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Muhjazi G, Idrees N, Salah H, Asghar MN, Shirazi A, Hutin Y. Engagement of private health sector in communicable disease and immunization programmes in Pakistan. East Mediterr Health J 2024; 30:46-52. [PMID: 38415335 DOI: 10.26719/emhj.24.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Background In Pakistan, where the burden of communicable diseases remains high, the private sector accounts for 62% of health care provision. Aim To describe the role of the private sector in communicable disease management in Pakistan and inform a more effective engagement towards achieving Universal Health Coverage. Methods We searched the literature and available documents on policies, regulations and experiences in private health sector engagement in Pakistan. We interviewed policy level experts regarding the formulation of national health policies and plans and a sample of private providers using a structured questionnaire to assess their awareness of and engagement in communicable disease programmes. Results Published reports described initiatives to engage the private sector in improving coverage for a package of care and programme-specific initiatives. Pakistan did not have a national policy for structural engagement, and regulations were limited. Policy level experts interviewed perceived the private sector as market-driven and poorly regulated. Thirty-nine percent of private sector providers interviewed were aware or had been trained in procedures or guidelines, and 23% of them had had their performance monitored by government. Conclusion We recommend that the Ministry of Health provide overall vision for the operations of the public and private health sectors so that both sectors can complement each other towards the achievement of Universal Health Coverage, including for communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Muhjazi
- WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nasir Idrees
- WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan Salah
- WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ali Shirazi
- WHO Pakistan Country Office, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yvan Hutin
- WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
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Priyadarsini R, Maheswari YN, Prabha ML, Ramya JE. A comparative study on perception and use of generic drugs between public and private health practitioners. J Family Med Prim Care 2023; 12:3222-3227. [PMID: 38361846 PMCID: PMC10866250 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_905_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Context The perception of generic drugs may vary significantly between government and private doctors because physicians in the private sector have more prescribing choices and flexibility. Hence, this study was undertaken to analyse the knowledge, attitude and perception (KAP) of government and private physicians on generic drugs. Materials and Methods This was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study conducted among physicians working in public and private health sectors. The questionnaire had 25 closed-ended questions related to the KAP of generic medicine. The overall scores were categorised using Bloom's cut-off point. The Chi-square or Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare the differences between the two groups. Results About 80% of the participants in both groups agreed that generic medicines contain the same active ingredients as brand-name drugs, are less expensive and are available in the Indian market. Nearly 84% of government physicians and only 64% of private physicians believed that generic medicines are just as effective and secure as branded medicines (P - 0.003). The majority of physicians from both groups concurred that there is a lack of quality check in generic drug manufacturing, and they require more information about bioequivalence studies. In both categories, about 75% of participants preferred generic medications for their patients. However, in both groups, more than 50% of physicians were concerned about therapeutic failure and expressed reluctance to prescribe generic medications in life-threatening situations. Conclusions Knowledge and acceptance of generic drugs regarding efficacy, safety, bioequivalence and therapeutic failure are low among both government and private physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Priyadarsini
- Department of Pharmacology, Tirunelveli Medical College and Hospital, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Y. Nisha Maheswari
- Department of Pharmacology, Tirunelveli Medical College and Hospital, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Lakshmi Prabha
- Department of Pharmacology, Tirunelveli Medical College and Hospital, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J. Ezhil Ramya
- Department of Pharmacology, Tirunelveli Medical College and Hospital, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ghanbarzadegan A, Sohn W, Wallace J, Brennan DS, Jamieson LM. Examining the Effect of Income-Based Inequalities and Dental Service Provision on Dental Service Utilization among Older Australians: A Multiple Mediation Analysis. JDR Clin Trans Res 2023:23800844231199658. [PMID: 37861227 DOI: 10.1177/23800844231199658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Public service provision is one of the keys to reducing inequalities in the utilization of dental services. Given the increase in the aging population, there should be a focus on older adults' oral health. However, this is often overlooked. OBJECTIVES This study investigates the effectiveness of public services in reducing income-related inequalities in dental service utilization among older South Australians. METHODS A multiple counterfactual mediation analysis using the ratio of mediator probability weighting approach was used to explore the proposed mediation mechanism using a South Australian population of older adults (≥65 y). The exposure variable in the analysis was income, and the mediators were concession cards and the last dental sector (public or private). The outcome variable was the time of last dental visit. RESULTS Half of the older adults with high income (≥$40,000) owned a concession card, and 10% of those who attended public dental services belonged to this group. Interestingly, only 16.3% of the study participants had visited the public dental sector at their last dental appointment. Results showed a negligible indirect effect (odds ratio [OR], 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85-1.05) and a significant direct effect (OR, 3.09; 95% CI, 2.24-4.87). By changing the potential outcome distributions to the counterfactual exposure distributions and taking the mediators' distribution as a counterfactual exposure distribution, the odds of dental visits occurring before the past 12 mo approximately tripled for low-income compared to high-income individuals. CONCLUSION Income inequalities were associated with relatively delayed dental visits in older South Australians, and provision of public services could not improve this pattern. This might happen due to inequitable access to concession cards and public services. A review of policies is required, including addressing income inequalities and implementing short-term approaches to improve service utilization patterns in older South Australians. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT The findings of this study can enable policymakers for informed decision-making about the provision of public dental services for older Australians. This study emphasizes the importance of reviewing the current public dental services and subsidies and implementing short-term approaches to reduce income inequalities for older Australians.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ghanbarzadegan
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health (ARCPOH), Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Population Oral Health, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - W Sohn
- Population Oral Health, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - J Wallace
- Population Oral Health, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- College of Health, Medicine and Well-being, Oral Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - D S Brennan
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health (ARCPOH), Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - L M Jamieson
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health (ARCPOH), Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Ghanbarzadegan A, Mittinty M, Brennan DS, Jamieson LM. Income-based inequalities in dental service utilization: A multiple mediation analysis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2023; 51:813-819. [PMID: 35681256 PMCID: PMC10947098 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With elimination of the financial burden of dental services, one can expect an increase in utilization of dental services. This study aimed to investigate the effective mechanisms of financial barriers to the utilization of dental services in an Australian adult population. METHODS South Australian survey data from the Dental Care and Oral Health Study (2015) were analysed. Following the flexible mediation approach, the direct effect of income and indirect effect of income through mediators (insurance, concession card and service sector) on the outcomes (visit avoidance and treatment prevention due to the cost) were calculated. RESULTS Findings showed that around half of the low-income people and one-third of the high-income South Australians experienced a financial burden on receiving a dental visit or service. The indirect effect of income on both outcomes of financial burden was negligible, while the direct effect was significant. By changing the potential outcome distribution to their counterfactual exposure distribution and if the mediators are drawn from their counterfactual exposure (lower/higher income) distribution, the odds of visit avoidance and treatment prevention due to the cost were almost twice (Odds Ratio: 2.13, 95% CI 1.72-2.60) and 98% (Odds Ratio: 1.98, 95% CI 1.67-2.35) than in the lower-income individuals, respectively. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that the level of household income, directly and regardless of insurance status, concession card ownership and whether the service sector was public or private, affected the financial burden on utilization of dental services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Ghanbarzadegan
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health (ARCPOH), Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Murthy Mittinty
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David S Brennan
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health (ARCPOH), Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa M Jamieson
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health (ARCPOH), Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Teuteberg N, Barnard MM, Fernandez A, Cloete K, Mukosi M, Pitcher R. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Utilization of Public Sector Radiological Services in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Cureus 2023; 15:e47616. [PMID: 38021905 PMCID: PMC10667617 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus (COVID-19) was officially declared a pandemic in March 2020 and has had a major impact on global healthcare services, including radiology. However, little is known about the full impact of COVID-19 on the utilization of diagnostic imaging in Africa's public healthcare sector. Objectives The objective of this study was to compare public sector diagnostic imaging utilization by modality for the whole Western Cape Province (WCP) of South Africa (SA), as well as its metropolitan and rural areas, in 2019 and 2020 in terms of the absolute number of investigations and investigations per 1000 people. Method We performed a retrospective analysis of Western Cape Government Department of Health and Wellness and Stats SA District Council 2021 Mid-Year Population Estimates data. All diagnostic imaging investigations performed in 2019 and 2020 were collated and stratified by imaging modality, geographic region (metropolitan/rural), and calendar year. Data are presented as the total number of investigations and investigations per 1000 people. We calculated mammography utilization for women aged 40-70 years and compared data for 2019 and 2020. Results Between 2019 and 2020, the provincial population increased by 1.9%, while total imaging investigations and investigations per 1000 people decreased by 19% (1,384,941 vs. 1,123,508, -261,433) and 20% (262/103 vs. 208/103), respectively. Total numerical decline was highest in plain radiographs (1,005,545 vs. 800,641, -204,904), accounting for more than three-quarters (78%) of the total reduction. Percentage decline was most pronounced for mammography, as utilization was almost halved (15.7/103 vs. 8.9/103, -43%), whereas computed tomography was the least impacted (17.9/103 vs. 16.7/103, -12%) with the remaining modalities decreasing between approximately one-quarter and one-fifth (magnetic resonance imaging = 26%, fluoroscopy = 25%, general radiographs = 23%, ultrasound = 16%, chest radiographs = 18%). Proportional metropolitan (-18.7%) and rural decreases (-19.3%) were similar. Conclusion COVID-19 had a substantial impact on WCP imaging services, decreasing overall radiological investigations by almost one-fifth. The greatest impact was on elective investigations, particularly mammography. Although the proportional impact was similar for the metropolitan and rural areas, COVID-19 nonetheless exacerbated existing discrepancies in imaging utilization between the geographical regions. The medium- and long-term clinical impacts of decreased imaging are still to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolene Teuteberg
- Division of Radiodiagnosis, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, ZAF
| | - Michelle M Barnard
- Sub-Directorate Medical Imaging Services, Directorate: Health Technology, Western Cape Government Department of Health and Wellness, Cape Town, ZAF
| | - Amanda Fernandez
- Sub-Directorate Medical Imaging Services, Directorate: Health Technology, Western Cape Government Department of Health and Wellness, Cape Town, ZAF
| | - Keith Cloete
- Department of Health and Wellness, Western Cape Government, Cape Town, ZAF
| | - Matodzi Mukosi
- Department of Health and Wellness, Western Cape Government, Cape Town, ZAF
| | - Richard Pitcher
- Division of Radiodiagnosis, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, ZAF
