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Mollahosseini M, Yazdanpanah Z, Nadjarzadeh A, Mirzaei M, Kalantar SM, Mirzaei K, Mozaffari-Khosravi H. Study Protocol for the Interactions between Dietary Patterns and ARL15 and ADIPOQ Genes Polymorphisms on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors. Int J Prev Med 2023; 14:62. [PMID: 37351048 PMCID: PMC10284236 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_17_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are recognized as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Studies have shown the impact of genetic predisposition and dietary factors on developing these diseases. Dietary patterns and genetic factors such as polymorphisms related to the level of adiponectin may also interact with each other and produce variances in the effects of these factors on different individuals. The purpose of this study is to investigate the interactions between food intake patterns and polymorphisms on ADIPOQ and ARL15 genes in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods This cross-sectional study is conducted on 380 adults (20 to 70 years old) living in Yazd, Iran. Individuals were selected from the participants in Yazd Health Study (YaHS) and its sub-study called Taghziyeh Mardom-e Yazd (TAMYZ) after reviewing the inclusion and exclusion criteria. YaHS is a population-based cohort study which has been conducted on 9962 adults living in Yazd since 2014. In the present study, rotated principle component analysis (PCA) with Varimax rotation is used to identify the major dietary patterns. The polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method is used in order to identify rs1501299 and rs6450176 variants (on ADIPOQ and ARL15 genes, respectively). General linear models (GLM) as well as regression models are used to investigate the interactions between the studied genotypes and the extracted dietary patterns. Conclusions The results of this study can help to personalize dietary recommendations for the prevention of CVDs according to the genetic predisposition of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mollahosseini
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zeinab Yazdanpanah
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Yazd, Iran
| | - Azadeh Nadjarzadeh
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mehdi Kalantar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Reproduction Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Reproduction Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Mozaffari-Khosravi
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Yazd, Iran
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Alshammary AF, Ansar S, Farzan R, Alsobaie SF, Alageel AA, Al-Hakeem MM, Ali Khan I. Dissecting the Molecular Role of ADIPOQ SNPs in Saudi Women Diagnosed with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051289. [PMID: 37238960 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional definition of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the leading cause of carbohydrate intolerance in hyperglycemia of varying severity, with onset or initial detection during pregnancy. Previous studies have reported a relationship among obesity, adiponectin (ADIPOQ), and diabetes in Saudi Arabia. ADIPOQ is an adipokine that is produced and secreted by adipose tissue involved in the regulation of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism. This study investigated the molecular association between rs1501299, rs17846866, and rs2241766 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ADIPOQ and GDM in Saudi Arabia. Patients with GDM and control patients were selected, and serum and molecular analyses were performed. Statistical analyses were performed on clinical data, Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium, genotype and allele frequencies, multiple logistic regression, ANOVA, haplotype, linkage disequilibrium, as well as MDR and GMDR analyses. The clinical data showed significant differences in various parameters between the GDM and non-GDM groups (p < 0.05). In GDM women with alleles, genotypes, and different genetic models, the rs1501299 and rs2241766 SNPs showed a strong association (p < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a negative correlation (p > 0.05). This study concluded that rs1501299 and rs2241766 SNPs were strongly associated with GDM in women in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal F Alshammary
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabah Ansar
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed Farzan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah F Alsobaie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa A Alageel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak Mohammed Al-Hakeem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Ali Khan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
