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Liang Y, Perumal Veeramalai C, Lin G, Su X, Zhang X, Feng S, Xu Y, Li C. A review on III-V compound semiconductor short wave infrared avalanche photodiodes. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:222003. [PMID: 35147516 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac5442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The on-chip avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are crucial component of a fully integrated photonics system. Specifically, III-V compound APD has become one of the main applications of optical fiber communication reception due to adaptable bandgap and low noise characteristics. The advancement of structural design and material choice has emerged as a means to improve the performance of APDs. Therefore, it is inevitable to review the evolution and recent developments on III-V compound APDs to understand the current progress in this field. To begin with, the basic working principle of APDs are presented. Next, the structure development of APDs is briefly reviewed, and the subsequent progression of III-V compound APDs (InGaAs APDs, AlxIn1-xAsySb1-yAPDs) is introduced. Finally, we also discuss the key issues and prospects of AlxIn1-xAsySb1-ydigital alloy avalanche APDs that need to be addressed for the future development of ≥2μm optical communication field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chandrasekar Perumal Veeramalai
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Optoelectronics Research Center, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Guochen Lin
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbin Su
- Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Optoelectronics Research Center, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Feng
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Optoelectronics Research Center, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingqiang Xu
- Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanbo Li
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Optoelectronics Research Center, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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Qu J, Rastogi P, Gréboval C, Lagarde D, Chu A, Dabard C, Khalili A, Cruguel H, Robert C, Xu XZ, Ithurria S, Silly MG, Ferré S, Marie X, Lhuillier E. Electroluminescence from HgTe Nanocrystals and Its Use for Active Imaging. Nano Lett 2020; 20:6185-6190. [PMID: 32662652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mercury telluride (HgTe) nanocrystals are among the most versatile infrared (IR) materials with the absorption of lowest energy optical absorption which can be tuned from the visible to the terahertz range. Therefore, they have been extensively considered as near IR emitters and as absorbers for low-cost IR detectors. However, the electroluminescence of HgTe remains poorly investigated despite its ability to go toward longer wavelengths compared to traditional lead sulfide (PbS). Here, we demonstrate a light-emitting diode (LED) based on an indium tin oxide (ITO)/zinc oxide (ZnO)/ZnO-HgTe/PbS/gold-stacked structure, where the emitting layer consists of a ZnO/HgTe bulk heterojunction which drives the charge balance in the system. This LED has low turn-on voltage, long lifetime, and high brightness. Finally, we conduct short wavelength infrared (SWIR) active imaging, where illumination is obtained from a HgTe NC-based LED, and demonstrate moisture detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Qu
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Prachi Rastogi
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Charlie Gréboval
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Lagarde
- INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Chu
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Corentin Dabard
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Adrien Khalili
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Cruguel
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Cédric Robert
- INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Xiang Zhen Xu
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Ithurria
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu G Silly
- Synchrotron-SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, BP48, F91192 Gif sur Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - Simon Ferré
- New Imaging Technologies SA, 1 impasse de la Noisette 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France
| | - Xavier Marie
- INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel Lhuillier
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France
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Chu A, Martinez B, Ferré S, Noguier V, Gréboval C, Livache C, Qu J, Prado Y, Casaretto N, Goubet N, Cruguel H, Dudy L, Silly MG, Vincent G, Lhuillier E. HgTe Nanocrystals for SWIR Detection and Their Integration up to the Focal Plane Array. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:33116-33123. [PMID: 31426628 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Infrared applications remain too often a niche market due to their prohibitive cost. Nanocrystals offer an interesting alternative to reach cost disruption especially in the short-wave infrared (SWIR, λ < 1.7 μm) where material maturity is now high. Two families of materials are candidate for SWIR photoconduction: lead and mercury chalcogenides. Lead sulfide typically benefits from all the development made for a wider band gap such as the one made for solar cells, while HgTe takes advantage of the development relative to mid-wave infrared detectors. Here, we make a fair comparison of the two material detection properties in the SWIR and discuss the material stability. At such wavelengths, studies have been mostly focused on PbS rather than on HgTe, therefore we focus in the last part of the discussion on the effect of surface chemistry on the electronic spectrum of HgTe nanocrystals. We unveil that tuning the capping ligands is a viable strategy to adjust the material from the p-type to ambipolar. Finally, HgTe nanocrystals are integrated into multipixel devices to quantize spatial homogeneity and onto read-out circuits to obtain a fast and sensitive infrared laser beam profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Chu
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP , F-75005 Paris , France
- ONERA-The French Aerospace Lab , Chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100 , F-91123 Palaiseau , France
| | - Bertille Martinez
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP , F-75005 Paris , France
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Étude des Matériaux , ESPCI Paris PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université Univ Paris 06, CNRS , 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris , France
| | - Simon Ferré
- New Imaging Technologies SA , 1 impasse de la Noisette 91370 Verrières le Buisson , France
| | - Vincent Noguier
- New Imaging Technologies SA , 1 impasse de la Noisette 91370 Verrières le Buisson , France
| | - Charlie Gréboval
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP , F-75005 Paris , France
| | - Clément Livache
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP , F-75005 Paris , France
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Étude des Matériaux , ESPCI Paris PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université Univ Paris 06, CNRS , 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris , France
| | - Junling Qu
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP , F-75005 Paris , France
| | - Yoann Prado
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP , F-75005 Paris , France
| | - Nicolas Casaretto
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP , F-75005 Paris , France
| | - Nicolas Goubet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP , F-75005 Paris , France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, De la Molécule aux Nano-objets: Réactivité, Interactions et Spectroscopies, MONARIS , F-75005 Paris , France
| | - Hervé Cruguel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP , F-75005 Paris , France
| | - Lenart Dudy
- Synchrotron-SOLEIL , Saint-Aubin, BP48 , F91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex , France
| | - Mathieu G Silly
- Synchrotron-SOLEIL , Saint-Aubin, BP48 , F91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex , France
| | - Grégory Vincent
- ONERA-The French Aerospace Lab , Chemin de la Hunière, BP 80100 , F-91123 Palaiseau , France
| | - Emmanuel Lhuillier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP , F-75005 Paris , France
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Liu H, Zhang D, Wang Y. Preflight Spectral Calibration of Airborne Shortwave Infrared Hyperspectral Imager with Water Vapor Absorption Characteristics. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E2259. [PMID: 31100790 DOI: 10.3390/s19102259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to the strong absorption of water vapor at wavelengths of 1350–1420 nm and 1820–1940 nm, under normal atmospheric conditions, the actual digital number (DN) response curve of a hyperspectral imager deviates from the Gaussian shape, which leads to a decrease in the calibration accuracy of an instrument’s spectral response functions (SRF). The higher the calibration uncertainty of SRF, the worse the retrieval accuracy of the spectral characteristics of the targets. In this paper, an improved spectral calibration method based on a monochromator and the spectral absorptive characteristics of water vapor in the laboratory is presented. The water vapor spectral calibration method (WVSCM) uses the difference function to calculate the intrinsic DN response functions of the spectral channels located in the absorptive wavelength range of water vapor and corrects the wavelength offset of the monochromator via the least-square procedure to achieve spectral calibration throughout the full spectral responsive range of the hyper-spectrometer. The absolute spectral calibration uncertainty is ±0.125 nm. We validated the effectiveness of the WVSCM with two tunable semiconductor lasers, and the spectral wavelength positions calibrated by lasers and the WVSCM showed a good degree of consistency.
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