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Kesti R, Kanste O, Konttila J, Oikarinen A. Quality of working life of employees in public healthcare organization in Finland: A cross-sectional study. Nurs Open 2023; 10:6455-6464. [PMID: 37337381 PMCID: PMC10416035 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Work dissatisfaction, burnout and workforce shortage are major problems in healthcare globally, all of which are associated with QWL. Previous studies have found that the QWL of healthcare professionals is moderate or low. The aim was to describe the quality of working life (QWL) of employees working in public healthcare and describe the association between QWL and background variables. DESIGN This study had a quantitative cross-sectional survey design. METHODS Data was collected from the employees of a Finnish healthcare organization in autumn 2021 using an online questionnaire (n = 837). Convenience sampling was used in the selection of the healthcare organization. The study was reported according to STROBE guidelines. RESULTS The QWL was moderate, and the mean QWL index calculated from the questionnaire responses was 0.524. The QWL index was lowest in healthcare professionals and highest in upper management, with some dissatisfaction towards leadership noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetta Kesti
- Master of Health Sciences, Research Unit of Nursing Science and Health Management, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Outi Kanste
- PhD, Adjunct Professor, University Lecturer, Research Unit of Nursing Science and Health Management, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Jenni Konttila
- PhD, Post‐doctoral Researcher, Research Unit of Nursing Science and Health Management, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Anne Oikarinen
- PhD, University Lecturer, Research Unit of Nursing Science and Health Management, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
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Pomaranik W, Kludacz-Alessandri M. Talent management and job satisfaction of medical personnel in Polish healthcare entities. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1146073. [PMID: 37564317 PMCID: PMC10409650 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1146073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a mass exodus of qualified medical personnel in countries such as Poland. As a result, it is becoming increasingly important to study the satisfaction of medical personnel employed in public healthcare entities and the factors influencing this satisfaction. One such factor is the quality of talent management. Purpose The study aimed to assess the quality of talent management in Polish healthcare entities and its impact on the job satisfaction of medical personnel. The study also considered the impact of other demographic, organizational and behavioral factors on medical personnel satisfaction, such as social competencies, job mobility, orientation toward the patient, gender and education stage. Methods A questionnaire for healthcare professionals was used to collect data. A total of 747 respondents (506 defined as medical talent) participated in the survey. A 5-point Likert scale was adopted to assess job satisfaction and talent management practices. Reliability analysis was conducted to investigate the properties of this scale and the items that comprise it. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. Results The survey showed that the quality of talent management in Polish healthcare institutions is not well assessed. Professional satisfaction of medical personnel working in Polish public healthcare entities depends mainly on talent management measured by talent motivation, talent development, employee appraisal and organizational culture. Among the factors that have a positive but smaller impact on job satisfaction are job mobility and the education stage. The impact of gender, patient orientation and social competence had the smallest but most significant impact on job satisfaction. Conclusion Healthcare organizations should improve their talent management strategy to meet healthcare professionals' current and future demands and improve their job satisfaction.
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Denney F. "Get on with it. Cope." The compassion-experience during COVID-19 in UK universities. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1112076. [PMID: 37416541 PMCID: PMC10321556 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1112076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic caused major disruption to all sectors including higher education during the years of 2020 and 2021, thus providing a window into how different types of suffering can combine and the role of compassion in alleviating pain. Higher education within the United Kingdom provides a case example in this study, but the lessons about compassion are transferable to other contexts, particularly those in the neoliberal public sector. The impact of the pandemic period on teaching in universities has been well documented but there has been far less written about the wider experiences of staff who worked through this period, their suffering and the extent of compassion within their work lives. Methods 29 interviews were conducted and individuals were invited to talk through the story of their pandemic experiences from March 2020 to the interview date of December 2021. Storytelling is a common method in organization studies and, although research into compassion in organizations is nascent, this method has been used in other studies. Results and discussion Previous research has examined organizational compassion in short periods of crisis and this study therefore provides a contrasting perspective on how compassion shifts over a longer period of suffering. A distinction is drawn in this study for the first time between "formalized" compassion processes in the organization which structurally prioritized compassion for students over that of staff, and "informal" compassion shown between staff to each other and between students and staff. The more that formalized compassion was evident, the less apparent it was in interpersonal interactions due to staff wellbeing being compromised and a systemic failure to recognize the dependence of student compassion on the wellbeing of staff. The findings therefore lead to theorizing that although neoliberal universities are perceived as being full of organizational neglect, compassion was structurally embedded for students but at the expense of staff.
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Fredericks KJ, Naidoo M. Quality of care of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at a public sector district hospital. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2023; 65:e1-e9. [PMID: 37427776 DOI: 10.4102/safp.v65i1.5713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, diabetes mellitus (DM) remains one of the leading causes of mortality, with approximately 2 million deaths in 2019, the condition also contributes significantly to adverse health conditions and costs. The study aimed to describe the quality of care (QOC) rendered to patients with type 2 DM (T2DM) seeking care at Wentworth Hospital (WWH), a district hospital in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional design was used, and all patients living with T2DM on treatment who had accessed care for at least 1 year were included. Data were collected through structured exit interviews, and their clinical data were extracted from their medical records. Their knowledge, attitudes and practices were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. RESULTS The mean age (standard deviation [s.d.]) was 59 (13.0) years and most (65.3%) were female, of African (30.0%) and Indian (38.6%) descent, with two-thirds (69.4%) obtaining a secondary school education. Their mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (s.d.) was 8.6 (2.4%). Over 82% had one or more comorbidity, while 30% had at least one DM-related complication. Generally, participants were pleased with the care received, but their knowledge and practices related to their T2DM was suboptimal. CONCLUSION This study indicates that the QOC was suboptimal due to poor efficacy indicators, poor knowledge and lack of adequate lifestyle measures, despite the frequency of medical practitioner reviews.Contributions: This study identified gaps in QOC and will aid South African public sector policy-makers in devising quality improvement initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Fredericks
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.
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Mondal H, Soni S, Juyal A, Behera JK, Mondal S. Current distribution of medical colleges in India and its potential predictors: A public domain data audit. J Family Med Prim Care 2023; 12:1072-1077. [PMID: 37636164 PMCID: PMC10451585 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1558_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A teaching hospital or medical college may help provide better health care delivery to the people of the vicinity. Hence, building new medical colleges and upgrading existing hospitals to teaching hospitals are being implemented in India. Objective This study aimed to observe the current distribution of medical colleges in Indian states and find correlation with area, population, and net state domestic product (NSDP). Methods We collected data from public domain websites provided by government agencies. The State-wise number of government and private medical colleges and their annual intake were obtained from the National Medical Commission website. The state-wise number of medical colleges, geographical area, and population were calculated as the percentage of total Indian colleges, area, and population, respectively. Spearman's correlation was calculated to find any correlation of colleges and annual intake versus parameters such as area, population, and NSDP. Results India has a total of 612 [321 (52.45%) government-run and 291 (47.55%) private] medical colleges. Tamil Nadu (70), Uttar Pradesh (67), Karnataka (63), Maharashtra (62), and Telangana (34) are the top five states with 296 (48.37%) medical colleges. States and union territories such as Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana have higher medical colleges, and states such as Assam, Bihar, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh have lower medical colleges when compared with their population percentages. There was significant positive correlation of number of medical colleges with area (rs = 0.769, P < 0.0001), population (rs = 0.91, P < 0.0001), and NSDP (rs = 0.91, P < 0.0001). Conclusion The current distribution of medical colleges in India is clustered over some states. Although geographical area and population are major predictors of medical colleges in Indian states, a more population-based balanced distribution of medical colleges would help distribute quality health care to the majority of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himel Mondal
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sachin Soni
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ankita Juyal
- Department of Physiology, Soban Singh Jeena Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Joshil K. Behera
- Department of Physiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Keonjhar, Odisha, India
| | - Shaikat Mondal
- Department of Physiology, Raiganj Government Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal, India
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Zhu R, Zhang X. Public sector's misinformation debunking during the public health campaign: a case of Hong Kong. Health Promot Int 2023; 38:7189927. [PMID: 37279470 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For a public health campaign to succeed, the public sector is expected to debunk the misinformation transparently and vividly and guide the citizens. The present study focuses on COVID-19 vaccine misinformation in Hong Kong, a non-Western society with a developed economy and sufficient vaccine supply but high vaccine hesitancy. Inspired by the Health Belief Model (HBM) and research on source transparency and the use of visuals in the debunking, the present study examines the COVID-19 vaccine misinformation debunking messages published by the official social media and online channels of the public sector of Hong Kong (n = 126) over 18 months (1 November 2020 to 20 April 2022) during the COVID-19 vaccination campaign. Results showed that the most frequently occurring misinformation themes were misleading claims about the risks and side effects of vaccination, followed by (non-)effectiveness of the vaccines and the (un)-necessity of vaccination. Among the HBM constructs, barriers and benefits of vaccination were mentioned the most, while self-efficacy was the least addressed. Compared with the early stage of the vaccination campaign, an increasing number of posts contained susceptibility, severity or cues to action. Most debunking statements did not disclose any external sources. The public sector actively used illustrations, with affective illustrations outnumbering cognitive ones. Suggestions for improving the quality of misinformation debunking during public health campaigns are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhu
- Department of Interactive Media, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xinzhi Zhang
- Department of Interactive Media, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR
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Debbarma S. COVID-19 Pandemic and Challenges Faced by Healthcare Professionals in India. Cureus 2023; 15:e38278. [PMID: 37255890 PMCID: PMC10226158 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918, a pandemic of such magnitude as the COVID-19 pandemic was yet to be confronted. While the pandemic led to unforeseen challenges globally as well as at the country level, it also brought forth certain perennial issues. This editorial is an attempt to revisit some of the major challenges faced by healthcare professionals in India during the pandemic. Timely interventions by the government of India dealt with several challenges confronted by the healthcare sector. However, issues about working hours, mental health, safety, and security of healthcare professionals also need to be looked into in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibajee Debbarma
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
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Palos-Sánchez PR, Baena-Luna P, García-Ordaz M, Martínez-López FJ. Digital Transformation and Local Government Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Assessment of Its Impact on the Sustainable Development Goals. Sage Open 2023; 13:21582440231167343. [PMID: 37064821 PMCID: PMC10090959 DOI: 10.1177/21582440231167343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper analyzes how Digital Transformation (DT) processes have influenced the Attitude of local governments (LGs) toward the COVID-19 pandemic and their effect on achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The data were collected from LGs in Spain (n = 124) through a questionnaire in which the IT skills of their workers, the DT processes, budgets, degree of regulatory compliance, and implementation of trust seals were measured, together with the IT security measures adopted. The contrast between the proposed model and the results showed that the direct influence of IT security influences the government's attitude toward COVID-19 and DT implementing actions to achieve SDGs. The findings of this work are of great value both for the actors involved in the design and implementation of public policies and for those responsible for local governance in their objective to improve citizens' experience of the services provided and in exceptional situations such as the one experienced as a result, of-COVID-19.
