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Li X, Wu X, Chen X, Peng S, Chen S, Zhou G, Wei Y, Lu X, Zhou C, Ye Y, Li J, Liu S, Xu J. Selective blockade of interleukin 6 trans-signaling depresses atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2023; 20:1759-1770. [PMID: 37633428 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) has been accepted as an inflammatory atrial myopathy. Interleukin 6 (IL-6)-dependent inflammatory signaling pathways take context-dependent effects on cardiovascular diseases. IL-6 trans-signaling is predominantly pro-inflammatory. However, its effect on AF is unclear. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of IL-6 trans-signaling in AF. METHODS Circulating levels of IL-6, soluble IL-6 receptor, and soluble glycoprotein 130 (sgp130) in patients with AF and controls were measured to estimate the activation of IL-6 trans-signaling. A mouse model of AF was established by transverse aortic constriction surgery. Sgp130Fc administration was used for the selective blockade of IL-6 trans-signaling. Studies were conducted to evaluate the effects and underlying mechanisms of sgp130Fc on AF inducibility and atrial conduction abnormalities and structural remodeling. RESULTS In patients, the elevation of IL-6 trans-signaling level was positively associated with AF occurrence. IL-6 trans-signaling activation was recapitulated in the mouse model of AF. In transverse aortic constriction-challenged mice, the selective blockade of IL-6 trans-signaling with sgp130Fc attenuated AF inducibility, which was attributable to the amelioration of slow conduction and conduction heterogeneity induced by atrial dilation, fibrosis, and reduction in connexin 40 and redistribution of connexin 43. Sgp130Fc administration also reduced immune cell infiltration and oxidative stress in the mouse atrium and abrogated IL-6 trans-signaling activation-mediated connexin dysregulation and reactive oxygen species production in atrial myocytes. CONCLUSION IL-6 trans-signaling activation contributes to AF development, and its selective blockade may promise a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songwen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Genqing Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changzuan Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yutong Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaowen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Nash D, Hughes MG, Butcher L, Aicheler R, Smith P, Cullen T, Webb R. IL-6 signaling in acute exercise and chronic training: Potential consequences for health and athletic performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:4-19. [PMID: 36168944 PMCID: PMC10092579 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is involved in a diverse set of physiological processes. Traditionally, IL-6 has been thought of in terms of its inflammatory actions during the acute phase response and in chronic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and obesity. However, IL-6 is also an important signaling molecule during exercise, being acutely released from working muscle fibers with increased exercise duration, intensity, and muscle glycogen depletion. In this context, IL-6 enables muscle-organ crosstalk, facilitating a coordinated response to help maintain muscle energy homeostasis, while also having anti-inflammatory actions. The range of actions of IL-6 can be explained by its dichotomous signaling pathways. Classical signaling involves IL-6 binding to a cell-surface receptor (mbIL-6R; present on only a small number of cell types) and is the predominant signaling mechanism during exercise. Trans-signaling involves IL-6 binding to a soluble version of its receptor (sIL-6R), with the resulting complex having a much greater half-life and the ability to signal in all cell types. Trans-signaling drives the inflammatory actions of IL-6 and is the predominant pathway in disease. A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2228145) on the IL-6R gene can modify the classical/trans-signaling balance through increasing the levels of sIL-6R. This SNP has clinical significance, having been linked to inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes, as well as to the severity of symptoms experienced with COVID-19. This review will describe how acute exercise, chronic training and the rs2228145 SNP can modify the IL-6 signaling pathway and the consequent implications for health and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Nash
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael G Hughes
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lee Butcher
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rebecca Aicheler
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Paul Smith
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tom Cullen
- Research Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Richard Webb
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Feng W, Yang P, Liu H, Zhang F, Li M. IL-6 promotes low concentration of RANKL-induced osteoclastic differentiation by mouse BMMs through trans-signaling pathway. J Mol Histol 2022; 53:599-610. [PMID: 35661290 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-022-10077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The exact role of IL-6 in inflammatory osteoclast formation is still under debate. Our previous study demonstrated that IL-6 in the combination of sIL-6R significantly promoted low level of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation which was not affected by IL-6 alone. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of sIL-6R-induced trans-signaling on osteoclast differentiation remains to be elucidated. Mouse bone marrow‑derived monocytes (BMMs) were isolated and cultured with RANKL and IL-6/sIL-6R in the presence or absence of sgp130. TRAP staining and pit formation assay were used to visualize multinucleated giant osteoclasts and evaluate their bone resorption ability. Western blot and real time-PCR were applied to determine the activations of IL-6 signaling pathway and osteoclastogenesis- associated signaling pathways. The results showed that sIL-6R activation of IL-6 trans-signaling enhanced IL-6 signaling cascades and promoted low concentration of RANKL-induced osteoclasts formation and bone resorption by mouse BMMs. Furthermore, blocking IL-6 trans-signaling with sgp130 abrogated this promotive effect by suppressing NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways. In conclusion, sIL-6R-mediated trans-signaling pathway plays a decisive role in promotion of low level of RANKL-induced osteoclastic differentiation by IL-6/sIL-6R and targeting the IL-6 trans-signaling pathway may represent a potential strategy for inflammatory diseases with pathological bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Department of Endodontics, Central Laboratory of Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, 250001, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongrui Liu
- Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 44-1, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Minqi Li
- Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 44-1, 250012, Jinan, China.