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Yalinbas EE, Akcilar R. Serum adiponectin levels and adiponectin +276 G/T gene polymorphism in newborns with large and small birth weights. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2022; 35:10638-10646. [PMID: 36415042 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2022.2150073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adiponectin may be an important indicator in the regulation of fetal and neonatal growth due to its metabolism, energy balance, and insulin-sensitizing action. The current study's goal was to determine if there is a link between adiponectin +276 G/T gene polymorphism and serum adiponectin level in newborns classified as appropriate for gestational age (AGA), small for gestational age (SGA), or large for gestational age (LGA). METHODS The study included newborns classified as AGA (n = 65), SGA (n = 65), or LGA (n = 65) according to their gestational age or birth weight. To determine the presence of adiponectin +276 G/T gene polymorphism, genotyping was done using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the level of adiponectin in the blood. RESULTS The SGA newborns had significantly lower levels of serum adiponectin than the AGA and LGA newborns. There were statistically significant differences between the genotype frequencies (GG, GT, TT) of the SGA newborns (29.9%, 45.1%, 13.9%), the AGA newborns (41.6%, 20.7%, 44.4%), and the LGA newborns (28.6%, 34.1%, 41.7%) (chi-square = 15.8; degree of freedom = 4; p = .003). The newborns carrying the GT genotype had an increased risk of being SGA compared to those carrying the GG and TT genotypes (odds ratio [OR] = 3.07; confidence interval [CI] = 95% (1.38-6.64); p = .005 and OR = 6.96; CI = 95% (2.19-22.1); p < .001, respectively). The newborns carrying the GG and TT genotypes had better protection against being SGA than those carrying the GT genotype (OR = 0.33; CI = 95% (0.15-0.72); p = .005 and OR = 0.14; CI = 95% (0.05-0.46); p < .001, respectively). The newborns carrying the GT genotype had lower birth weights, head circumferences, and ponderal indices than those carrying the TT genotype (p < .001). The serum adiponectin levels between adiponectin +276 G/T genotypes did not differ significantly (p = .429). In addition, serum adiponectin level showed a significant positive correlation with birth weight, birth length, head circumference, and ponderal index in all newborns. CONCLUSION The results of the current study suggest that the adiponectin +276 G/T gene polymorphism was associated with an increased chance of being born SGA or LGA. The effect of this polymorphism on newborn birth size was independently associated with serum adiponectin levels. Adiponectin may play a role in fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raziye Akcilar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Kütahya, Turkey
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Gouliopoulos N, Siasos G, Bouratzis N, Oikonomou E, Kollia C, Konsola T, Oikonomou D, Rouvas A, Kassi E, Tousoulis D, Moschos MM. Polymorphism analysis of ADIPOQ gene in Greek patients with diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 43:326-331. [PMID: 34895017 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.2015787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several genetic polymorphisms have been identified as risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) onset. The purpose of our study was to determine whether ADIPOQ rs1501299 and rs2241766 gene polymorphisms are associated with DR in a cohort of Greek diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS 218 patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were included in the study; 109 suffered from DR and 109 not. All the participants underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, while clinical and demographic data were assessed. Furthermore, they were genotyped for G276T (rs1501299) and T45G (rs2241766) single nucleotide polymorphisms of ADIPOQ gene. RESULTS Between the studied groups, no significant differences were detected regarding the demographic and clinical data (p > .05 for all), except for hemoglobin A1c levels and frequency of insulin treatment (higher in DR patients). We detected that the frequency of rs1501299 GT genotype was significantly elevated in DR patients (53% vs. 34%, p = .004) and was associated with a higher risk of developing retinopathy (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.30-4.11). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the rs1501299 GT genotype was significantly and independently associated with increased odds for DR development in diabetic subjects (OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.38-5.21, p = .004), regardless of the impact of other known risk factors. CONCLUSIONS We documented that rs1501299 GT genotype could be recognized as an independent risk factor of retinopathy in T2DM Greek patients, while no role for rs2241766 polymorphism was identified. Further research in different ethnic groups will clarify the exact association of these polymorphisms with the risk of DR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Gouliopoulos
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.,1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- 1st Department of Cardiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Bouratzis