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Polvinen A, Laaksonen M. Contribution of age, gender and occupational group to the higher risk of disability retirement among Finnish public sector employees. Scand J Public Health 2023:14034948231153913. [PMID: 36814115 DOI: 10.1177/14034948231153913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the differences in disability retirement between public and private sector employees and to examine the contribution of age, gender and occupational group to the differences between the sectors. METHODS Our Finnish register data consisted of about two million non-retired men and women aged 30-62 years. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios for any, full and partial disability retirement in the public sector compared with the private sector. RESULTS The risk of any disability retirement was higher in the public sector than in the private sector in all occupational groups. The unadjusted hazard ratio ranged from 1.29 (95% CI 1.16-1.44) among teaching professionals to 2.25 (95% CI 1.95-2.58) among skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers. Adjustment for age and gender attenuated the differences between the sectors. After adjusting for age, gender and occupational group, the hazard ratio was 1.29 (95% CI 1.27-1.32) for any disability retirement and 2.02 (95% CI 1.96-2.08) for partial disability retirement, but there was no difference between the public sector and private sector employees for full disability retirement. CONCLUSIONS Adjustment of age and gender attenuated the higher risk of disability retirement in the public sector, while adjustment for occupational group widened the sector differences in any and full disability retirement. The risk of partial disability retirement was higher in all occupational groups in the public sector than in the private sector. For full disability retirement, the differences between the sectors were small or non-existent.
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Saputra F, Uthis P, Sukratul S. Let's put mental health problems and related issues appropriately in social media: A voice of psychiatric nurses. Belitung Nurs J 2023; 9:96-99. [PMID: 37469633 PMCID: PMC10353606 DOI: 10.33546/bnj.2470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Social media is one convenient way to express ourselves. Much information is offered; most is difficult to filter and can be consumed by anyone, anywhere, anytime. However, sometimes it crosses the boundaries of someone else's life or privacy, especially when discussing sensitive issues, such as mental health problems. There are a lot of discussions about whether bringing the personal experiences of people with mental health problems to the public domain can potentially increase the community's attitudes toward them or not. Still, one thing is for sure, this kind of content has caught public attention by having more viewers. Unfortunately, it potentially brings other consequences for people with mental health problems, such as stigmatization, discrimination, and sadfishing. Therefore, this paper aims to provide the viewpoints of psychiatric nurses regarding how to address mental health-related issues and appropriately put content about mental health problems on social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzan Saputra
- Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Health, Technology, and Science, University of Bumi Persada, Lhokseumawe, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Penpaktr Uthis
- Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunisa Sukratul
- Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Hellwig F, Barros AJD. What are the sources of contraceptives for married and unmarried adolescents: Health services or friends? Analysis of 59 low- and middle-income countries. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1100129. [PMID: 36815169 PMCID: PMC9939762 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the efforts to promote universal coverage for family planning, inequalities are still high in several countries. Our aim was to identify which sources of contraceptives women mostly rely on in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We also explored the different sources according to age and marital status. Methods We used data from national health surveys carried out in 59 LMICs since 2010. Among all sexually active women at reproductive age, we explored inequalities in demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods (mDFPS) and in the source of modern contraceptives according to women's age, classified as: 15-19, 20-34, or 35-49 years of age. Among adolescents, mDFPS and source of method were explored by marital status, classified as married or in union and not married nor in a union. Results mDFPS was lower among adolescents than among adult women in 28 of the 59 countries. The lowest levels of mDFPS among adolescents were identified in Albania (6.1%) and Chad (8.2%). According to adolescents' marital status, the pattern of inequalities in mDFPS varied widely between regions, with married and unmarried adolescents showing similar levels of coverage in Latin America and the Caribbean, higher coverage among unmarried adolescents in Africa, and lower coverage among unmarried adolescents in Asia. Public and private health services were the main sources, with a lower share of the public sector among adolescents in almost all countries. The proportion of adolescents who obtained their contraceptives in the public sector was lower among unmarried girls than married ones in 31 of the 38 countries with data. Friends or relatives were a more significant source of contraceptives among unmarried compared to married adolescents in all regions. Conclusions Our findings indicate lower levels of mDFPS and lower use of the public sector by adolescents, especially unmarried girls. More attention is needed to provide high-quality and affordable family planning services for adolescents, especially for those who are not married.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Hellwig
- International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil,*Correspondence: Franciele Hellwig ✉
| | - Aluísio J. D. Barros
- International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Cerrillo I, Saralegui-Díez P, Morilla-Romero-de-la-Osa R, González de Molina M, Guzmán GI. Nutritional Analysis of the Spanish Population: A New Approach Using Public Data on Consumption. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:1642. [PMID: 36674397 PMCID: PMC9867222 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Official population consumption data are frequently used to characterize the diet of countries; however, this information may not always be representative of reality. This study analyses the food consumption of the Spanish population by reconstructing the whole food chain. The results have been compared with the data provided by the National Consumption Panel to which the food losses/waste reported in the literature along the distribution chain have been added. The difference between them allowed a new calculation of the estimated food consumption that was subjected to a dietary-nutritional analysis. Most of the foods were consumed more than those officially reported (range of 5-50%). The unhealthy ratios of consumed foods and recommended servings were: meat products (Rcr = 3.6), fruits and legumes (Rcr = 0.5), and nuts (Rcr = 0.14). Caloric intake surpasses needs. The results were consistent with the data on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Spain, as well as with the prevalence of associated diseases. To make a judgment about the quality of a country's diet, it is necessary to have reliable data on food consumption, as well as energy and nutrient intake. This study encourages other authors to implement this method to verify and quantify the possible difference between official and real consumption data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cerrillo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Engineering, Area of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Alimentta, Think Tank para la Transición Alimentaria, 18320 Santa Fe, Spain
| | - Pablo Saralegui-Díez
- Alimentta, Think Tank para la Transición Alimentaria, 18320 Santa Fe, Spain
- Laboratory of the History of Agroecosystems, Pablo de Olavide University, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Rubén Morilla-Romero-de-la-Osa
- Alimentta, Think Tank para la Transición Alimentaria, 18320 Santa Fe, Spain
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad de Sevilla, 41015 Seville, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla, 41015 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41015 Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel González de Molina
- Alimentta, Think Tank para la Transición Alimentaria, 18320 Santa Fe, Spain
- Laboratory of the History of Agroecosystems, Pablo de Olavide University, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Gloria I. Guzmán
- Alimentta, Think Tank para la Transición Alimentaria, 18320 Santa Fe, Spain
- Laboratory of the History of Agroecosystems, Pablo de Olavide University, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
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Heydari M, Lai KK, Shi V, Xiao F. Public Health Risk Evaluation through Mathematical Optimization in the Process of PPPs. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:1175. [PMID: 36673929 PMCID: PMC9859255 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The public sector is becoming increasingly appealing. In the context of declining public money to support health studies and public health interventions, public-private partnerships with entities (including government agencies and scientific research institutes) are becoming increasingly important. When forming this type of cooperation, the participants highlight synergies between the private partners and the public's missions or goals. The tasks of private and public sector actors, on the other hand, frequently diverge significantly. The integrity and honesty of public officials, institutions, trust, and faith in those individuals and institutions may all be jeopardized by these collaborations. In this study, we use the institutional corruption framework to highlight systemic concerns raised by PPPs affiliated with the governments of one of South Asia's countries. Overall analytical frameworks for such collaborations tend to downplay or disregard these systemic impacts and their ethical implications, as we argue. We offer some guidelines for public sector stakeholders that want to think about PPPs in a more systemic and analytical way. Partnership as a default paradigm for engagement with the private sector needs to be reconsidered by public sector participants. They also need to be more vocal about which goals they can and cannot fulfill, given the limitations of public financing resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kin Keung Lai
- International Business School, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Victor Shi
- Lazaridis School of Business & Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L3C5, Canada
| | - Feng Xiao
- International Business School, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
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Asplund S, Lindgren BM, Åström S, Hedlund M, Åhlin J. Organizational and psychosocial environmental work factors associated with self-rated exhaustion disorder among municipal employees in rural northern Sweden. Work 2023; 75:1215-1229. [PMID: 36776096 PMCID: PMC10473146 DOI: 10.3233/wor-220225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research indicates that good organizational and psychosocial environments are vital to well-functioning workplaces and employee health. Working in the municipal sector and in the rural context may contribute to more health problems, poorer organizational and psychosocial work environments, and higher sick-leave rates. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore organizational and psychosocial environmental work factors among municipal employees with or without self-rated exhaustion disorder (s-ED) in rural northern Sweden. METHODS The Modern Work Life Questionnaire and the Self-Rated Exhaustion Disorder Scale were used among 1093 municipal employees. RESULTS The results showed that there were significant differences between the s-ED and the non-s-ED group in all but one of the organizational and psychosocial environmental work factors. Various demands, i.e. quantitative, emotional, intellectual, and IT demands were some factors associated with the s-ED group. Social support, resources, and time for work and reflection were some factors associated with the non-s-ED group. Both the s-ED and the non-s-ED groups assessed significantly higher emotional demands and less resources compared to national reference values. CONCLUSION Findings from this study are relevant to a better understanding what organizational and psychosocial work environmental work factor the employer need to pay extra attention to. Addressing risk and protective factors in the work environment could tribute to promote occupational well-being, preventing exhaustion disorder and long-term sick leave among municipal employees in rural northern Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Asplund
- Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Sture Åström
- Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mattias Hedlund
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Åhlin
- Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Aragon R, Clark PW. Editorial: Use of behavioral metrics and measures in government. Front Res Metr Anal 2023; 8:1172748. [PMID: 37034421 PMCID: PMC10073730 DOI: 10.3389/frma.2023.1172748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Aragon
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences, United States National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard Aragon
| | - Priscilla W. Clark
- United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC, United States
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Mehmood K, Iftikhar Y, Khan AN, Kwan HK. The Nexus Between High-Involvement Work Practices and Employees' Proactive Behavior in Public Service Organizations: A Time-Lagged Moderated-Mediation Model. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:1571-1586. [PMID: 37151907 PMCID: PMC10162389 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s399292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Public service organizations may improve the quality of services they offer citizens by instilling proactive behavior in their employees. This study aimed to provide insights on how high-involvement work practices may indirectly facilitate proactive behavior in frontline government employees via employee commitment. Methods A time-lagged approach was used to collect data from 542 frontline employees in three waves at 3-week intervals. We tested the hypothesized moderated mediation model using a PROCESS macro bootstrap approach. Results A moderated-meditation model was applied in which public service motivation was theorized to increase the mediating effect of employee commitment on the relationship between high-involvement work practices and employee proactive behavior. As predicted, the findings show that supervisor' deviant behavior attenuated the mediating effect of employee commitment on the relationship between high-involvement work practices and employee proactive behavior. Conclusion The findings of this research contribute to the emerging literature on public management and have implications for public sector organizations seeking to improve the quality of services they offer citizens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mehmood
- Research Center of Hubei Micro & Small Enterprises Development, School of Economics and Management, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaser Iftikhar
- AFPGMI, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
| | - Ali Nawaz Khan
- Research Center of Hubei Micro & Small Enterprises Development, School of Economics and Management, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432100, People’s Republic of China
- Ali Nawaz Khan, School of Economics and Management, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-15695656712, Email
| | - Ho Kwong Kwan
- Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management Department, China Europe International Business School (CEIBS), Shanghai, 201206, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ho Kwong Kwan, Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management Department, China Europe International Business School (CEIBS), Shanghai, 201206, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13482520465, Email
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Yaqoob A, Alvi MR, Fatima R, Najmi H, Samad Z, Nisar N, Haq AU, Javed B, Khan AW, Hinderaker SG. Geographic accessibility to childhood tuberculosis care in Pakistan. Glob Health Action 2022; 15:2095782. [PMID: 35848796 PMCID: PMC9297715 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2022.2095782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) in children is difficult to detect and often needs specialists to diagnose; the health system is supposed to refer to higher level of health care when diagnosis is not settled in a sick child. In Pakistan, the primary health care level can usually not diagnose childhood TB and will refer to a paediatricians working at a secondary or tertiary care hospital. We aimed to determine the health services access to child TB services in Pakistan. Objective We aimed to determine the geographical access to child TB services in Pakistan. Method We used geospatial analysis to calculate the distance from the nearest public health facility to settlements, using qGIS, as well as population living within the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended 5-km distance. Result At primary health care level, 14.1% of facilities report child TB cases to national tuberculosis program and 74% of the population had geographical access to general primary health care within 5-km radius. To secondary- and tertiary-level health care, 33.5% of the population had geographical access within 5-km radius. The average distance from a facility for diagnosis of childhood TB was 26.3 km from all settlement to the nearest child TB sites. The population of one province (Balochistan) had longer distances to health care services. Conclusion With fairly good coverage of primary health care but lower coverage of specialist care for childhood TB, the health system depends heavily on a good referral system from the communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashifa Yaqoob
- Research Unit, Common Management Unit [TB, HIV/AIDS & Malaria], Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Alvi
- Digital Security & Intelligence, Inbox Business Technologies, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Razia Fatima
- Research Unit, Common Management Unit [TB, HIV/AIDS & Malaria], Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hina Najmi
- Maternal Newborn and child Health, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zia Samad
- M & E and Surveillance, Common Management Unit (TB, HIV/AIDS & Malaria), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Nisar
- International Health Regulations Strengthening project, Public Health England, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Ul Haq
- Directorate of Central Health, Ministry of National Health Services Regulation & Coordination, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Basharat Javed
- M & E and Surveillance, Common Management Unit (TB, HIV/AIDS & Malaria), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wali Khan
- National TB Control Program, Common Management Unit (TB, HIV/AIDS & Malaria), Islamabad, Pakistan
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Onoye J, Helm S, Yurow J, Valera J, Mabellos T. Toward a Hawai'i State Plan for the Substance Use System of Care: Implications for a Healing System among Public Sectors and Health Disparity Populations. Hawaii J Health Soc Welf 2022; 81:2-5. [PMID: 36660280 PMCID: PMC9783812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Onoye
- Department of Psychiatry, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI (JO, SH)
| | - Susana Helm
- Department of Psychiatry, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI (JO, SH)
| | - Jared Yurow
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Division, Hawai‘i State Department of Health, Honolulu, HI (JY, JV)
| | - John Valera
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Division, Hawai‘i State Department of Health, Honolulu, HI (JY, JV)
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Mash R, Williams B, Stapar D, Hendricks G, Steyn H, Schoevers J, Wagner L, Abbas M, Kapp P, Perold S, Swartz S, Viljoen W, Bello M. Retention of medical officers in district health services, South Africa: a descriptive survey. BJGP Open 2022; 6:BJGPO. [PMID: 36167403 DOI: 10.3399/BJGPO.2022.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health workforce is critical to strengthening district health services (DHS). In the public sector of South Africa, medical officers (MOs) are essential to delivering services in primary health care (PHC) and district hospitals. Family physicians, responsible for clinical governance, identified their retention as a key issue. AIM To evaluate factors that influence retention of MOs in public sector DHS. DESIGN & SETTING A descriptive survey of MOs working in DHS, Western Cape, South Africa. METHOD All 125 MOs working in facilities associated with the Stellenbosch University Family Physician Research Network (SUFPREN) were included in the survey. A questionnaire measured the prevalence of key factors that might be associated with retention (staying >4 years) and included the Satisfaction of Employees in Health Care (SEHC) tool and Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (SWEMWBS). Data were collected in Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) and analysed in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). RESULTS Ninety-five MOs completed the survey. The overall rating of the facility (P = 0.001), age (P = 0.004), seniority (P = 0.015), career plans (P<0.001), and intention to stay in the public sector (P<0.001) were associated with retention. More personal factors such as social support (P = 0.007), educational opportunities for children (P = 0.002), and staying with one's partner (P = 0.036) were also associated with retention. Sex, rural versus urban location, district hospital versus primary care facility, overtime, remuneration, and additional rural allowance were not associated with retention. CONCLUSION The overall rating of the facility was important and subsequent qualitative work has explored the underlying issues. These findings can guide strategies in the Western Cape and similar settings to retain MOs in the DHS.
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Moturi AK, Suiyanka L, Mumo E, Snow RW, Okiro EA, Macharia PM. Geographic accessibility to public and private health facilities in Kenya in 2021: An updated geocoded inventory and spatial analysis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1002975. [PMID: 36407994 PMCID: PMC9670107 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1002975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To achieve universal health coverage, adequate geographic access to quality healthcare services is vital and should be characterized periodically to support planning. However, in Kenya, previous assessments of geographic accessibility have relied on public health facility lists only, assembled several years ago. Here, for the first time we assemble a geocoded list of public and private health facilities in 2021 and make use of this updated list to interrogate geographical accessibility to all health providers. Methods Existing health provider lists in Kenya were accessed, merged, cleaned, harmonized, and assigned a unique geospatial location. The resultant master list was combined with road network, land use, topography, travel barriers and healthcare-seeking behavior within a geospatial framework to estimate travel time to the nearest (i) private, (ii) public, and (iii) both (public and private-PP) health facilities through a travel scenario involving walking, bicycling and motorized transport. The proportion of the population within 1 h and outside 2-h was computed at 300 × 300 spatial resolution and aggregated at subnational units used for decision-making. Areas with a high disease prevalence for common infections that were outside 1-h catchment (dual burden) were also identified to guide prioritization. Results The combined database contained 13,579 health facilities, both in the public (55.5%) and private-for-profit sector (44.5%) in 2021. The private health facilities' distribution was skewed toward the urban counties. Nationally, average travel time to the nearest health facility was 130, 254, and 128 min while the population within 1-h was 89.4, 80.5, and 89.6% for the public, private and PP health facility, respectively. The population outside 2-h were 6% for public and PP and 11% for the private sector. Mean travel time across counties was heterogeneous, while the population within 1-h ranged between 38 and 100% in both the public sector and PP. Counties in northwest and southeast Kenya had a dual burden. Conclusion Continuous updating and geocoding of health facilities will facilitate an improved understanding of healthcare gaps for planning. Heterogeneities in geographical access continue to persist, with some areas having a dual burden and should be prioritized toward reducing health inequities and attaining universal health coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K. Moturi
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Laurissa Suiyanka
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eda Mumo
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Robert W. Snow
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emelda A. Okiro
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Macharia