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Mena J, Alloza I, Tulloch Navarro R, Aldekoa A, Díez García J, Villanueva Etxebarria A, Lindskog C, Antigüedad A, Boyero S, Mendibe-Bilbao MDM, Álvarez de Arcaya A, Sánchez Menoyo JL, Midaglia L, Villarrubia N, Malhotra S, Montalban X, Villar LM, Comabella M, Vandenbroeck K. Genomic Multiple Sclerosis Risk Variants Modulate the Expression of the ANKRD55- IL6ST Gene Region in Immature Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:816930. [PMID: 35111166 PMCID: PMC8801523 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.816930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intronic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ANKRD55 gene are associated with the risk for multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The risk alleles have been linked to higher expression levels of ANKRD55 and the neighboring IL6ST (gp130) gene in CD4+ T lymphocytes of healthy controls. The biological function of ANKRD55, its role in the immune system, and cellular sources of expression other than lymphocytes remain uncharacterized. Here, we show that monocytes gain capacity to express ANKRD55 during differentiation in immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) in the presence of interleukin (IL)-4/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). ANKRD55 expression levels are further enhanced by retinoic acid agonist AM580 but downregulated following maturation with interferon (IFN)-γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ANKRD55 was detected in the nucleus of moDC in nuclear speckles. We also analyzed the adjacent IL6ST, IL31RA, and SLC38A9 genes. Of note, in healthy controls, MS risk SNP genotype influenced ANKRD55 and IL6ST expression in immature moDC in opposite directions to that in CD4+ T cells. This effect was stronger for a partially correlated SNP, rs13186299, that is located, similar to the main MS risk SNPs, in an ANKRD55 intron. Upon analysis in MS patients, the main GWAS MS risk SNP rs7731626 was associated with ANKRD55 expression levels in CD4+ T cells. MoDC-specific ANKRD55 and IL6ST mRNA levels showed significant differences according to the clinical form of the disease, but, in contrast to healthy controls, were not influenced by genotype. We also measured serum sgp130 levels, which were found to be higher in homozygotes of the protective allele of rs7731626. Our study characterizes ANKRD55 expression in moDC and indicates monocyte-to-dendritic cell (Mo-DC) differentiation as a process potentially influenced by MS risk SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mena
- Inflammation & Biomarkers Group, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Iraide Alloza
- Inflammation & Biomarkers Group, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Raquel Tulloch Navarro
- Inflammation & Biomarkers Group, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Ane Aldekoa
- Inflammation & Biomarkers Group, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Javier Díez García
- Microscopy Facility, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Ane Villanueva Etxebarria
- Kronikgune Institute for Health Services Research, Barakaldo, Spain
- Health Service Research Network on Chronic Diseases Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Bizkaia, Spain
- Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Research Unit, Galdakao University Hospital, Galdakao, Spain
| | - Cecilia Lindskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alfredo Antigüedad
- Department of Neurology, Cruces University Hospital, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Sabas Boyero
- Department of Neurology, Cruces University Hospital, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - María del Mar Mendibe-Bilbao
- Department of Neurology, Cruces University Hospital, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Amaya Álvarez de Arcaya
- Department of Neurology, Txagorritxu University Hospital, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - José Luis Sánchez Menoyo
- Department of Neurology, Galdakao-Usansolo University Hospital, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Galdakao, Spain
| | - Luciana Midaglia
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Villarrubia
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sunny Malhotra
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa María Villar
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Inflammation & Biomarkers Group, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Wang Y, Gu Y, Alexander JS, Lewis DF. Preeclampsia Status Controls Interleukin-6 and Soluble IL-6 Receptor Release from Neutrophils and Endothelial Cells: Relevance to Increased Inflammatory Responses. Pathophysiology 2021; 28:202-11. [PMID: 35366257 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology28020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased neutrophil–endothelial binding and inflammatory responses are significant pathophysiological events in the maternal vascular system in preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder in human pregnancy. