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Luo J, Ji M, Li M, Wang A. The impact of adult children's support on the psychological health of rural older adult people in China. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1230580. [PMID: 38026366 PMCID: PMC10657984 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1230580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Family old-age care is dominant in Chinese rural society, and children's support is an important force in family old-age care. However, the migration of a large number of young and middle-aged rural laborers has undermined the traditional arrangements for old-age care in rural areas and affected the psychological health of the older adult. Methods 2014 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey targets Chinese citizens aged 60 or older and covers 28 provinces in mainland China. In this paper, the database of the CLASS was selected for empirical analysis to explore the impact of children's support on the depression level and loneliness of rural older adults through multiple linear regression, and was divided into two groups according to children's migration to analyze heterogeneity. Results Children's financial support facilitates the maintenance of mental health among rural older adults. Children's support promotes mental health among rural older adults, but this association does not exist among older adults without children's migration. Individual characteristics of older people have a greater impact on mental health. Discussion Our study firstly compares the differences of children's migration status between children's support and mental health among the older adult in rural China. In order to improve the mental health of the older adult, it is necessary to create a favorable atmosphere of love and respect for the older adult, improve the social security system in rural areas, and give full play to the strengths of the social forces, so as to ensure that the older adult have a sense of worthiness and enjoyment in their old age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minglu Ji
- School of Management, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
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Deng Y, Ni J, Mao H. Does Early Parental Conflict Impact Current Depression Among Older Adults in Rural China? A Chain-Mediated Model Analysis. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:4529-4539. [PMID: 37942438 PMCID: PMC10629365 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s432461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The study aimed to investigate the relationships between early parental conflict, marital and parent-child relationships, and current depression among rural older adults, and to examine its gender differences. Methods Using data obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) conducted in 2018, we selected 2347 adults aged 60 years and older in rural China and used a structural equation model to evaluate the mechanisms behind early parental conflict and current depression among such adults. Results Early parental conflict impacted current depression among rural older adults, and marital and parent-child relationships played mediating roles in the mechanism. However, there were gender differences in the paths: early parental conflict directly impacted older males' depression, but not among females; marital relationships acted as a mediator between early parental conflict and current depression among older females, but not among males. Conclusion Among older adults in rural China, early parental conflict can affect current depression through the indirect path of marital relationships as well as the chain mediating path between marital and parent-child relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanping Deng
- Normal College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianchao Ni
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huapei Mao
- School of Business, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
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Meng W, Gao T, Zhong Y, Ge L. Association Between Sleep and Cognition of Older Adults in Rural Areas: A Cross-Sectional Study. Inquiry 2023; 60:469580231171820. [PMID: 37254832 DOI: 10.1177/00469580231171820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is an essential physiological function for everyone. Limited evidence existed on the associations between multi-factor sleep patterns and cognition among older adults in rural areas. Aimed to assess that, We conducted a cross-sectional study on the living habits and cognitive status in rural areas of Qingdao and 1167 participants aged 65 to 96 years answered the questionnaire. The result showed that poor sleep quality, high sleep disturbance, daytime dysfunction, and hypnotic drug-dominated sleep patterns were related to the cognitive function, and there was no obviously associations between good sleep duration and cognition. In order to solve the sleep problems and preserve cognitive function, support and protection of physical and mental health should be the priority of government policies in helping older adults' group in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Meng
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, China
| | - Tianlin Gao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Yang Zhong
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Ling Ge
- Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, China
