Association of Adiponectin and rs1501299 of the ADIPOQ Gene with Prediabetes in Jordan

Serum adiponectin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ levels in obese patients with and without prediabetes

OBJECTIVE

Obesity is an increasingly prevalent global health problem, which is generally caused by the increase in body fat mass above normal and observed in all societies. If the blood glucose level is higher than normal but not high enough to diagnose diabetes, this condition is defined as prediabetes. Adiponectin increases fatty acid oxidation and insulin sensitivity and is closely associated with obesity. One of the nuclear receptor superfamily member peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors is shown to have an important role in various metabolic reactions. This study aimed to investigate the serum levels of adiponectin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma parameters, which are closely related to adipose tissue, energy metabolism, and insulin sensitivity, in obese patients with and without prediabetes.

METHODS

For this purpose, 52 obese patients with prediabetes, 48 obese patients with non-prediabetes, and 76 healthy individuals were included in this study. Serum adiponectin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ levels were analyzed by ELISA.

RESULTS

Serum adiponectin levels were significantly higher in obese patients with prediabetes (18.15±15.99) compared with the control group (15.17±15.67; p=0.42). No significant difference was observed in both adiponectin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ levels in the obese patients with the non-prediabetes group compared with the control group. However, no significant difference was observed in the obese patients with prediabetes group and obese patients with non-prediabetes group.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that adiponectin may serve as an indicator of prediabetes. This implies that examining adiponectin levels in individuals diagnosed with prediabetes may enhance our understanding of the metabolic processes closely linked to prediabetes and related conditions.

Therapeutic potential of adiponectin in prediabetes: strategies, challenges, and future directions

Adiponectin, an adipose-derived hormone, plays a pivotal role in glucose regulation and lipid metabolism, with a decrease in circulating adiponectin levels being linked to insulin resistance and prediabetes. This review examines the therapeutic potential of adiponectin in managing prediabetes, elucidating on multiple aspects including its role in glucose and lipid metabolism, influence on insulin sensitivity, and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, the paper highlights the latest strategies to augment adiponectin levels, such as gene therapy, pharmacological interventions, dietary modifications, and lifestyle changes. It also addresses the challenges encountered in translating preclinical findings into clinical practice, primarily related to drug delivery, safety, and efficacy. Lastly, the review proposes future directions, underlining the need for large-scale human trials, novel adiponectin analogs, and personalized treatment strategies to harness adiponectin's full therapeutic potential in preventing the transition from prediabetes to diabetes.

Serum Leptin Receptor and the rs1137101 Variant of the LEPR Gene Are Associated with Bladder Cancer

Globally, bladder cancer (BC) is one of the ten most common tumors. Obesity is a worldwide problem associated with an increased BC risk. Considering that levels of leptin and/or its receptor are often deregulated in obese individuals, we hypothesized that they could contribute to BC. To test this hypothesis, we utilized a case-control study in which 116 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of BC and 116 controls were recruited. The serum levels of leptin and leptin receptor were measured. Patients and controls were also genotyped for SNPs in the LEP (rs7799039, rs791620, and rs2167270) and LEPR genes (rs1137100, rs1137101, and rs1805094). The univariate analysis indicated that BC patients had significantly higher levels of leptin and lower levels of leptin receptor (p < 0.05). Moreover, rs7799039 of LEP and rs1137101 of LEPR were associated with BC (p < 0.05). In the multivariate analysis, leptin receptor levels were protective (OR: 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97-0.99, p = 0.002) while the GG genotype of rs1137101 of LEPR increased BC risk (OR: 3.42, 95% CI = 1.27-9.20, p = 0.02). These findings highlight that lifestyle changes could be useful in preventing BC and that disturbances in energy metabolism could play a role in the pathobiology of BC.