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- 1 Department of Cardiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Kollia
- 1 Department of Cardiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodosia Konsola
- 1 Department of Cardiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Oikonomou
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Rouvas
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Kassi
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- 1 Department of Cardiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Marilita M Moschos
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Alimi M, Goodarzi MT, Nekoei M. Association of ADIPOQ rs266729 and rs1501299 gene polymorphisms and circulating adiponectin level with the risk of type 2 diabetes in a population of Iran: a case-control study. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:87-93. [PMID: 34222061 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Mutation in various regions of the adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene is described to be associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Our aim was to investigate the association between rs1501299 (SNP + 276 G > T) and rs266729 (SNP-11377 C > G) polymorphisms of ADIPOQ gene and susceptibility to T2D in an Iranian population. Methods This is a case-control study. A total of 210 subjects including 100 patients with T2D and 110 healthy controls were selected from an Iranian population. SNP-11377 C > G and SNP + 276 G > T polymorphisms were investigated using the Tetra ARMS-PCR method. Results The genotypes frequency of the SNP-11377 C > G polymorphism (P = 0.21) and SNP + 276 G > T polymorphism (P = 0.10) were in agreement with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The genotype and allele frequencies for rs266729 polymorphism showed a significant difference between the T2D and control groups. Further, the frequencies of the genotypes of GG (OR = 2.43, P = 0.031), GG + GG (OR = 2.11, P < 0.01) and G allele (OR = 1.6, P = 0.041) in SNP-11377 C > G polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of T2D compared to control group. While, there was no significant association between the different genotypes of SNP + 276 G > T polymorphism and the risk of T2D in an Iranian population. The circulating adiponectin level in T2D subjects had significant difference compared to the control group in rs266729 polymorphism. Conclusion We concluded that ADIPOQ rs266729 (SNP-11377 C > G) gene polymorphism but no rs1501299 is associated with increased risk of T2D in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahrokh Alimi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, IR Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Nekoei
- Department of Chemistry, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, IR Iran
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Geriki S, Bitla AR, SrinivasaRao PVLN, Hulikal N, Yootla M, Sachan A, Amancharla Yadagiri L, Asha T, Manickavasagam M, Kannan T, Kumari AP. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of adiponectin and leptin genes with breast cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:6287-6297. [PMID: 31538300 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in adiponectin gene [rs1501299 (+276G/T) and rs266729 (-11377C/G)] and one SNP of leptin gene [rs7799039 (-2548G/A)] are known to influence plasma levels of adiponectin and leptin respectively. Literature is scarce on the association of adiponectin gene polymorphism rs266729 with breast cancer. The present study was taken up to study these polymorphisms and their association with breast cancer. Ninety-three patients diagnosed with malignant breast cancer were included as cases along with 186 age matched healthy controls. Adiponectin +276G/T, -11377C/G and leptin -2548G/A polymorphism were studied using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Adipokine levels in blood were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Adiponectin +276G/T and leptin -2548G/A showed a significant increased risk for breast cancer even after adjusting for confounding variables like present age, age at menarche, age at first child birth and age at menopause. In the subset analysis, based on menopausal state, stronger association was observed between SNP in adiponectin gene +276G/T with the breast cancer in post-menopausal women after adjusting for all other variables. No association was found with adiponectin -11377C/G. No association of the gene polymorphisms with adipokine levels was observed. Also, no significant association was seen for the effect of gene-environment interaction i.e. presence of polymorphism with obesity and menopausal state for any of the SNPs studied. Adiponectin +276G/T is strongly associated with breast cancer in postmenopausal women while leptin -2548G/A polymorphisms is significantly associated with breast cancer irrespective of the menopausal state in south Indian subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvari Geriki
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India
| | - Aparna R Bitla
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India.