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and its soluble receptors (soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) and soluble gp130 (sgp130)) are critical inflammatory mediators. During pregnancy, maternal IL-6 and sgp130 levels were increased, but sIL-6R levels were decreased, in women with preeclampsia compared to normotensive pregnant women. However, little is known about differences in IL-6, sIL-6R, and sgp130 production by neutrophils and endothelial cells between normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. To study this, we isolated neutrophils and cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Production of IL-6, sIL-6R, and sgp130 was measured. The role of placental factor(s)-mediated neutrophil production of IL-6, sIL-6R, and sgp130 was also determined by pretreating neutrophils with placental conditioned medium generated from placental villous cultures. We found that IL-6 and sgp130 were mainly produced by endothelial cells, while sIL-6R was mainly produced by neutrophils. Endothelial cells from preeclampsia produced significantly more IL-6 and sgp130, and neutrophils from preeclampsia produced significantly less sIL-6R than normal pregnancy cells. Interestingly, production of IL-6, sIL-6R, and sgp130 were time-dependently increased when neutrophils and endothelial cells were co-cultured. We also found that neutrophils from normal pregnancies produced more IL-6, but less sIL-6R, after being primed by preeclamptic-placental conditioned medium. These results demonstrated that neutrophils and endothelial cells have different capacities in producing IL-6, sIL-6R, and sgp130 between normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. These results also provide evidence that the placenta plays a role in inducing neutrophil activation in preeclampsia.
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Szabo A, Akkouh IA, Ueland T, Lagerberg TV, Dieset I, Bjella T, Aukrust P, Le Hellard S, Stavrum AK, Melle I, Andreassen OA, Djurovic S. Cannabis Use Is Associated With Increased Levels of Soluble gp130 in Schizophrenia but Not in Bipolar Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:642. [PMID: 32714224 PMCID: PMC7343889 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex effects of plant cannabinoids on human physiology is not yet fully understood, but include a wide spectrum of effects on immune modulation. The immune system and its inflammatory effector pathways are recently emerging as possible causative factors in psychotic disorders. The present study aimed to investigate whether self-administered Cannabis use was associated with changes in circulating immune and neuroendocrine markers in schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) patients. A screening of 13 plasma markers reflecting different inflammatory pathways was performed in SCZ (n = 401) and BD patients (n = 242) after subdividing each group into Cannabis user and non-user subgroups. We found that i) soluble gp130 (sgp130) concentrations were significantly elevated among Cannabis users in the SCZ group (p = 0.002) after multiple testing correction, but not in BD. ii) Nominally significant differences were observed in the levels of IL-1RA (p = 0.0059), YKL40 (p = 0.0069), CatS (p = 0.013), sTNFR1 (p = 0.031), and BDNF (p = 0.020), where these factors exhibited higher plasma levels in Cannabis user SCZ patients than in non-users. iii) These differences in systemic levels were not reflected by altered mRNA expression of genes encoding sgp130, IL-1RA, YKL40, CatS, sTNFR1, and BDNF in whole blood. Our results show that Cannabis self-administration is associated with markedly higher sgp130 levels in SCZ, but not in BD, and that this phenomenon is independent of the modulation of peripheral immune cells. These findings warrant further investigation into the potential IL-6 trans-signaling modulatory, anti-inflammatory, neuroimmune, and biobehavioral-cognitive effects of Cannabis use in SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Szabo
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ibrahim A. Akkouh
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Vik Lagerberg
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Dieset
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Bjella
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne-Kristin Stavrum
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Valle ML, Dworshak J, Sharma A, Ibrahim AS, Al-Shabrawey M, Sharma S. Inhibition of interleukin-6 trans-signaling prevents inflammation and endothelial barrier disruption in retinal endothelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2018; 178:27-36. [PMID: 30240585 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vascular inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Recently, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans-signaling via soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) has emerged as a prominent regulator of inflammation in endothelial cells. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that selective inhibition of the IL-6 trans-signaling pathway will attenuate inflammation and subsequent barrier disruption in retinal endothelial cells. Human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) were exposed to IL-6 and sIL-6R to induce IL-6 trans-signaling and the commercially available compound sgp130Fc (soluble gp-130 fused chimera) was used to selectively inhibit IL-6 trans-signaling. IL-6 trans-signaling activation caused a significant increase in STAT3 phosphorylation, expression of adhesion molecules, ROS production and apoptosis in HRECs whereas a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and NO production was observed in IL-6 trans-signaling activated cells. These changes were not observed in cells pre-treated with sgp130Fc. IL-6 trans-signaling activation was sufficient to cause barrier disruption in endothelial monolayers and pre-treatment of HRECs with sgp130Fc, maintained endothelial barrier function similar to that of untreated cells. Thus, in conclusion, these results indicate that IL-6 trans-signaling is an important mediator of inflammation, apoptosis and barrier disruptive effects in the retinal endothelial cells and inhibition of the IL-6 trans-signaling pathway using sgp130-Fc attenuates vascular inflammation and endothelial barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Valle
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Janine Dworshak
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ahmed S Ibrahim
- James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Department of Oral Biology and Anatomy, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Department of Oral Biology and Anatomy, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Maston LD, Jones DT, Giermakowska W, Resta TC, Ramiro-Diaz J, Howard TA, Jernigan NL, Herbert L, Maurice AA, Gonzalez Bosc LV. Interleukin-6 trans-signaling contributes to chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 2018; 8:2045894018780734. [PMID: 29767573 PMCID: PMC6055240 DOI: 10.1177/2045894018780734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleotropic cytokine that signals through the
membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (mIL-6R) to induce anti-inflammatory
(“classic-signaling”) responses. This cytokine also binds to the soluble IL-6R
(sIL-6R) to promote inflammation (“trans-signaling”). mIL-6R expression is
restricted to hepatocytes and immune cells. Activated T cells release sIL-6R
into adjacent tissues to induce trans-signaling. These cellular actions require
the ubiquitously expressed membrane receptor gp130. Reports show that IL-6 is
produced by pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) exposed to hypoxia
in culture as well as the medial layer of the pulmonary arteries in mice exposed
to chronic hypoxia (CH), and IL-6 knockout mice are protected from CH-induced
pulmonary hypertension (PH). IL-6 has the potential to contribute to a broad
array of downstream effects, such as cell growth and migration. CH-induced PH is
associated with increased proliferation and migration of PASMCs to previously
non-muscularized vessels of the lung. We tested the hypothesis that IL-6
trans-signaling contributes to CH-induced PH and arterial remodeling. Plasma
levels of sgp130 were significantly decreased in mice exposed to CH (380 mmHg)
for five days compared to normoxic control mice (630 mmHg), while sIL-6R levels
were unchanged. Consistent with our hypothesis, mice that received the IL-6
trans-signaling-specific inhibitor sgp130Fc, a fusion protein of the soluble
extracellular portion of gp130 with the constant portion of the mouse IgG1
antibody, showed attenuation of CH-induced increases in right ventricular
systolic pressure, right ventricular and pulmonary arterial remodeling as
compared to vehicle (saline)-treated control mice. In addition, PASMCs cultured
in the presence of IL-6 and sIL-6R showed enhanced migration but not
proliferation compared to those treated with IL-6 or sIL-6R alone or in the
presence of sgp130Fc. These results indicate that IL-6 trans-signaling
contributes to pulmonary arterial cell migration and CH-induced PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi D Maston
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - David T Jones
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Wieslawa Giermakowska
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Thomas C Resta
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Juan Ramiro-Diaz
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Tamara A Howard
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Nikki L Jernigan
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Lindsay Herbert
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Anna A Maurice
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Laura V Gonzalez Bosc
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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9
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Chepurnova DA, Samoilova EV, Anisimov AA, Verin AD, Korotaeva AA. Compounds of IL-6 Receptor Complex during Acute Lung Injury. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 164:609-11. [PMID: 29577202 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Soluble receptor of IL-6 (sIL-6R) and antagonist of the receptor complex, soluble glycoprotein 130 (sgp130) mediate opposite effects during inflammation. We measured the levels of these cytokines and their ratio in rat blood on the model of acute lung injury. The injury was modeled by the intratracheal administration of LPS. The levels of sgp130 and sIL-6R increased during the inflammatory process in the injured lungs. The sgp130/sIL-6R ratio increased or decreased depending on the intensity of the inflammatory process. sgp130/sIL-6R ratio might reflect the intensity of inflammation during lung injury.