Leptin and the rs2167270 Polymorphism Are Associated with Glycemic Control in Type Two Diabetes Mellitus Patients on Metformin Therapy

Background and Objectives: Type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease with debilitating complications and high mortality. Evidence indicates that good glycemic control delays disease progression and is hence a target of disease management protocols. Nonetheless, some patients cannot maintain glycemic control. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum leptin levels and several SNPs of the LEP gene with the lack of glycemic control in T2DM patients on metformin therapy. Materials and Methods: In a hospital-based case-control study, 170 patients with poor glycemic control and 170 patients with good glycemic control were recruited. Serum leptin was measured. Patients were genotyped for three SNPs in the LEP gene (rs7799039, rs2167270, and rs791620). Results: Serum leptin was significantly lower in T2DM patients with poor glycemic control (p < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, serum leptin levels significantly lowered the risk of having poor glycemic control (OR = 0.985; CI: 0.976-0.994; p = 0.002); moreover, the GA genotype of rs2167270 was protective against poor glycemic control compared to the GG genotype (OR = 0.417; CI: 0.245-0.712; p = 0.001). Conclusions: Higher serum leptin and the GA genotype of the rs2167270 SNP of the LEP gene were associated with good glycemic control in T2DM patients on metformin therapy. Further studies with a larger sample size from multiple institutions are required to validate the findings.

Genetics of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indian and Global Population: A Review

Background

Non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and diabetes contribute to the majority of deaths in India. Public health programmes on non-communicable diseases (NCD) prevention primarily target the behavioural risk factors of the population. Hereditary is known as a risk factor for most NCDs, specifically, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and hence, understanding of the genetic markers of T2DM may facilitate prevention, early case detection and management.

Main body

We reviewed the studies that explored marker-trait association with type 2 diabetes mellitus globally, with emphasis on India. Globally, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs7903146 of Transcription Factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene was common, though there were alleles that were unique to specific populations. Within India, the state-wise data were also taken to foresee the distribution of risk/susceptible alleles. The findings from India showcased the common and unique alleles for each region.

Conclusion

Exploring the known and unknown genetic determinants might assist in risk prediction before the onset of behavioural risk factors and deploy prevention measures. Most studies were conducted in non-representative groups with inherent limitations such as smaller sample size or looking into only specific marker-trait associations. Genome-wide association studies using data from extensive prospective studies are required in highly prevalent regions worldwide. Further research is required to understand the singular effect and the interaction of genes in predicting diabetes mellitus and other comorbidities.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in the ADIPOQ Gene Modifies Adiponectin Levels and Glycemic Control in Type Two Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the ninth leading cause of death worldwide. Mortality from DM is largely attributed to disease complications. Glycemic control of DM patients reduces mortality. Studies indicated that the lack of glycemic control in DM patients could be influenced by the genetic background of the patients. Evidence suggests that adiponectin levels are dysregulated in DM patients with poor glycemic control. Serum adiponectin level is a heritable trait influenced by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ADIPOQ gene. It is hypothesized that SNPs in ADIPOQ could modify glycemic control in DM patients. To test this hypothesis, 375 type 2 DM (T2DM) patients were recruited. Patients were classified into good vs. poor glycemic control according to hemoglobin A1c levels. Study subjects were genotyped for variations of four SNPs in ADIPOQ (rs17300539, rs266729, rs2241766, and rs1501299). Adiponectin levels were measured from the serum. Our analysis showed that reduced serum adiponectin, a longer duration of treatment, and increased insulin resistance were all significant predictors of poor glycemic control. Moreover, the T allele and the TT genotype of rs2241766 were significantly more frequent in patients with poor glycemic control (P < 0.05). Individuals with the TT genotype of rs2241766 had significantly lower levels of serum adiponectin (P < 0.05). It was concluded that lower levels of serum adiponectin and the T allele of rs2241766 SNP in ADIPOQ were associated with poor glycemic control in T2DM patients.