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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von Tsurikov A, Engert M, Hein A, Krcmar H. Prozessmodularisierung und -standardisierung als Grundlage für die Digitalisierung von Prozessen im Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst. HMD 2022. [PMCID: PMC9607832 DOI: 10.1365/s40702-022-00914-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Die Digitalisierung des Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (ÖGD) in Deutschland weist nach wie vor Defizite auf, was nicht zuletzt im Kontext der Pandemiebewältigung zu Problemen führte. Zur Bewältigung ihrer Aufgaben benötigen die etwa 400 deutschen Gesundheitsämtern, eine entsprechende Softwareausstattung, deren Bereitstellung auch durch die Heterogenität des ÖGD erschwert wird. Entsprechend stellt die Standardisierung und Modularisierung von Prozessen die Grundlage für eine nachhaltige Digitalisierung des ÖGD dar. Aufbauend auf diesen Prozessmodellen können geeignete und breit anwendbare Softwaremodule für diverse Aufgabenbereiche der Gesundheitsämter entwickelt und bereitgestellt werden. Die durchgeführte Studie leistet einen ersten wichtigen Beitrag im Kontext der Digitalisierung des ÖGD, indem sie eine Vorgehensweise zur Prozessstandardisierung und -modularisierung entwickelt und beispielhaft anwendet. Im Rahmen dieser Studie erfolgte eine Standardisierung und Modularisierung von Prozessen im Bereich der Wasserhygiene basierend auf den Prozessen eines Gesundheitsamtes in Berlin. In einer Kombination von Design Science Research und Business Process Standardization (BPS) wurden stakeholderübergreifende Ende-zu-Ende Prozesse identifiziert, deren Ist-Zustände mit BPMN (Business Process Model and Notation) visualisiert und anschließend in generalisierbare Soll-Zustände überführt. Die Ergebnisse wurden schließlich mit zwei weiteren Gesundheitsämtern validiert. Die angewandte Methodik und die entwickelten Artefakte können einerseits zur Skalierung dieses Vorgehens in weiteren Gesundheitsämtern und andererseits als eine Grundlage für die Entwicklung von passenden und breit anwendbaren Softwarekomponenten genutzt werden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemiy von Tsurikov
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstraße 3, 85748 Garching, Deutschland
| | - Martin Engert
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstraße 3, 85748 Garching, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Hein
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstraße 3, 85748 Garching, Deutschland
| | - Helmut Krcmar
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstraße 3, 85748 Garching, Deutschland
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Pereira D, Leitão J, Ramos L. Burnout and Quality of Work Life among Municipal Workers: Do Motivating and Economic Factors Play a Mediating Role? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:13035. [PMID: 36293606 PMCID: PMC9602191 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzes the relationship between burnout and quality of work life among municipal workers subjected to higher levels of stress and emotional exhaustion, impacting their occupational health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. With a sample of 459 municipal workers, the relationship between burnout and quality of work life is tested by considering the isolated mediating effect of the feeling of contributing to productivity and the combined effects of two mediators representing the feeling of contributing to productivity and receiving an appropriate salary. The main findings include a negative association between the three dimensions of burnout: emotional exhaustion, feelings of cynicism, and a sense of being less effective, and the mediators: contribution to productivity and appropriate salary. Also detected was an important mediating role associated with the effects of not feeling contributive at work, as well as not being well paid, on the relation between the burnout syndrome dimension of low effectiveness and quality of work life. For future action by public authorities and public managers, the need is highlighted to create innovative human resource management frameworks and flexible work organization, with remuneration plans based on productivity goals and aimed at an improved balance between personal life and work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Pereira
- Centre for Management Studies of Instituto Superior Técnico (CEG-IST), University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Research Center in Business Sciences (NECE), University of Beira Interior, 6200-209 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João Leitão
- Centre for Management Studies of Instituto Superior Técnico (CEG-IST), University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Research Center in Business Sciences (NECE), University of Beira Interior, 6200-209 Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Sociais (ICS), University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ludovina Ramos
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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Dirzyte A, Patapas A, Zidoniene D. Employees' personality traits and needs' frustration predicts stress overload during the COVID-19 pandemic. Scand J Psychol 2022; 63:513-521. [PMID: 35490391 PMCID: PMC9348058 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at identifying significant associations between stress, personality traits, and basic psychological needs' satisfaction and frustration. In the study, a simple random sample consisted of 245 employees (mean age = 39.6; SD = 10.82). 138 (57.5%) employees worked in the public sector, and 102 (42.5%) employees worked in the private sector. This study found no statistically significant differences between the private and public sector employees in the stress overload. Private sector employees demonstrated higher autonomy and relatedness satisfaction, while public sector employees demonstrated higher autonomy frustration. Public sector employees demonstrated higher scores on agreeableness and conscientiousness, but no significant differences between public and private sectors were found comparing the scores on extraversion, neuroticism, and open-mindedness. The SEM identified some significant associations between neuroticism, unsatisfied needs, and stress overload; conscientiousness, unsatisfied needs, and stress overload; basic psychological needs' satisfaction and four personality traits, namely, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and open-mindedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiste Dirzyte
- Institute of PsychologyMykolas Romeris UniversityVilniusRepublic of Lithuania
- Faculty of Creative IndustriesVilnius Gediminas Technical UniversityVilniusRepublic of Lithuania
| | - Aleksandras Patapas
- Institute of Public AdministrationMykolas Romeris UniversityVilniusRepublic of Lithuania
| | - Dovile Zidoniene
- Institute of PsychologyMykolas Romeris UniversityVilniusRepublic of Lithuania
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Ramachandran D, George GB, Panicker P, Aravind R, Suresh MK, Iype T. COVID-19 and Stroke Trends in A Tertiary Care Center from South India -Our Monsoon Experience. Neurol India 2022; 70:1942-1946. [PMID: 36352591 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.359188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The unprecedented challenges during the COVID pandemic and the subsequent lockdown had resulted in a delay in treatment metrics for acute stroke. There is a rising concern that COVID-19 co-infection can adversely affect stroke outcome. We aim to investigate the impact of COVID-19 in the management of stroke patients. We also compared the differences in stroke manifestations, etiological pattern, treatment course, and outcome of acute stroke patients in COVID-19 confirmed cases. METHODOLOGY A single-center retrospective study was done at the Stroke Unit, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram. Consecutive patients of acute stroke confirmed by imaging, presenting within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms in May to July 2020 and May to July 2019, were included. The primary data variables included baseline demographics, risk factors, admission NIHSS, stroke timings, thrombolysis rate, TOAST etiology, mRS at discharge, and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Strokes with higher NIHSS, arrival blood sugar and blood pressure, and delays in door-to-CT and door-to-needle time were more during the pandemic. Intravenous thrombolysis was less and mortality was higher in COVID-19 strokes during the pandemic. COVID-19-positive stroke patients had more hemorrhagic strokes, more severe strokes with low CT ASPECTS, more hemorrhagic transformation, high in-hospital mortality, and poor functional outcome at discharge and 3 months. CONCLUSION Our study was a hypothesis-generating study with a limited number of patients. This study has reconfirmed the higher severity of the stroke, with a higher mRS score and mortality during the pandemic, especially among COVID-19-positive stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Ramachandran
- Departments of Neurology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Githin Benoy George
- Departments of Neurology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Praveen Panicker
- Departments of Neurology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - R Aravind
- Department of Infectious Disease, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - M K Suresh
- Department of General Medicine, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Thomas Iype
- Departments of Neurology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Bahri G, Mechergui N, Youssef I, Ben Rhouma M, Youssfi I, Ladhari N. Occupational diseases compensated in the Tunisian public sector. Tunis Med 2022; 100:603-610. [PMID: 36571728 PMCID: PMC9744125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Describe the epidemiological characteristics of occupational diseases (OD) recognized by the Central Medical Commission (CMC) of the first ministry during the period from 2012 to 2019. METHODS It was a descriptive and retrospective study covering all cases of diseases declared and recognized as occupational diseases by the CMC of the first ministry in the public sector and their repair during the period from the first of January 2012 to December 31, 2019. RESULTS During the study period, 294 OD were declared, of which, 213 were recognized by the CMC (72.4%). The average age of the population was 45.8 ± 10.9 years. A female predominance was noted (61%). Most employees (56%) were part of the health sector. Tuberculosis was the most common occupational disease (21.1%). Cancers were present in 5.6% of cases. In this series, 99 workers had a temporary total disability (TTD) (46.5%). A partial permanent disability rate (PPD) was attributed to 20 victims of OD (9.4%) with an average rate of 29% and extremes ranging from 8% to 70%. CONCLUSION The OD recognized in the public sector seemed to be low. This encourages better information for workers on occupational risks and better awareness of attending physicians to report the professional nature of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Bahri
- Service de Pathologie professionnelle et de Médecine du Travail, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Tunis / Faculté de Médecine de Tunis
| | - Najla Mechergui
- Service de Pathologie professionnelle et de Médecine du Travail, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Tunis / Faculté de Médecine de Tunis
| | - Imen Youssef
- Service de Pathologie professionnelle et de Médecine du Travail, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Tunis / Faculté de Médecine de Tunis
| | - Mariem Ben Rhouma
- Service de Pathologie professionnelle et de Médecine du Travail, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Tunis / Faculté de Médecine de Tunis
| | - Imen Youssfi
- Service de Pathologie professionnelle et de Médecine du Travail, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Tunis / Faculté de Médecine de Tunis
| | - Nizar Ladhari
- Service de Pathologie professionnelle et de Médecine du Travail, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Tunis / Faculté de Médecine de Tunis
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Lin TZ, Jayasvasti I, Tiraphat S, Pengpid S, Jayasvasti M, Borriharn P. The Predictors Influencing the Rational Use of Antibiotics Among Public Sector: A Community-Based Survey in Thailand. Drug Healthc Patient Saf 2022; 14:27-36. [PMID: 35369038 PMCID: PMC8965102 DOI: 10.2147/dhps.s339808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The spread and emergence of antimicrobial resistance is the significant public health concerns over past decades. The major leading cause comes from irrational use of antibiotics. Aim To explore the characteristics of rational use of antibiotics and identify its predictive factors among public sector living in Nakhon Nayok Province, Thailand. Methods This project was conducted by using the data-source from Rational Use of Antibiotics (RUA) Survey Project at Nakhon Nayok Province. A cross-sectional community-based study method and face to face interviews were conducted. Two hundred fifty-four participants were selected by using Quota sampling method. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the sociodemographic and antibiotics use characteristics. Chi-square test were utilized to determine the association between explanatory variables and major outcome while multiple logistic regression was analysed to identify the predictors of antibiotics use behavior. Results The mean age of the participants was 42 years, those with aged between 35 and 56 had more rational use of antibiotics behavior than those with 13–34 years while older adults (57–78 years) were significantly associated with irrational use of antibiotics [AOR = 0.38; 95% CI (0.17–0.85)] than those with less than 34 years of age. Less than half (45.7%) and about one third of them (31.1%) showed adequate knowledge and appropriate attitude towards antibiotics use. An adequate knowledge [AOR = 3.37; 95% CI (1.92–5.90)], appropriate attitude [AOR = 2.90; 95% CI (1.54–5.43)], not using antibiotics within last 3 months [AOR = 1.89; 95% CI (1.04–3.43)], and not visiting drugstore when having three main diseases [AOR = 2.04; 95% CI (1.06–3.92)] were the significant predictors of rational antibiotics use (p-value <0.05). Conclusion Strategies development in terms of knowledge and attitude enhancement about antibiotics use particularly at the different ages together with RDU pharmacy encouragement and policy restriction of community drugstores antibiotics sales are the most effective method to promote rational antibiotics use behavior in the public sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaw Zin Lin