| | - P V L N SrinivasaRao
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India
| | - Narendra Hulikal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India
| | - Mutheeswaraiah Yootla
- Department of Surgery, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India
| | - Alok Sachan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India
| | | | - T Asha
- Department of Pathology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India
| | - M Manickavasagam
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India
| | - T Kannan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India
| | - Aruna P Kumari
- Department of Pathology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India
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Alfaqih MA, Al-Mughales F, Al-Shboul O, Al Qudah M, Khader YS, Al-Jarrah M. Association of Adiponectin and rs1501299 of the ADIPOQ Gene with Prediabetes in Jordan. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8040117. [PMID: 30360393 PMCID: PMC6316320 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a worldwide health problem caused by resistance to insulin action. This chronic debilitating diseaseis preceded by a stage, known as prediabetes, in which a healthy lifestyle can delay the disease. The discovery of biochemical changes in prediabetes is important to identify individuals at risk of developing T2DM and in explaining disease pathogenesis. Adiponectin is secreted by fat cells and is linked with insulin resistance. Adiponectin levels are dysregulated in prediabetic subjects. This relationship had not been tested in Jordan. We recruited 130 subjects with prediabetes and 130 control subjects. We measured serum levels of adiponectin and genotyped subjects for three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ADIPOQ gene; rs266729, rs1501299 and rs2241766. In multivariate analysis, we found that serum adiponectin lowers the risk of prediabetes (p = 0.002; odds ratio (OR), 0.764; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.646⁻0.905). The rs1501299 SNP of the ADIPOQ gene was associated with prediabetes in our population (p = 0.041). Specifically, in multivariate analysis, the GT genotype of rs1501299 increased the risk of prediabetes (p = 0.010; OR, 2.350; 95% CI, 1.231⁻4.486) as well as the TT genotype (p = 0.006; OR, 4.774; 95% CI, 1.551⁻14.693). Our findings indicate that serum adiponectin and SNPs in the ADIPOQ gene are associated with prediabetes in Jordan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Alfaqih
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Faheem Al-Mughales
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Othman Al-Shboul
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Mohammad Al Qudah
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Yousef S Khader
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Muhammad Al-Jarrah
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
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Klemettilä JP, Kampman O, Seppälä N, Viikki M, Hämäläinen M, Moilanen E, Mononen N, Lehtimäki T, Leinonen E. Association study of the HTR2C, leptin and adiponectin genes and serum marker analyses in clozapine treated long-term patients with schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2014; 30:296-302. [PMID: 25284335 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clozapine treatment is associated with weight gain and cardio-metabolic consequences among patients with schizophrenia. Polymorphisms of leptin, serotonin receptor HTR2C and adiponectin genes have been associated with antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic comorbidity. However, the results of the studies so far are inconclusive. The aim of the present study was first to test for a possible role of serum leptin and adiponectin levels as a marker of weight gain in association with inflammatory cytokines/adipokines (IL-6, IL-1Ra, hs-CRP and adipsin), and second to study associations between SNPs LEP rs7799039 (-2548 A/G), ADIPOQ rs1501299 and HTR2C rs1414334 and weight gain and levels of leptin and adiponectin, in 190 patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment, with retrospectively assessed weight change and cross-sectionally measured cytokine levels. A strong association was found between serum levels of leptin and weight gain and cytokines/adipokines related to metabolic comorbidity, especially among female patients (in women leptin vs. weight gain, IL-6 and IL-1Ra, P<0.001; in men leptin vs. weight gain, P=0.026, leptin vs. IL-1Ra, P<0.001). In male patients low adiponectin level was a more specific marker of clozapine-induced weight gain (P=0.037). The results of the present study do not support a major role of SNPs LEP rs7799039, ADIPOQ rs1501299 and HTR2C rs1414334 in the regulation of weight gain or association of serum levels of leptin and adiponectin and corresponding studied SNPs in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Klemettilä
- Department of Psychiatry, Pitkäniemi Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, 33380 Pitkäniemi, Finland.
| | - O Kampman
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Seinäjoki Hospital District, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - N Seppälä
- Department of Psychiatry, Satakunta Hospital District, 28500 Pori, Finland
| | - M Viikki
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland; Tampere Mental Health Centre, Hallituskatu 8B, 33200 Tampere, Finland
| | - M Hämäläinen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - E Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - N Mononen
- Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - T Lehtimäki
- Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - E Leinonen
- Department of Psychiatry, Pitkäniemi Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, 33380 Pitkäniemi, Finland; School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
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