Lifestyle Genetics-Based Reports in the Treatment of Obesity

Obesity becomes a chronic disease due to the increasing number of mortality and morbidity cases around the world. In most regions, chronic illnesses, such as obesity, are important sources of morbidity and mortality. Due to a lack of effective strategies for prevention and management, the adverse effects of obesity and related diseases on health continue to be a serious problem. Relevant information was searched from Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed using such different terms as "Obesity", "Obesity Management", "Obesity AND Physical activity", "Obesity AND Genetics", "Obesity AND Diet", and "Obesity AND Nutrigenomics". Obesity is characterized by a complex interaction of hereditary and lifestyle factors, which includes food. Diet is an environmental element that plays an important and considerable role in the management of health and reduces the risk of obesity and its comorbidities. Changes in lifestyle patterns not only help burn extra calories but also prevent the development of obesity via its modulating effect on genetic factors. Different people respond differently to an obesogenic environment. The notion of nutrigenetics emerged as a result of various genetic variations that may explain this heterogeneity. Nutritional genomics, also known as nutrigenetics, is the study that investigates and analyses gene variations linked to varied responses to certain foods; moreover, it links this variation to diseases, such as obesity. As a result, tailored nutrition advice based on a person's genetic profile may improve the outcomes of a specific dietary strategy and offer a novel dietary strategy to improve life quality and preventing obesity. This study concluded that physical activity and dietary interventions play an effective role in the management of obesity. Moreover, understanding of the function of the most prominent obesity-related genes, as well as the interaction between nutrition and gene expression, will help researchers design personalized treatment strategies for humans.

Leptin and the GA genotype of rs2167270 of the LEP gene increase the risk of prediabetes

Prediabetes is a precursor stage that frequently develops to definitive type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, identifying individuals with prediabetes can allow for early intervention measures that delay or prevent disease progression to T2DM. Several biochemical changes appear to be associated with prediabetes, including an increase in the serum levels of leptin. In Jordan, this association has not been previously investigated. In the present study, the serum levels of leptin were measured in 122 prediabetes subjects and 122 controls. Furthermore, the genotypes of three single nucleotide polymorphisms in the LEP gene (rs7799039, rs2167270 and rs791620) were investigated for their association with prediabetes using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The results revealed a significant increase in serum leptin levels in the prediabetes group. It was also shown that the GA genotype and the A allele of rs2167270 were significantly associated with an increased risk of prediabetes (P<0.05). These findings were shown to be independent of body mass index, waist circumference and serum glucose levels. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first in Jordan to have reported an association between serum leptin levels and the GA genotype of rs2167270 with an increased risk of prediabetes, identified both in the univariate and multivariate models.

Association between Adiponectin Gene Polymorphism and Environmental Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among the Chinese Population in Hohhot

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between adiponectin gene polymorphisms rs10937273, rs1501299, rs182052, rs2241767, and rs266729 and environmental risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Hohhot. The study explored different models of gene-environment interactions, aimed at providing approaches for the prevention and control of T2DM in combination with the characteristics of the local population.

Methods

A case-control study was conducted including 406 Chinese participants, comprising 203 cases and 203 controls from various hospitals. Adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene polymorphisms rs10937273, rs1501299, rs182052, rs2241767, and rs266729 were detected using an improved multiple ligation detection reaction technique. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) and logistic regression were conducted to analyze the associations between adiponectin gene polymorphisms and T2DM, as well as the interactions between adiponectin gene polymorphisms and environmental factors.

Results

ADIPOQ gene polymorphisms rs10937273, rs1501299, rs182052, rs2241767, and rs266729 were associated with type 2 diabetes. Based on the haplotype of the five adiponectin gene single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci, we found that G-G-A-A-C was a susceptible haplotype of T2DM (P < 0.05). Interaction analyses demonstrated associations between rs1501299 and central obesity (consistency = 80%, P = 0.011) and between rs266729 and rs182052 and central obesity (consistency = 70%, P = 0.011).

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that there is an interaction between the ADIPOQ gene and central obesity, which provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of T2DM.