- Department of Health Development, ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Isareethika Jayasvasti
- Nutrition and Wellbeing Promotion Unit, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sariyamon Tiraphat
- Department of Health Development, ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Supa Pengpid
- Department of Health Development, ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Department of Research Development and Innovation, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Manisthawadee Jayasvasti
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phetlada Borriharn
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Northern College, Tak, Thailand
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Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is the lowest income region of the world with a considerable number of low-income countries. The region is challenged by a massive infrastructure deficit. In recent years, the governments of the countries in the region have expressed the desire to bridge the huge gap in infrastructure assets through a partnership with the private sector using the public-private partnership model. However, the advent of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic which has resulted in unplanned public sector expenditure poses a new kind of hurdle to climb for states in the region. As such, there is a need for governments in SSA to create and sustain efficient opportunities for private sector investment in infrastructure procurement and maintenance. This article adopted the doctrinal legal research method as well as review of literature in the examination of the role of law in creating a healthy and sustainable business environment for private sector participation in infrastructure financing and operation in a post-COVID-19 era in the SSA region. The article recommends among others, the enactment of legislation to create an enabling environment for raising domestic capital for the purposes of private sector-led public infrastructure procurement as well as the implementation of strategies suited for developing economies to attain successful outcomes in private sector backed infrastructure procurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Edobor Arimoro
- Lecturer in Law, Nottingham Law School,
Nottingham
Trent University, Nottingham, United
Kingdom; and Research Associate, Centre for Comparative Law in Africa, Faculty
of Law, University of
Cape Town, South Africa
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33
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Nilsen HM, Feiring E. Local public health projectification in practice: a qualitative study of facilitators and barriers to a public health plan implementation. Scand J Public Health 2022:14034948221080402. [PMID: 35302427 DOI: 10.1177/14034948221080402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify factors perceived by local government employees to affect the implementation of a municipal public health plan. METHODS Qualitative individual interviews (n=13) were carried out. Participants were sampled from three districts in Oslo municipality, Norway, and asked about their experiences with an ongoing implementation of the Oslo Public Health Plan (2017-2020). The conceptual framework of public sector projectification - a growing reliance on project organisation of policies - informed the study. The consolidated framework for implementation research was used to aid data coding and subsequent thematic analysis. RESULTS Implementation facilitators included factors perceived to support flexibility, including plan adaptability to the local setting, and factors perceived to enable structure and control during the implementation process, such as the articulation of specific goals and a shared understanding of public health work. Barriers were mainly related to complex aspects of the plan, such as the need to involve multiple stakeholders and levels of governance, and to tensions between the time-limited implementation process and the permanent organisational structures. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated how research-based methods can be used for the evaluation of a local community implementation process. It has identified implementation determinants using a predetermined taxonomy of operationally defined factors that are likely to influence implementation. However, while implementing a time-limited public health plan can be seen as 'taking action' in relation to multidimensional and complex problems, further research is needed to investigate whether plan implementation has a long-term impact on the surrounding organisation and, eventually, on public health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Nilsen
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Eli Feiring
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Norway
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Williamson S. Public servants working from home: Exploring managers’ changing
allowance decisions in a COVID-19 context. The Economic and Labour Relations Review 2022; 33:37-55. [PMCID: PMC8899838 DOI: 10.1177/10353046211055526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Before the COVID-19 pandemic forced large sections of the workforce to work from
home, the uptake of working from home in the public sector had been limited and
subject to the discretion or ‘allowance decisions’ of individual managers.
Allowance decisions are influenced by factors at the organisational, group and
individual levels. This research examines managers’ allowance decisions on
working from home at each of these levels. It compares two qualitative datasets:
one exploring managerial attitudes to working from home in 2018 and another
dataset collected in mid-2020, as Australia transitioned out of the initial
pandemic lockdown. The findings suggest a change in the factors influencing
managers’ allowance decisions. We have identified a new factor at the
organisational level, in the form of local organisational criteria. At the group
level, previous concerns about employee productivity largely vanished, and
managers experienced an epiphany that working from home could be productive. At
the individual level, a new form of managerial discretion emerged as managers
attempted to reassert authority over employees working remotely. These levels
intersect, and we conclude that allowance decisions are fluid and not made
solely by managers but are the result of the interactions between the
organisational, group and individual levels. JEL Codes J81, J32
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Williamson
- Sue Williamson, UNSW Canberra, PO Box 7916
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2610, Australia.
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Mehmood K, Jabeen F, Iftikhar Y, Yan M, Khan AN, AlNahyan MT, Alkindi HA, Alhammadi BA. Elucidating the effects of organisational practices on innovative work behavior in UAE public sector organisations: The mediating role of employees' wellbeing. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2022; 14:715-733. [PMID: 35112487 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the context of the transitioning economy of the United Arab Emirates, which demands inculcating innovative behavior in public employees, this study investigates the relationship between high-involvement work practices and leaders' collaborative nature with employees' innovative behavior. Drawing on the social exchange and ability-motivation-opportunity theories, this research expounds the mediating effect of employees' wellbeing to examine the mechanisms through which high-involvement work practices and public leaders' collaborative nature affect employees' innovative behavior in public organisations. Using three-wave data from 207 individuals in public service organisations, this study tests the effects of employees' perceptions of high-involvement work practices and leaders' collaborative nature on their wellbeing and innovative work behaviors. Our findings have theoretical and practical implications for research on innovative work behavior in the milieu of public organisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mehmood
- Research Center of Hubei Micro & Small Enterprises Development, School of Economics and Management, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, China
| | - Fauzia Jabeen
- College of Business, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Yaser Iftikhar
- AFPGMI, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Manli Yan
- School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ali Nawaz Khan
- Research Center of Hubei Micro & Small Enterprises Development, School of Economics and Management, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, China
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Borges GLB, da Cruz MMA, Ricci-Vitor AL, da Silva PF, Grace SL, Vanderlei LCM. Publicly versus privately funded cardiac rehabilitation: access and adherence barriers. A cross-sectional study. SAO PAULO MED J 2022; 140:108-114. [PMID: 35043870 PMCID: PMC9623829 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2020.0782.r1.31052021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) barriers are well-understood in high-resource settings. However, they are under-studied in low-resource settings, where access is even poorer and the context is significantly different, including two-tiered healthcare systems and greater socioeconomic challenges. OBJECTIVE To investigate differences in characteristics of patients attending publicly versus privately funded CR and their barriers to adherence. DESIGN AND SETTING Observational, cross-sectional study in public and private CR programs offered in Brazil. METHODS Patients who had been attending CR for ≥ 3 months were recruited from one publicly and one privately funded CR program. They completed assessments regarding sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and the CR Barriers Scale. RESULTS From the public program, 74 patients were recruited, and from the private, 100. Participants in the public program had significantly lower educational attainment (P < 0.001) and lower socioeconomic status (P < 0.001). Participants in the private program had more cognitive impairment (P = 0.015), and in the public program more anxiety (P = 0.001) and depressive symptoms (P = 0.008) than their counterparts. Total barriers among public CR participants were significantly higher than those among private CR participants (1.34 ± 0.26 versus 1.23 ± 0.15/5]; P = 0.003), as were scores on 3 out of 5 subscales, namely: comorbidities/functional status (P = 0.027), perceived need (P < 0.001) and access (P = 0.012). CONCLUSION Publicly funded programs need to be tailored to meet their patients' requirements, through consideration of educational and psychosocial matters, and be amenable to mitigation of patient barriers relating to presence of comorbidities and poorer health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Lombardi Bonini Borges
- PT. Physiotherapist, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Technology and Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil.
| | - Mayara Moura Alves da Cruz
- PT, MSc. Physiotherapist and Doctoral Student, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Technology and Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil.
| | - Ana Laura Ricci-Vitor
- PT, PhD. Professor, Escola Superior de Saúde Egas Moniz (ESSEM), Egas Moniz - Cooperativa de Ensino Superior (CRL), Almada, Setúbal, Portugal.
| | - Paula Fernanda da Silva
- PT. Physiotherapist and Master's Student, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Technology and Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil.
| | - Sherry Lynn Grace
- PhD, CRFC. Professor, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Senior Scientist, KITE & Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Luiz Carlos Marques Vanderlei
- PhD. Professor, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Technology and Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil.