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Li N, Wang Y, Deng Q, Hu J, Zhou J. A Multilevel Physical Activity Intervention Among Chinese Rural Older Adults (Stay Active While Aging): A Study Protocol for a Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Public Health 2022; 10:760457. [PMID: 35592074 PMCID: PMC9110770 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.760457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although a large number of studies have confirmed the benefits of physical activity (PA) in preventing age-related diseases and disabilities, a growing number of older people spent more time in sedentary behavior as opposed to PA. To reverse the alarming trend, numerous studies have corroborated the effectiveness of PA interventions in improving PA among older adults. However, such research is scarce in rural China, where a majority of older adults do not meet the PA recommendation. The Stay Active While Aging (SAWA) aimed to conduct an intervention to improve the PA level among older adults in rural China. Methods The SAWA is designed as a single-blind, clustered randomized controlled trial carried out in rural Sichuan, China with an 8-week intervention and a 24-month follow-up. The intervention group will receive a multilevel intervention (individual, interpersonal, and community levels), while the control group will not. The primary outcome is the PA level. Secondary outcome measures include sedentary behavior level, self-efficacy, self-regulation, cognitive function, night-time sleep quality, and anthropometry. The difference-in-differences (DID) will be performed to investigate the between-group differences, adjusted for baseline data and covariates. Discussion The SAWA trial will provide a multilevel intervention based on the socio-ecologic model among older adults in rural China. We target the PA level and health status changes while also focus on the maintenance of such intervention during 24 months. If the SAWA produces positive results, it will be possible to recommend similar strategies to be implemented in other Chinese older adults and beyond. Trial registration ChiCTR2100045653 (https://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanyan Li
- Department of Health Behavior and Social Medicine, West China School Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Health Behavior and Social Medicine, West China School Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Deng
- Department of Health Behavior and Social Medicine, West China School Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Julinling Hu
- Department of Health Behavior and Social Medicine, West China School Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junmin Zhou
- Department of Health Behavior and Social Medicine, West China School Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Li SS, Zhang JY, Wu CW, Lu YW, Xu LJ, Ni YY, Liu XJ. The mediating effect of coping style on the relationship between perceived stress and mental health in Chinese rural older adults living alone: A cross-sectional study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22:523-528. [PMID: 35504596 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Older adults living alone is becoming the main family structure in rural China. This study aimed to explore the mediating effect of coping style on the relationship between perceived stress and mental health in rural older adults living alone in China. METHODS 356 rural older adults living alone were recruited in Huzhou, China. Subjects were investigated using the Chinese Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS), Chinese Coping Style Questionnaire (CCSQ), and Mental Health Questionnaire (MHQ). Data were analysed using a structural equation. Bootstrapping was used to validate the mediation effects. RESULTS Mental health showed significant correlations with a sense of nervousness, of uncontrollability, and with positive and negative coping styles (P < 0.05). The results of structural equation modeling showed a good fit for the total sample (χ2 /df = 2.684, NFI = 0.927, GFI = 0.944, RMSEA = 0.069). Perceived stress (sense of nervousness and uncontrollability) impacted the mental health of rural older adults living alone mainly through two mediating variables, including positive and negative coping styles. The double mediating contribution rates were 42.11%, and 61.82%. CONCLUSION Coping style partially mediated the relationship between perceived stress and mental health of rural older adults living alone in China. Consequently, to improve the mental health of rural older adults living alone, perceived stress and coping styles should be the focus. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; ••: ••-••.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Li
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical Science, Huzhou University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Nursing, University of Harbin Medical, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Cong-Wen Wu
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical Science, Huzhou University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Wei Lu
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical Science, Huzhou University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Jun Xu
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical Science, Huzhou University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying-Yuan Ni
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical Science, Huzhou University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Liu
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical Science, Huzhou University, Zhejiang, China
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Ge M, Zhu D, Lee H. WITHDRAWN: Health risk assessment of rural older population. Work 2021:WOR205350. [PMID: 34275921 DOI: 10.3233/wor-205350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ahead of Print article withdrawn by publisher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshu Ge
- The school of Finace, RenMin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Shanghai National Accounting Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Hallie Lee
- Economic management Department, DePauw University, Greencastle, USA