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10
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Wolf J, Waetzig GH, Chalaris A, Reinheimer TM, Wege H, Rose-John S, Garbers C. Different Soluble Forms of the Interleukin-6 Family Signal Transducer gp130 Fine-tune the Blockade of Interleukin-6 Trans-signaling. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16186-96. [PMID: 27226573 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.718551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble forms of the IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) bind to the cytokine IL-6 with similar affinity as the membrane-bound IL-6R. IL-6·sIL-6R complexes initiate IL-6 trans-signaling via activation of the ubiquitously expressed membrane-bound β-receptor glycoprotein 130 (gp130). Inhibition of IL-6 trans-signaling has been shown to be favorable in numerous inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, different soluble forms of gp130 (sgp130) exist that, together with the sIL-6R, are thought to form a buffer for IL-6 in the blood. However, a functional role for the different sgp130 forms has not been described to date. Here we demonstrate that the metalloproteases ADAM10 and ADAM17 can produce sgp130 by ectodomain shedding of gp130, even though this mechanism only accounts for a minor proportion of sgp130 in the circulation. We further show that full-length sgp130 and the shorter forms sgp130-rheumatoid arthritis-associated peptide (RAPS) and sgp130-E10 are differentially expressed in a cell type- specific manner. Remarkably, full-length sgp130 is expressed by monocytes, but this expression is completely lost during differentiation into macrophages in vitro Using genetically engineered murine pre-B cells that secrete different forms of sgp130, we found that these secreted sgp130 proteins are able to prevent trans-signaling-driven cell proliferation of the secreting cells, whereas conditioned supernatant from these cells failed to block IL-6 trans-signaling in other cells. Thus, our data suggest that the different sgp130 forms are released from cells into their immediate surroundings and appear to form cell-associated gradients to modulate their own susceptibility for IL-6 trans-signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Wolf
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Athena Chalaris
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Torsten M Reinheimer
- Non-Clinical Development, Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark, and
| | - Henning Wege
- the Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany,
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11
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Gao Q, Camous X, Lu YX, Lim ML, Larbi A, Ng TP. Novel inflammatory markers associated with cognitive performance: Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Studies. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 39:140-6. [PMID: 26923410 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We identified and validated several novel inflammatory markers of cognitive performance in community-living older persons. An exploratory study (n = 83) correlated 177 inflammatory markers assayed by Luminex with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and identified 8 inflammatory markers for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and correlations with MMSE, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and cognitive impairment in the validation study (n = 139). The validation study replicated the significant associations of soluble interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (sIL-2Rα; p = 0.050), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (sTNFR2; p = 0.002) and soluble glycoprotein 130 (sgp130; p = 0.026) with MMSE, and sIL-2Rα (p = 0.019) and sgp130 (p < 0.001) with MoCA. Significant trends of associations of tertiles of sgp130, sIL-2Rα, and sTNFR2 were found with cognitive impairment. Highly elevated estimates of association of high versus low tertiles were obtained for sgp130 (odds ratio [OR] = 4.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96-18.8), sIL-2Rα (OR = 3.94, 95% CI 0.83-18.7), and sTNFR2 (OR = 7.58, 95% CI 1.19-48.1). sgp130, sTNFR2, and sIL-2Rα are promising inflammatory markers of low cognitive performance for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xavier Camous
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore
| | - Yan-Xia Lu
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore
| | - May-Li Lim
- Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore
| | - Tze-Pin Ng
- Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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12
