDa complexes, have been implicated as constituents of the TIC translocon, and it remains to be determined how they interact to form the TIC channel and assemble the import-associated chaperone network in the stroma that drives import across the envelope membranes. This review will focus on recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms and diversity of the TOC-TIC systems. Our goal is to incorporate these recent studies with previous work and present updated or revised models for the function of TOC-TIC in protein import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamuna D Paila
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Laboratories Room N431, 240 Thatcher Rd, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003-9364, USA
| | - Lynn G L Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Laboratories Room N431, 240 Thatcher Rd, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003-9364, USA
| | - Danny J Schnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Laboratories Room N431, 240 Thatcher Rd, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003-9364, USA
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Kakizaki T, Inaba T. New insights into the retrograde signaling pathway between the plastids and the nucleus. Plant Signal Behav 2010; 5:196-9. [PMID: 20173413 PMCID: PMC2884134 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.2.11107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells, the genetic information required for biological activity is divided into three organelles—the nucleus, plastids and mitochondria. These organelles require tightly coordinated gene expression to accomplish the appropriate biological processes. Chloroplasts harness light energy and use it for carbon fixation in photosynthesis. However, majority of the proteins involved in photosynthesis is encoded by the nucleus genome. Thus, nuclearencoded photosynthesis-related proteins are targeted to plastids after their synthesis in the cytosol. Therefore, it is critical to regulate nuclear gene expression in response to the functional or metabolic state of the plastids; this process relies on signals from the plastids to the nucleus that are known as retrograde signals. Our genetic studies revealed that GENOMES UNCOUPLED 1 (GUN1) and Golden2-like1 (GLK1) mediate the retrograde signal that coordinates plastid protein import and nuclear gene expression. In this study, we propose a novel signaling pathway that regulates nuclear gene expression according to the rate of protein import into the plastid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kakizaki
- National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsu, Mie, Japan.
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Pollmann S, Springer A, Buhr F, Lahroussi A, Samol I, Bonneville JM, Tichtinsky G, von Wettstein D, Reinbothe C, Reinbothe S. A plant porphyria related to defects in plastid import of protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2019-23. [PMID: 17261815 PMCID: PMC1794315 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610934104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The plastid envelope of higher plant chloroplasts is a focal point of plant metabolism. It is involved in numerous pathways, including tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and protein translocation. Chloroplasts need to import a large number of proteins from the cytosol because most are encoded in the nucleus. Here we report that a loss-of-function mutation in the outer plastid envelope 16-kDa protein (oep16) gene causes a conditional seedling lethal phenotype related to defects in import and assembly of NADPH:protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase A. In the isolated knockout mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, excess Pchlide accumulated in the dark operated as photosensitizer and provoked cell death during greening. Our results highlight the essential role of the substrate-dependent plastid import pathway of precursor Pchlide oxidoreductase A for seedling survival and the avoidance of developmentally programmed porphyria in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Pollmann
- *Université Joseph Fourier et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5575, CERMO, BP53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Armin Springer
- *Université Joseph Fourier et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5575, CERMO, BP53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany; and
| | - Frank Buhr
- *Université Joseph Fourier et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5575, CERMO, BP53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany; and
| | - Abder Lahroussi
- *Université Joseph Fourier et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5575, CERMO, BP53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Iga Samol
- *Université Joseph Fourier et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5575, CERMO, BP53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Marc Bonneville
- *Université Joseph Fourier et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5575, CERMO, BP53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Gabrielle Tichtinsky
- *Université Joseph Fourier et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5575, CERMO, BP53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Diter von Wettstein
- *Université Joseph Fourier et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5575, CERMO, BP53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- *Université Joseph Fourier et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5575, CERMO, BP53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Steffen Reinbothe
- *Université Joseph Fourier et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5575, CERMO, BP53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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