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Su H, Zhou Y, Wang H, Xing L. Social support, self-worth, and subjective well-being in older adults of rural China: a cross-sectional study. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2021; 27:1602-1608. [PMID: 33779418 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2021.1905861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the relationship between social support and subjective well-being of the rural Chinese older adults and investigated whether self-worth could mediate this association. A total number of 356 older adults from rural areas of China were investigated using three scales. The results were as follows: there were significant correlations between social support, self-worth, and subjective well-being (where P < 0.01 in all of them). Bootstrapping mediation analyses indicated that self-worth partly mediated the association between social support and subjective well-being. Accordingly, social support and self-worth are important targets for improving the subjective well-being level of the rural older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Su
- Department of Nursing, Daqing Campus, University of Harbin Medical,Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuqiu Zhou
- Department of Nursing, Daqing Campus, University of Harbin Medical,Heilongjiang, China
| | - Haina Wang
- Psychological Counseling Center, The third Hospital of Daqing City, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lei Xing
- College of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, China
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Kim HJ, Kim HY, Yang Y, Ko E. Effect of an Integrated Healthcare Program for Korean Rural Older Adults: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:healthcare8030244. [PMID: 32751446 PMCID: PMC7551472 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have been conducted on the development of healthcare programs for older adults in rural areas, not only in Asia but also in Europe and the United States. However, these reports have been limited by largely non-comprehensive results, lack of demand surveys, or programs with no systematic development. The purpose of this study was to develop an integrated healthcare program for rural older adults and investigate the effects of the program. A nonequivalent control group pretest–posttest design was used. Subjects were aged over 65 and lived in the rural community. The integrated healthcare program involved 12 three-hour sessions over 12 weeks. Compared with the control group, the experimental group demonstrated significant differences in both upper extremities strengths (t = 2.74, p = 0.008; t = 2.03, p = 0.047), static balance (z = −2.38, p = 0.017), dynamic balance (t = −4.82, p < 0.001), loneliness (t = −3.02, p = 0.003), and role self-efficacy (t = 2.39, p = 0.020), but no differences for ego integration (t = 1.51, p = 0.137). To improve physical, mental, and social health of the rural older adults, we developed an integrated healthcare program. The program improved physical functions, loneliness, and role self-efficiency of the rural older adults. Therefore, it is recommended that healthcare professionals actively apply this program in primary healthcare institutes and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Joon Kim
- Research Institute of Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Research Institute of Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Youngran Yang
- Research Institute of Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Eun Ko
- Department of Nursing, College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
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Ye L, Zhang X. Social Network Types and Health among Older Adults in Rural China: The Mediating Role of Social Support. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E410. [PMID: 30709015 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify social network types among older adults in rural China, to explore the relationship between social network types and the health of the older adults, and further, to examine the mediating role of social support in this relationship. A cross-sectional survey method was employed to investigate the health of adults aged 60 or older in rural areas of Hubei Province from 5 September 2018 to 15 October 2018; 405 samples were obtained. First, using k-means clustering analysis, we found five robust network types: diverse, restricted, family, friends and a specific type—family-restricted. Second, the results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that social network types were significantly associated with depressive symptoms and self-rated health in older adults. Older people with diverse friend networks were significantly associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms, whereas those with restricted and family-restricted networks were significantly associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms and lower levels of self-rated health. Finally, the results of multiple linear regression analysis confirmed that social support partially mediated the association of the identified social network types with depressive symptoms and self-rated health. Enriching the social network relationships of older adults and providing them with more social support should be conducive to promoting their mental and physical health.
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Abstract
Existing cognitive health literature focuses on the perspectives of older adults with dementia. However, little is known about the ways in which healthy older adults without dementia understand their cognitive health. In rural communities, early dementia diagnosis may be impeded by numerous factors including transportation challenges, cultural obstacles, and inadequate access to health and support services. Based on participant observation and two waves of 42 semi-structured interviews, this study examined healthy, rural older adults' perceptions of cognitive health. By providing an innovative theoretical foundation informed by local perspectives and culture, findings reveal a complex and multidimensional view of cognitive health. Rural older adults described four key areas of cognitive health ranging from independence to social interaction. As policy makers, community leaders, and researchers work to address the cognitive health needs of the rural aging demographic, it is essential that they listen to the perspectives of rural older adults.
