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Mousavi SE, Razmi K, Patil JG. Sex steroids have opposing effects on heart rate of juveniles, Gambusia holbrooki. J Mol Endocrinol 2023; 71:e230021. [PMID: 37159386 DOI: 10.1530/jme-23-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Built on our recent work that heart rates (HRs) and function in Gambusia holbrooki are sexually dimorphic, this study assessed whether the species is an appropriate model to study sex-hormone effects on heart physiology. With a hypothesis that 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) regulate the HR of juvenile G. holbrooki in a sex-specific manner, genetic males and females were treated with E2 and MT, respectively, and the HR; (bpm) was measured an hour following treatment using light-cardiogram. Results showed the HRs (bpm) of both sexes were significantly (P < 0.05) altered compared to controls. Specifically, the E2 accelerated HR in the males and conversely MT decelerated the HR in the females. The normal expression levels of estrogen (erα and erβ) and G protein-coupled estrogen (gper) receptor genes were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in female than male hearts. Interestingly, the activity of the erβ in the heart of the MT-treated females reversed and was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of males while erα and gper were non-responsive. In contrast, significant down- and up-regulation of erα and gper, respectively, occurred in the liver of MT-treated females. Morphological observations suggest that MT caused hepatomegaly, somewhat resembling an inflating balloon, perhaps induced by the accumulation of unexpelled gases. E2-induced ventricular angiogenesis in males was likely due to an influx of blood supply caused by the increased HRs. Collectively, the results demonstrate that the juvenile G. holbrooki heart readily responds to E2/MT in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ehsan Mousavi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Komeil Razmi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jawahar G Patil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia
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Yang S, Wang S, Wang Y, Song J, Jiang Y, Chen L, Yang H. Ultrathin Two-Dimensional BiOCl-Bi 2 S 3 -Cu 2 S Ternary Heterostructures with Enhanced LSPR effect for NIR Photonic Bacterial Disinfection. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203831. [PMID: 36604309 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Photonic disinfection, particularly near-infrared (NIR) light triggered antibacterial, has emerged as a highly promising solution for combating pathogenic microbes due to its spatiotemporal operability, safety, and low cost of apparatus. However, it remains challenging to construct NIR-responsive antibacterial agents with high light-converting efficacy and elucidate synergistic mechanisms. In this work, ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) BiOCl-Bi2 S3 -Cu2 S ternary heterostructures that can efficiently kill drug-resistant bacteria were synthesized by doping 0D Bi2 S3 and Cu2 S nanoparticles in the 2D BiOCl nanosheets via a facile one-pot hydrothermal method. Notably, the incorporation of Cu2 S nanoparticles bestows strong NIR light-harvesting capability to the composite nanosheets due to their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Upon NIR light illumination, the BiOCl-Bi2 S3 -Cu2 S nanosheets can achieve enhanced photonic hyperthermia and reaction oxygen species (ROS) generation, serving as single light-activated bi-functional photothermal/photodynamic therapeutics. High-speed hot electrons and large local electronic fields caused by LSPR might play an important role in thermal vibrations and effective carrier separations, respectively. Benefiting from the unique ternary heterostructures, both the photothermal conversion and ROS generation efficacy of BiOCl-Bi2 S3 -Cu2 S nanosheets are significantly improved compared to the binary BiOCl-Cu2 S or BiOCl-Bi2 S3 nanosheets. Accordingly, the ternary composite nanosheets can effectively kill bacteria via the NIR-driven photonic disinfection mechanism. This work presents a new type of 2D composite nanosheets with ternary heterostructures for NIR photonic disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouning Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Shengkun Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Yaru Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Jian Song
- School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Huayan Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
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Yang C, Chang M, Yuan M, Jiang F, Ding B, Zhao Y, Dang P, Cheng Z, Kheraif AAA, Ma P, Lin J. NIR-Triggered Multi-Mode Antitumor Therapy Based on Bi 2 Se 3 /Au Heterostructure with Enhanced Efficacy. Small 2021; 17:e2100961. [PMID: 34110686 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Of all the reaction oxygen species (ROS) therapeutic strategies, NIR light-induced photocatalytic therapy (PCT) based on semiconductor nanomaterials has attracted increasing attention. However, the photocatalysts suffer from rapid recombination of electron-hole pairs due to the narrow band gaps, which are greatly restricted in PCT application. Herein, Bi2 Se3 /Au heterostructured photocatalysts are fabricated to solve the problems by introducing Au nanoparticles (NPs) in situ on the surface of the hollow mesoporous structured Bi2 Se3 . Owing to the lower work function of Au NPs, the photo-induced electrons are easier to transfer and assemble on their surfaces, resulting in the increased separation of the electron-hole pairs with efficient ROS generation. Besides, Bi2 Se3 /Au heterostructures also enhance the photothermal efficiency due to the effective orbital overlaps with accelerated electron migrations according to density functional theory calculations. Moreover, the PLGA-PEG and the doxorubicin (DOX) are introduced for photothermal-triggered drug release in the system. The Bi2 Se3 /Au heterostructures also displays excellent infrared thermal (IRT) and computed tomography (CT) dual-modal imaging property for promising cancer diagnosis. Collectively, Bi2 Se3 /Au@PLGA-PEG-DOX exhibits prominent tumor inhibition effect based on synchronous PTT, PCT and chemotherapy triggered by NIR light for efficient antitumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Mengyu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Meng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Fan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Binbin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yajie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Peipei Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ziyong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Abdulaziz A Al Kheraif