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van Wijk M, Barnard MM, Fernandez A, Cloete K, Mukosi M, Pitcher RD. Trends in public sector radiological usage in the Western Cape Province, South Africa: 2009-2019. SA J Radiol 2021; 25:2251. [PMID: 34917410 PMCID: PMC8661274 DOI: 10.4102/sajr.v25i1.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although global use of medical imaging has increased significantly, little is known about utilisation trends in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Objectives To evaluate changes over a decade in public sector diagnostic imaging utilisation at provincial level in a middle-income country. Method A retrospective analysis of medical imaging utilisation in the Western Cape Province of South Africa in 2009 and 2019. Use of conventional radiography, ultrasonography (US), fluoroscopy, CT, MRI, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and whole-body digital radiography was assessed by total studies and studies/103 people, for the whole province, the rural and metropolitan areas. Mammography utilisation was calculated for every 103 females aged 40–70 years. Results The provincial population and total imaging investigations increased by 25% and 32%, respectively, whilst studies/103 people increased by 5.5% (256 vs 270/103), with marked variation by modality. Provincial US, CT and MRI utilisation/103 people increased by 111% (20 vs 43/103), 78% (10 vs 18/103) and 32% (1.9 vs 2.5/103) respectively, whilst use of fluoroscopy (3.6 vs 3.7/103) and mammography (14.2 vs 15.9/103 women aged 40–70 years) was steady and plain radiography decreased by 20% (216 vs 196/103). For CT, mammography and fluoroscopy, percentage utilisation increases/103 people were higher in the rural than metropolitan areas. Conclusion Population growth is the main driver of overall imaging utilisation in our setting. The relatively constant imaging workload per 1000 people, albeit with increasing ultrasound, CT and MR utilisation, and decreasing use of plain radiography, reflects improved provincial imaging infrastructure, and appropriate use of available resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica van Wijk
- Division of Radiodiagnosis, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michelle M Barnard
- Sub-Directorate Medical Imaging Services, Directorate: Health Technology, Western Cape Department of Health, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amanda Fernandez
- Sub-Directorate Medical Imaging Services, Directorate: Health Technology, Western Cape Department of Health, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Keith Cloete
- Sub-Directorate Medical Imaging Services, Directorate: Health Technology, Western Cape Department of Health, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Matodzi Mukosi
- Tygerberg Hospital, Department of Health, Western Cape Government, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard D Pitcher
- Division of Radiodiagnosis, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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Sazzad F, Rajan VP, Demircioglu MA. The Role of Leadership in Public Sector Innovation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Management of COVID-19 in Asian Countries. Front Public Health 2021; 9:743748. [PMID: 34976914 PMCID: PMC8714750 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.743748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong leadership in public sector innovation can empower governments to address community challenges in new ways in light of the challenges posed by the global coronavirus pandemic. Coronavirus management policy, pandemic responses, needs, and options are reflected in various Asian countries in respective published literature, but a summarized synthesis is not available. Using a systematic review approach (PRISMA), this study has analyzed the role of leadership in public sector innovation in COVID-19 management and synthesized 23 articles from 23 different Asian countries. In the light of available data, public sector innovation (PSI) and the role played by the leadership of each country' have been found to be largely inter-dependent. The current review provides a cross-section of the ongoing nature of the pandemic, as management responses and trend data in the countries are still emerging or evolving. Additionally, our study contributes a current state report regarding the barriers facing the leadership of Asian countries in mitigating the global pandemic through PSI. Our study found that a strong political leadership presence combined with a technocratic approach and a highly-skilled public sector workforce, could lead to more tremendous success in managing the outbreak. Furthermore, religious leadership was also found to have a potentially significant role in COVID-19 management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizus Sazzad
- Department of Public Policy, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - V. Priya Rajan
- Department of Public Policy, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Faculty of Arts and Social Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mehmet Akif Demircioglu
- Department of Public Policy, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Balluerka N, Gorostiaga A, Rodríguez-López A, Aliri J. Assessment of Personality in Basque Public Sector Employees and Its Role in Predicting Organizational Citizenship Behaviors in Selection Processes. Front Psychol 2021; 12:787850. [PMID: 34956014 PMCID: PMC8702496 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.787850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) are an important aspect of job performance as they enhance the effectiveness of organizations. Research has shown that personality is a moderate predictor of job performance. This study, involving a sample of 678 public sector employees in the Basque Country (northern Spain), pursued two aims: First, to develop and validate a Basque-language version of the Overall Personality Assessment Scale (OPERAS), a scale designed to assess the Big Five personality factors in a wide range of settings; and second, to examine whether person-organization fit (PO fit) and adaptive performance improve the capacity of personality to predict OCBs. The results indicated that the adapted scale was a suitable instrument for assessing personality in the Basque-speaking population. Furthermore, PO fit and adaptive performance improved the capacity of personality to predict OCBs. Based on these results, we propose a new predictive model that may enhance the efficiency of personnel selection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nekane Balluerka
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Arantxa Gorostiaga
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Jone Aliri
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
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Patel R, Pandya A, Patel KK, Malhotra S, Patel AK. Assessment of self-reported adherence to ART and patient's virological/CD4 response in a tertiary care clinic and government free ART clinic. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2021; 42:62-68. [PMID: 34765940 PMCID: PMC8579589 DOI: 10.4103/ijstd.ijstd_22_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Treatment adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART) is critical in reducing morbidity, mortality, and improving the survival in HIV patients. ART is a life-long commitment, and the variety of factors can influence treatment adherence. We studied the factors affecting treatment adherence in the private sector and public sector outdoor clinic in Ahmedabad, India. The primary objective of this study is to compare the level of adherence and factors that influence adherence to ART in patients attending government run free ART program and private setup. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 8 weeks among HIV-infected patients who were receiving ART from private clinic and free ART center from July 2019 to September 2019. We enrolled all consecutive patients >18 years of age attending both clinics. Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS software version 25.0. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify the factors that were independently associated with adherence to ART. Results The study enrolled 306 patients, 151 (49.34%) from the outpatient department of private hospital, and 155 (50.65%) from the free ART center. Patients attending private clinics were more likely to have been diagnosed with HIV since ≥10 years compared to free ART center. Higher opportunistic infection rates were found in free ART center (64.51%). Treatment adherence was significantly lower in the patients attending free ART center (P = 0.004). Patients taking concomitant medications for other comorbid conditions (≥4 pills/day) were more likely to exhibit inadequate adherence ([odds ratio] 1.216, 95% confidence interval 1.0171-1.454). Univariate analysis showed that age, education, habits of alcohol, tobacco, number of pills, and duration of disease played a significant role in predicting adherence to ART (P < 0.05). Conclusions Patients attending private clinic are surviving longer with HIV diagnosis, have fewer opportunistic infections, and have better treatment adherence compared to free ART clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushin Patel
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, "VEDANTA" Institute of Medical Sciences, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Amee Pandya
- Department of Pharmacology, Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Ketan K Patel
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, "VEDANTA" Institute of Medical Sciences, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Supriya Malhotra
- Department of Pharmacology, Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, India
| | - Atul K Patel
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, "VEDANTA" Institute of Medical Sciences, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Abstract
This study is an investigation of the relationships among job meaningfulness, work engagement, and performance, including testing for a possible mediation effect of work engagement on the relationship between job meaningfulness and performance. We examine task interdependence as a boundary condition that facilitates employee engagement using two-stage multiple-source respondent data drawn from a sample of 183 Uzbek employees from public organizations and their 47 supervisors to test the hypotheses. The research findings confirm a positive association between job meaningfulness and engagement and the relationship between work engagement and performance. Mediation analysis using bootstrapping indicated that work engagement explained the influence of meaningfulness on performance. Furthermore, task interdependence negatively moderated the relationship between meaningfulness and engagement. This study responds to calls for researchers to identify the key and situational drivers of work engagement as well as examine the importance of meaningfulness in the public sector. It also increases the external validity of the findings by examining the relationship between engagement and performance in a non-Western context, namely, Islamic Uzbekistan. Despite the limitations of this research, the empirical findings contribute to the growing body of research on work engagement and meaningfulness in public organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung-Wan Kang
- College of Business, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Suk Bong Choi
- College of Global Business, Korea University, Sejong City, South Korea
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Waite S. Should I Stay or Should I Go? Employment Discrimination and Workplace Harassment against Transgender and Other Minority Employees in Canada's Federal Public Service. J Homosex 2021; 68:1833-1859. [PMID: 31951793 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2020.1712140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing literature interested in the workplace experiences of transgender individuals. The biggest limitation for researchers in this field continues to be the dearth of population-level data that captures information on gender identity and employment characteristics. Using the 2017 Public Service Employee Survey, this paper explores employment discrimination and workplace harassment against gender diverse (transgender, non-binary, genderqueer) and other minority employees working in Canada's federal public service. This study finds that gender diverse employees are between 2.2 and 2.5 times more likely to experience discrimination and workplace harassment than their cisgender male coworkers. Cisgender women, visible minorities, Indigenous, and those with disabilities are also more likely to report discrimination and workplace harassment. Cisgender women and gender diverse employees who occupy multiple minority statuses may experience an additive likelihood of discrimination and harassment. This study also finds that employee retention can be improved by providing more inclusive and tolerant workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Waite
- Department of Sociology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Mapuranga H, Pitcher RD, Jakanani GC, Banhwa J. An audit of Zimbabwean public sector diagnostic ultrasound services. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 39:99. [PMID: 34466201 PMCID: PMC8379399 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.39.99.28342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction the provision of basic diagnostic imaging services is pivotal to achieving universal health coverage. An estimated two-thirds of the world's population have no access to basic diagnostic imaging. Accurate data on current imaging equipment resources are required to inform health delivery strategy and policy at national level. This is an audit of Zimbabwean public sector diagnostic ultrasound resources and services. Methods utilising the Ministry of Health and Child Care (MHCC) database, sequential interviews were conducted with provincial health authorities and local facility managers. Ultrasound equipment, personnel and services in all hospitals and clinics, nationally were recorded, collated, and analysed for the whole country, and by province. Results of the 1798 Zimbabwean public sector healthcare facilities, sixty-six (n=66, 3.67%) have ultrasound equipment. Ninety-nine (n=99) ultrasound units are distributed across the sonar facilities, representing a national average of 8 units per million people. More than half the equipment units (n=53, 54%) are in secondary-level healthcare facilities (district and mission hospitals), and approximately one-fifth (n=22, 22%) in the central hospitals (quaternary level). The best-resourced province has twice the resources of the least resourced. One-hundred and forty-two (n=142) healthcare workers, from six different professional groups, provide the public sector ultrasound service. Most facilities with sonar equipment (n=64/66, 97%) provide obstetrics and gynaecology services, while general abdominal scanning is available at one third (n=22, 33%). Two facilities with ultrasound equipment have no capacity to offer a sonography service. Conclusion in order to reach the WHO recommendation of 20 sonar units per million people, an estimated 140 additional sonar units are required nationally. The need is greatest in Masvingo, Midlands and Mashonaland East Provinces. Task-shifting plays a key role in the provision of Zimbabwean sonar services. Consideration should be given to formal training and accreditation of all healthcare workers involved in sonar service delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey Mapuranga