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Effoe VS, Suerken CK, Quandt SA, Bell RA, Arcury TA. The Association of Complementary Therapy Use With Prescription Medication Adherence Among Older Community-Dwelling Adults. J Appl Gerontol 2015; 36:1054-1069. [PMID: 26320147 DOI: 10.1177/0733464815602116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Medication adherence is a major health concern, particularly among older adults who have one or more chronic conditions. We examined the association between complementary therapy use and medication adherence among older community-dwelling adults. In a bi-ethnic sample of 165 adults aged 65 years and older, anthropometric variables, data on chronic medical conditions, and medication use were assessed. Medication adherence was modeled as a score (<50%, 50%-75%, and >75%) and complementary therapy use was categorized as a binary variable. Over half of the participants (50.3%) were female, and 47.3% were African American. Complementary therapy use was prevalent (87.9%) and did not differ by sex, ethnicity, income, and educational attainment. Medication adherence score was >75% in 84.8% of complementary therapy users and 80.0% of non-users ( p = .61). Despite a high use of complementary therapy in this population, there was no apparent association with low medication adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery S Effoe
- 1 Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Sara A Quandt
- 1 Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ronny A Bell
- 1 Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Li LW, Liu J, Zhang Z, Xu H. Late-life depression in Rural China: do village infrastructure and availability of community resources matter? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015; 30:729-36. [PMID: 25333218 PMCID: PMC4710465 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine whether physical infrastructure and availability of three types of community resources (old-age income support, healthcare facilities, and elder activity centers) in rural villages are associated with depressive symptoms among older adults in rural China. METHOD Data were from the 2011 baseline survey of the Chinese Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The sample included 3824 older adults aged 60 years or older residing in 301 rural villages across China. A score of 12 on the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale was used as the cutoff for depressed versus not depressed. Village infrastructure was indicated by an index summing deficiency in six areas: drinking water, fuel, road, sewage, waste management, and toilet facilities. Three dichotomous variables indicated whether income support, healthcare facility, and elder activity center were available in the village. Respondents' demographic characteristics (age, gender, marital status, and living arrangements), health status (chronic conditions and physical disability), and socioeconomic status (education, support from children, health insurance, household luxury items, and housing quality) were covariates. Multilevel logistic regression was conducted. RESULTS Controlling for individuals' socioeconomic status, health status, and demographic characteristics, village infrastructure deficiency was positively associated with the odds of being depressed among rural older Chinese, whereas the provision of income support and healthcare facilities in rural villages was associated with lower odds. CONCLUSION Village infrastructure and availability of community resources matter for depressive symptoms in rural older adults. Improving infrastructure, providing old-age income support, and establishing healthcare facilities in villages could be effective strategies to prevent late-life depression in rural China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia W. Li
- University of Michigan; School of Social Work; Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Jinyu Liu
- University of Michigan; School of Social Work; Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Zhenmei Zhang
- Michigan State University; Department of Sociology; East Lansing MI USA
| | - Hongwei Xu
- University of Michigan; Survey Research Center; Ann Arbor MI USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the demographic, health and diabetes management correlates of physician trust in a rural, multiethnic population with diabetes. METHODS 563 older (≥ 60 years) African American, American Indian and White adults completed in-home surveys, including the 11-item General Trust in Physicians Scale. RESULTS Higher trust scores were seen among: older (>75) participants (p < .01), those with fewer (<3) chronic health conditions (p < .01), and those who adhered to physical activity (p < .05) and dilated eye exam (p < .01) guidelines; the latter remained significant (eye exam, p = .019) or approached significance (physical activity, p = .051) after adjustment for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS Physician trust may influence patient adherence to diabetes management recommendations. Efforts should be made to build trust in the patient-provider relationship to enhance patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny A Bell
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Bell RA, Grzywacz JG, Quandt SA, Neiberg R, Lang W, Nguyen H, Altizer KP, Arcury TA. Medical skepticism and complementary therapy use among older rural African-Americans and Whites. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2013; 24:777-87. [PMID: 23728044 PMCID: PMC3830528 DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2013.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study documents demographic, health, and complementary therapy (CT) correlates of medical skepticism among rural older adults. METHODS Older (≥65 years) African Americans and Whites in rural North Carolina (N=198) were interviewed. Medical skepticism was assessed using the four items from the Medical Expenditure Survey. Bivariate associations between medical skepticism and demographic and health characteristics and CT use were assessed, and independent effects on CT use. FINDINGS Positive responses to medical skepticism questions ranged from 19.7% (can overcome illness without help) to 59.6% (believes own behavior determines their health). Medical skepticism indicators were associated with few demographic and health characteristics, and one CT category. CONCLUSIONS This study shows a high degree of medical skepticism among rural older adults, but limited associations with demographic and health characteristics and CT use. Further research is needed to understand relationships of attitudes towards conventional care and CT use in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny A Bell
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston- Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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