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Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine with well-defined pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. Although only small amounts in the picogram range can be detected in healthy humans, IL-6 expression is highly and transiently up-regulated in nearly all pathophysiological states. IL-6 induces intracellular signaling pathways after binding to its membrane-bound receptor (IL-6R), which is only expressed on hepatocytes and certain subpopulations of leukocytes (classic signaling). Transduction of the signal is mediated by the membrane-bound β-receptor glycoprotein 130 (gp130). In a second pathway, named trans-signaling, IL-6 binds to soluble forms of the IL-6R (sIL-6R), and this agonistic IL-6/sIL-6R complexes can in principle activate all cells due to the uniform expression of gp130. Importantly, several soluble forms of gp130 (sgp130) are found in the human blood, which are considered to be the natural inhibitors of IL-6 trans-signaling. Most pro-inflammatory roles of IL-6 have been attributed to the trans-signaling pathway, whereas anti-inflammatory and regenerative signaling, including the anti-bacterial acute phase response of the liver, is mediated by IL-6 classic signaling. In this simplistic view, only a minority of cell types expresses the IL-6R and is therefore responsive for IL-6 classic signaling, whereas gp130 is ubiquitously expressed throughout the human body. However, several reports point towards a much more complex situation. A plethora of factors, including proteases, cytokines, chemical drugs, and intracellular signaling pathways, are able to modulate the cellular expression of the membrane-bound and soluble forms of IL-6R and gp130. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of regulatory mechanisms that control and regulate the dynamic expression of IL-6 and its two receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Wolf
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, Germany.
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13
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Ritschel VN, Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, Halvorsen S, Weiss T, Eritsland J, Andersen GØ. IL-6 signalling in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Results Immunol 2013; 4:8-13. [PMID: 24707455 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines of the IL-6 family have been related to infarct size and prognosis in patients with myocardial infarction. The aims of the present study were to elucidate possible associations between myocardial necrosis and left ventricular impairment and members of the IL-6 transsignalling system including soluble (s) IL-6R and (s) glycoprotein 130 (sgp130) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary PCI. In blood samples from 1028 STEMI patients, collected in-hosptial, we found significant correlations between peak TnT and IL-6 and CRP (p < 0.001, all) and between IL-6 and CRP and LV ejection fraction and NT-proBNP (p < 0.001, all). On the contrary, no significant associations were found between peak TnT and sgp130 or sIL-6R. Furthermore sgp130 was significantly elevated in diabetic patients and also associated with the glucometabolic state. In conclusion, circulating levels of IL-6 and CRP, but not the soluble forms of the receptor (sIL-6R) or the receptor signalling subunit (sgp130) were associated with the extent of myocardial necrosis. The biological importance of the IL-6/gp130-mediated signalling pathways in patients with acute myocardial infarction and dysglycemia should be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke N Ritschel
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway ; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway ; Center of Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway ; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway ; Center of Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Arnesen
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway ; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway ; Center of Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrun Halvorsen
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway ; Center of Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Weiss
- 3rd Medical Department for Cardiology and Emergency Medicine, Wilhelminenhospital, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Eritsland
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway ; Center of Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Ø Andersen
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway ; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway ; Center of Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0450 Oslo, Norway
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14
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Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine with significant functions in the regulation of the immune system. As a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6 plays a pivotal role in host defense against pathogens and acute stress. However, increased or deregulated expression of IL-6 significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have revealed the pathological roles of the IL-6 pathway in inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. Based on the rich body of studies on biological activities of IL-6 and its pathological roles, therapeutic strategies targeting the IL-6 pathway are in development for cancers, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Several anti-IL-6/IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibodies developed for targeted therapy have demonstrated promising results in both preclinical studies and clinical trials. Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, is effective in the treatment of various autoimmune and inflammatory conditions notably rheumatoid arthritis. It is the only IL-6 pathway targeting agent approved by the regulatory agencies for clinical use. Siltuximab, an anti-IL-6 antibody, has been shown to have potential benefits treating various human cancers either as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy drugs. Several other anti-IL-6-based therapies are also under clinical development for various diseases. IL-6 antagonism has been shown to be a potential therapy for these disorders refractory to conventional drugs. New strategies, such as combination of IL-6 blockade with inhibition of other signaling pathways, may further improve IL-6-targeted immunotherapy of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yao
- MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | | | - Nan Shen
- Joint Molecular Rheumatology Laboratory of Institute of Health Sciences and Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Yihong Yao
- MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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15
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Yao X, Huang J, Zhong H, Shen N, Faggioni R, Fung M, Yao Y. Targeting interleukin-6 in inflammatory autoimmune diseases and cancers. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:125-39. [PMID: 24076269 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine with significant functions in the regulation of the immune system. As a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6 plays a pivotal role in host defense against pathogens and acute stress. However, increased or deregulated expression of IL-6 significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have revealed the pathological roles of the IL-6 pathway in inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. Based on the rich body of studies on biological activities of IL-6 and its pathological roles, therapeutic strategies targeting the IL-6 pathway are in development for cancers, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Several anti-IL-6/IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibodies developed for targeted therapy have demonstrated promising results in both preclinical studies and clinical trials. Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, is effective in the treatment of various autoimmune and inflammatory conditions notably rheumatoid arthritis. It is the only IL-6 pathway targeting agent approved by the regulatory agencies for clinical use. Siltuximab, an anti-IL-6 antibody, has been shown to have potential benefits treating various human cancers either as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy drugs. Several other anti-IL-6-based therapies are also under clinical development for various diseases. IL-6 antagonism has been shown to be a potential therapy for these disorders refractory to conventional drugs. New strategies, such as combination of IL-6 blockade with inhibition of other signaling pathways, may further improve IL-6-targeted immunotherapy of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yao
- MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | | | - Nan Shen
- Joint Molecular Rheumatology Laboratory of Institute of Health Sciences and Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Yihong Yao
- MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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16
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Soluble cytokine receptors (sCRs) modulate the in vivo activity of cytokines. Deficient sCR production could participate in the pathogenesis and course of Crohn's disease (CD). The aim of the study was to examine the profile of sCRs in CD patients and their modulation by infliximab and corticosteroids. METHODS We prospectively examined active CD patients (aCD) treated with either infliximab (n = 21) or corticosteroids (n = 9), CD patients in clinical remission (rCD, n = 20), ulcerative colitis patients (UC, n = 24), and healthy subjects (HS, n = 15). Cultures of colonic biopsies were also examined from CD inflamed (n = 8), CD non-inflamed (n = 7), and healthy mucosa (n = 8). Levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), soluble TNF receptor I (sTNFRI), soluble TNF receptor II (sTNFRII), interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), soluble IL-1 receptor I (sIL-1RI), soluble IL-1 receptor II (sIL-1RII), IL-6, soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R), and sgp130 were measured using ELISA. RESULTS Higher levels of sTNFRI (p<0.05, p<0.01), sTNFRII (p<0.01, p<0.01), sIL-1RI (p<0.05, NS), IL-6 (p<0.01, p<0.01), and sIL-6R (p<0.05, NS) were observed in aCD compared with rCD and HS. Interestingly, sIL-1RII (p<0.05, p<0.01) and sgp130 (p<0.01, p<0.01) were profoundly decreased in aCD compared with rCD and HS, and were negatively correlated with CRP. Deficient production of sIL-1RII was specific to CD (not observed in ulcerative colitis), and was further confirmed at the mucosal level. Infliximab decreased sTNFRII at one and four weeks (p<0.05) and enhanced sIL-6R levels at one week (p<0.05). Corticosteroids increased sIL-1RII levels at one week (p<0.05). CONCLUSION CD is associated with dysregulated production of sCRs. Deficiency in sIL-1RII and sgp130 may be essential to CD pathogenesis. Their replacement through the use of fusion proteins could represent future alternative therapeutic strategies for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gustot
- Division of Gastroenterology, Erasme University Hospital, Free University of Brussels, 808 Lennik St, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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