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ping'an Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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Wang XJ, Wang MH, Fu XT, Hou YJ, Chen W, Tian DC, Bai SY, Fu XY. Selenocysteine antagonizes oxygen glucose deprivation-induced damage to hippocampal neurons. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1433-1439. [PMID: 30106056 PMCID: PMC6108205 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing and/or searching for novel antioxidants against oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced oxidative damage represents an effective strategy for the treatment of human ischemic stroke. Selenium is an essential trace element, which is beneficial in the chemoprevention and chemotherapy of cerebral ischemic stroke. The underlying mechanisms for its therapeutic effects, however, are not well documented. Selenocysteine (SeC) is a selenium-containing amino acid with neuroprotective potential. Studies have shown that SeC can reduce irradiation-induced DNA apoptosis by reducing DNA damage. In this study, the in vitro protective potential and mechanism of action of SeC against OGD-induced apoptosis and neurotoxicity were evaluated in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons. We cultured HT22 cells in a glucose-free medium containing 2 mM Na2S4O2, which formed an OGD environment, for 90 minutes. Findings from MTT, flow cytometry and TUNEL staining showed obvious cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HT22 cells in the OGD condition. The activation of Caspase-7 and Caspase-9 further revealed that OGD-induced apoptosis of HT22 cells was mainly achieved by triggering a mitochondrial-mediated pathway. Moreover, the OGD condition also induced serious DNA damage through the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and superoxide anions. However, SeC pre-treatment for 6 hours effectively inhibited OGD-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HT22 cells by inhibiting reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative damage. Our findings provide evidence that SeC has the potential to suppress OGD-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mei-Hong Wang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Yishui, Linyi, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Fu
- School of Basic Medicine, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ya-Jun Hou
- School of Basic Medicine, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wang Chen
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shandong Province, China
| | - Da-Chen Tian
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shandong Province, China
| | - Su-Yun Bai
- School of Basic Medicine, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Fu
- School of Basic Medicine, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
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Feng L, Yang D, He F, Gai S, Li C, Dai Y, Yang P. A Core-Shell-Satellite Structured Fe 3 O 4 @g-C 3 N 4 -UCNPs-PEG for T 1 /T 2 -Weighted Dual-Modal MRI-Guided Photodynamic Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2017. [PMID: 28643467 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in the specific tumor site plays the key role in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, a multifunctional nanoplatform is designed by absorbing ultrasmall upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) on mesoporous graphitic-phase carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanospheres, then further modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG)molecules (abbreviated as Fe3 O4 @g-C3 N4 -UCNPs-PEG). The inert g-C3 N4 layer between Fe3 O4 core and outer UCNPs can substantially depress the quenching effect of Fe3 O4 on the upconversion emission. Upon near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation, the UCNPs convert the energy to the photosensitizer (g-C3 N4 layer) through fluorescence resonance energy transfer process, thus producing a vast amount of ROS. In vitro experiment exhibits an obvious NIR-triggered cell inhibition due to the cellular uptake of nanoparticles and the effective PDT efficacy. Notably, this platform is responsive to magnetic field, which enables targeted delivery under the guidance of an external magnetic field and supervises the therapeutic effect by T1 /T2 -weighted dual-modal magnetic resonance imaging. Moreover, in vivo therapeutic effect reveals that the magnetism guided accumulation of Fe3 O4 @g-C3 N4 -UCNPs-PEG can almost trigger a complete tumor inhibition without any perceived side effects. The experiments emphasize that the excellent prospect of Fe3 O4 @g-C3 N4 -UCNPs-PEG as a magnetic targeted platform for PDT application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Feng
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology Ministry of Education College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 P. R. China
| | - Dan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology Ministry of Education College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 P. R. China
| | - Fei He
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology Ministry of Education College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 P. R. China
| | - Shili Gai
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology Ministry of Education College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 P. R. China
| | - Chunxia Li
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences Zhejiang Normal University Jinhua 321004 P. R. China