- Division of Radiodiagnosis, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard Denys Pitcher
- Division of Radiodiagnosis, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Josephat Banhwa
- Department of Medical Physics and Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Marcén M, Morales M. The intensity of COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions and labor market outcomes in the public sector. J Reg Sci 2021; 61:775-798. [PMID: 34230691 PMCID: PMC8251414 DOI: 10.1111/jors.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines whether the intensity of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has differentially impacted the public sector labor market outcomes. This extends the analysis of the already documented negative economic consequences of COVID-19 and their dissimilarities with a typical economic crisis. To capture the intensity of the NPIs, we build a novel index (COVINDEX) using daily information on NPIs merged with state-level data on out-of-home mobility (Google data). We show that among individuals living in a typical state, NPI enforcement during COVID-19 reduces the likelihood of being employed (at work) by 5% with respect to the pre-COVID period and the hours worked by 1.3% using data on labor market outcomes from the monthly Current Population Survey and difference-in-difference models. This is a sizable amount representing the sector with the higher job security during the pandemic. Public sector workers in a typical state are 4 percentage points more likely to be at work than salaried workers in the private sector and 7 percentage points more likely to be at work than self-employed workers (the worst so far). Our results are robust to the endogeneity of the NPI measures and present empirical evidence of heterogeneity in response to the NPIs, with those in local employment being the hardest hit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Marcén
- Departamento de Análisis Económico, Facultad de Economía y EmpresaUniversidad de ZaragozaGran Vía 2ZaragozaEspaña50005Spain
| | - Marina Morales
- Departamento de Análisis Económico, Facultad de Economía y EmpresaUniversidad de ZaragozaGran Vía 2ZaragozaEspaña50005Spain
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de Sá LA, Covre ER, de Melo WA, Gomes RM, Tostes MFDP. Public-private relationship in surgical hospitalizations through the Unified Health System. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2021; 29:e3467. [PMID: 34468624 PMCID: PMC8432587 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.4901.3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to characterize surgical hospitalizations, length of stay, cost and mortality, according to the legal nature (public and private) of the hospital institution linked to the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS). Method: a descriptive study, of the survey type, with retrospective data collection (2008 to 2017) and a quantitative approach. The dependent variables surgical hospitalizations in Brazil, costs, length of stay and mortality and the independent variables regime/legal nature (public and private) were obtained from the Informatics Department of the Unified Health System. The Mann-Whitney test was used for analysis. RESULTS the average number of hospitalizations through the Unified Health System was 4,214,083 hospitalizations/year, 53.5% occurred in private hired hospitals and 46.5% in public hospitals (p=0.001). The financial transfer was greater for the private sector (60.6%) against 39.4% for the public (p=0.001). The average stay was 4.5 days in the public hospital and 3.1 days in its private counterpart (p<0.001). Mortality was higher in the public (1.8%) than in the private hospital (1.4%) (p<0.001). CONCLUSION there was predominance of surgical hospitalizations through the Unified Health System in private hospitals with greater financial transfer to this sector, to the detriment of the public. The diverse evidence produced contributes to the debate and actions to avoid budgetary asphyxiation in the public sector in favor of the private sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Alves de Sá
- Universidade Estadual do Paraná, Colegiado de Enfermagem, Paranavaí, PR, Brazil
- Scholarship holder at the Fundação Araucária, Universidade Estadual do Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Rocha Covre
- Universidade Estadual do Paraná, Colegiado de Enfermagem, Paranavaí, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Rogério Miranda Gomes
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Zappalà S, Toscano F, Topa G. The Implementation of a Remote Work Program in an Italian Municipality before COVID-19: Suggestions to HR Officers for the Post-COVID-19 Era. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2021; 11:866-877. [PMID: 34563077 PMCID: PMC8544214 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe11030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This case study describes the implementation stages and some outcomes of a remote work program that was adopted in an Italian municipality before the COVID-19 pandemic. This research used a qualitative case study approach, proposing a semi-structured interview with 14 staff members (six remote-worker employees, their respective managers, and two intermediate-level managers) about the experience with the remote work program. In addition, two researchers attended two preparatory program meetings. The evidence shows that, even before the COVID-19 pandemic, remote work was mainly performed at home, for one or two days a week. Together with their manager, remote workers decided the tasks to perform remotely and the criteria to monitor remote work. Furthermore, employees appreciated the remote work program, perceiving themselves to be more productive in their work. Elements of this case study may be relevant for companies that aim to move from an emergency to a more planned remote work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Zappalà
- Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Psychology and Human Capital Development, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, 125993 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ferdinando Toscano
- Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Gabriela Topa
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, National University of Distance Education, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Mansor E, Ahmad N, Raj D, Mohd Zulkefli NA, Mohd Shariff Z. Predictors of Parental Barriers to Reduce Excessive Child Screen Time Among Parents of Under-Five Children in Selangor, Malaysia: Cross-sectional Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e25219. [PMID: 33847590 PMCID: PMC8080141 DOI: 10.2196/25219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, there is an increasing prevalence of excessive screen time exposure among young children, including in Malaysia. Parents are advised to limit this exposure, but there are barriers for many of them to follow this recommendation. To date, there is a lack of research on the factors that cause these parental barriers. Objective This study aimed to determine the parental barrier toward the reduction of excessive child screen time and its predictors among parents of children aged younger than 5 years in the Petaling District, Selangor, Malaysia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2019 to June 2020 among 789 parent-child dyads attending child health clinics in the Petaling District. Validated self-administered questionnaires were used to capture information on sociodemographic, parental, child-related, and environmental factors and parental barriers. Stratified sampling with probability proportionate to size was employed. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 25 (IBM Corp). Descriptive analysis and bivariable analysis were performed before multiple linear regression was used to identify predictors of parental barriers. Results The overall mean score of parental barriers was 3.51 (SD 0.83), indicating that the average numbers of barriers experienced by parents were more than 3. The multivariable analysis showed that the predictors of parental barriers included monthly household income (adjusted β=–.03, 95% CI –0.05 to –0.02), parents who worked in public sectors (adjusted β=.18, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.29), positive parental attitude on screens (adjusted β=.68, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.79), low parent self-efficacy to influence child’s physical activity (adjusted β=–.32, 95% CI –0.43 to –0.20), and child screen time (adjusted β=.04, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.06). Conclusions The strongest predictor of parental barriers to reduce excessive child screen time was the positive parental attitude on screen time which could contribute to their abilities to limit child screen time. Thus, future intervention strategies should aim to foster correct parental attitudes toward screen time activities among young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliza Mansor
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Serdang, Malaysia.,Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Norliza Ahmad
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Diana Raj
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Serdang, Malaysia.,Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Zalilah Mohd Shariff
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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48
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Abstract
Drawing on over 4,000,000 individual and 2,000 agency observations across five countries, this paper examines the relationship between features of an employee's work environment and intrinsic motivation in public agencies. It finds that practices which foster employees' sense of autonomy, competence, and relatedness are associated with substantially higher levels of intrinsic motivation across a broad range of settings. This is true both at the individual and agency level and when examining changes within agency over time. These patterns appear to be at least partially a result of differential selection in and out of the agency, with lower levels of supportive practices associated with greater desire to exit for employees with higher levels of intrinsic motivation. Nonfinancial elements of job design are strongly associated with intrinsic motivation, as are potentially more difficult to alter features of an agency, such as satisfaction with compensation and managerial quality. There is also suggestive evidence that the relationship between agency practices and employee intrinsic motivation is stronger when tasks are more difficult to monitor.
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49
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Hiilamo A, Huttu A, Øverland S, Pietiläinen O, Rahkonen O, Lallukka T. Pain in Multiple Sites and Clusters of Cause-Specific Work Disability Development among Midlife Municipal Employees. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:3375. [PMID: 33805159 PMCID: PMC8037270 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates to what extent pain in multiple sites and common risk factors related to work environment, occupational class and health behaviours are associated with cause-specific work disability (WD) development clusters. The study population was derived from the Finnish Helsinki Health Study (n = 2878). Sequence analysis created clusters of similar subsequent cause-specific WD development in an eight-year follow-up period. Cross-tabulations and multinomial logistic regression were used to analyze the extent to which baseline factors, including pain in multiple sites, were associated with the subsequent WD clusters. A solution with five distinct WD clusters was chosen: absence of any WD (40%), low and temporary WD due to various causes (46%), WD due to mental disorders (3%), WD due to musculoskeletal (8%) and WD due to other causes (4%). Half of the employees in the musculoskeletal WD cluster had pain in multiple locations. In the adjusted model the number of pain sites, low occupational class and physical working conditions were linked to the musculoskeletal WD. The identified characteristics of the different WD clusters may help target tailored work disability prevention measures for those at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aapo Hiilamo
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, PO Box 18, 00032 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Anna Huttu
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, PO Box 20, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.H.); (O.P.); (O.R.)
| | - Simon Øverland
- Division of Physical and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Olli Pietiläinen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, PO Box 20, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.H.); (O.P.); (O.R.)
| | - Ossi Rahkonen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, PO Box 20, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.H.); (O.P.); (O.R.)
| | - Tea Lallukka
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, PO Box 18, 00032 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, PO Box 20, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.H.); (O.P.); (O.R.)
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50
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Lim M, Liberali S, Calache H, Parashos P, Borromeo GL. Perspectives of the public dental workforce on the dental management of people with special needs. Aust Dent J 2021; 66:304-313. [PMID: 33682920 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with special health care needs continue to have difficulties accessing regular dental care partly due to oral health professionals feeling they lack the knowledge and experience to provide treatment to these individuals. METHODS Qualitative interviews and focus groups provided an insight into the types and nature of supports that oral health professionals working in the Australian public dental system desired and felt may improve their willingness and/or ability to treat patients with special needs. RESULTS Although participants did not identify one group of patients with special needs that were more difficult to treat, they did report a feeling of being unsupported. Clinicians felt that improved training and access to ongoing education in Special Needs Dentistry, opportunities for greater support from specialists or other health professionals, either through networking or other media such as telehealth, and fostering a more supportive clinical environment, particularly in relation to appointment lengths and productivity pressures, may improve their willingness and ability to treat patients with special needs. CONCLUSIONS Additional support, in the form of greater interaction with specialists and reduced time and productivity pressures, may improve the willingness of oral health professionals in the public dental system to treat patients with special needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawt Lim
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Dental Services, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sac Liberali
- Special Needs Unit, Adelaide Dental Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - H Calache
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Deakin Health Economics, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Parashos
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - G L Borromeo
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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