| | - Yunlu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology Ministry of Education College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 P. R. China
| | - Piaoping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology Ministry of Education College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 P. R. China
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Roh HT, Cho SY, Yoon HG, So WY. Effect of Exercise Intensity on Neurotrophic Factors and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Induced by Oxidative-Nitrosative Stress in Male College Students. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2017; 27:239-46. [PMID: 27997261 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of aerobic exercise intensity on oxidative-nitrosative stress, neurotrophic factor expression, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Fifteen healthy men performed treadmill running under low-intensity (LI), moderate-intensity (MI), and high-intensity (HI) conditions. Blood samples were collected immediately before exercise (IBE), immediately after exercise (IAE), and 60 min after exercise (60MAE) to examine oxidative-nitrosative stress (reactive oxygen species [ROS]; nitric oxide [NO]), neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]; nerve growth factor [NGF]), and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability (S-100β; neuron-specific enolase). ROS concentration significantly increased IAE and following HI (4.9 ± 1.7 mM) compared with that after LI (2.8 ± 1.4 mM) exercise (p < .05). At 60MAE, ROS concentration was higher following HI (2.5 ± 1.2 mM) than after LI (1.5 ± 0.5 mM) and MI (1.4 ± 0.3 mM) conditions (p < .05). Plasma NO IAE increased significantly after MI and HI exercise (p < .05). Serum BDNF, NGF, and S-100b levels were significantly higher IAE following MI and HI exercise (p < .05). BDNF and S-100b were higher IAE following MI (29.6 ± 3.4 ng/mL and 87.1 ± 22.8 ng/L, respectively) and HI (31.4 ± 3.8 ng/mL and 100.6 ± 21.2 ng/L, respectively) than following LI (26.5 ± 3.0 ng/mL and 64.8 ± 19.2 ng/L, respectively) exercise (p < .05). 60MAE, S-100b was higher following HI (71.1 ± 14.5 ng/L) than LI (56.2 ± 14.7 ng/L) exercise (p < .05). NSE levels were not significantly different among all intensity conditions and time points (p > .05). Moderate- and/or high-intensity exercise may induce higher oxidative-nitrosative stress than may low-intensity exercise, which can increase peripheral neurotrophic factor levels by increasing BBB permeability.
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Abstract
The metabolic disturbance of obesity is one of the most common risk factors of atherosclerosis. Resistin, an obesity-induced adipokine, can induce the expression of cell adhesion molecules and the attachment of monocytes to endothelial cells, which play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Ursolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid found in fruits and many herbs, exhibits an array of biological effects such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential underlying mechanisms of the effect of ursolic acid on resistin-induced adhesion of U937 cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Our data indicated that ursolic acid suppressed the adhesion of U937 to HUVECs and downregulated the expression of adhesion molecules, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and E-selectin, in resistin-induced HUVECs by decreasing the production of intracellular reaction oxygen species (ROS) and attenuating the nuclear translocation of NFκB. Ursolic acid appeared to inhibit resistin-induced atherosclerosis, suggesting that ursolic acid may play a protective role in obesity-induced cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Lin
- a Graduate Institute of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Mei Yu
- b Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Weng-Cheng Chang
- c Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Su-Yin Chiang
- d Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Chin Chan
- e Department of Biochemistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fen Lee
- b Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Ho YS, Xiong Y, Ho DS, Gao J, Chua BHL, Pai H, Mieyal JJ. Targeted disruption of the glutaredoxin 1 gene does not sensitize adult mice to tissue injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion and hyperoxia. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:1299-312. [PMID: 17893043 PMCID: PMC2196211 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To understand the physiological function of glutaredoxin, a thiotransferase catalyzing the reduction of mixed disulfides of protein and glutathione, we generated a line of knockout mice deficient in the cytosolic glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1). To our surprise, mice deficient in Grx1 were not more susceptible to acute oxidative insults in models of heart and lung injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion and hyperoxia, respectively, suggesting that either changes in S-glutathionylation status of cytosolic proteins are not the major cause of such tissue injury or developmental adaptation in the Glrx1-knockout animals alters the response to oxidative insult. In contrast, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from Grx1-deficient mice displayed an increased vulnerability to diquat and paraquat, but they were not more susceptible to cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and diamide. A deficiency in Grx1 also sensitized MEFs to protein S-glutathionylation in response to H(2)O(2) treatment and retarded deglutathionylation of the S-glutathionylated proteins, especially for a single prominent protein band. Additional experiments showed that MEFs lacking Grx1 were more tolerant to apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor alphaplus actinomycin D. These findings suggest that various oxidants may damage the cells via distinct mechanisms in which the action of Grx1 may or may not be protective and Grx1 may exert its function on specific target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Shih Ho
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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