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Zhao J, Meng X, Ren X, Li S, Zhang F, Yang X, Xu J, Yuan Y. Review on Soil Corrosion and Protection of Grounding Grids. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:507. [PMID: 38276446 PMCID: PMC10821061 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The corrosion of grounding grid materials in soil is a prominent factor in power and electrical equipment failure. This paper aims to delve into the corrosion characteristics of grounding grid materials and the corresponding methods of safeguarding against this phenomenon. Firstly, the influencing factors of the soil environment on the corrosion of the grounding grid are introduced, including soil physicochemical properties, microorganisms, and stray currents. Then, the corrosion behavior and durability of common grounding grid materials such as copper, carbon steel, and galvanized steel are discussed in detail and compared comprehensively. In addition, commonly used protective measures in China and outside China, including anti-corrosion coatings, electrochemical protection, and other technologies are introduced. Finally, it summarizes the current research progress and potential future directions of this field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Research Institute, Chongqing 401123, China; (J.Z.); (X.M.); (X.R.); (S.L.)
| | - Xian Meng
- State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Research Institute, Chongqing 401123, China; (J.Z.); (X.M.); (X.R.); (S.L.)
| | - Xiao Ren
- State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Research Institute, Chongqing 401123, China; (J.Z.); (X.M.); (X.R.); (S.L.)
| | - Shengfang Li
- State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Research Institute, Chongqing 401123, China; (J.Z.); (X.M.); (X.R.); (S.L.)
| | - Fuhao Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (F.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (F.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Junyao Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (F.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (F.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Y.)
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Yoo JS, Chung NT, Lee YH, Kim YW, Kim JG. Effect of Sulfide and Chloride Ions on Pitting Corrosion of Type 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel in Groundwater Conditions Using Response Surface Methodology. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:178. [PMID: 38204031 PMCID: PMC10779458 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the corrosion resistance of Type 316 stainless steel as a candidate material for radioactive waste disposal canisters. The viability of stainless steel is examined under groundwater conditions with variations in pH, bisulfide ions (HS-), and chloride ions (Cl-) concentrations. Utilizing response surface methodology, correlations between corrosion factors and two crucial response variables, passive film breakdown potential and protection potential, are established. Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization tests and advanced analytical techniques provide detailed insights into the material's behavior. This research goes beyond, deriving an equation through response surface methodology that elucidates the relationship between the factors and breakdown potential. HS- weakens the passive film and reduces the pitting corrosion resistance of the stainless steel. However, this study highlights the inhibitory effect of HS- on pitting corrosion when Cl- concentrations are below 0.001 M and at equivalent concentrations of HS-. Under these conditions, immediate re-passivation occurs from the destroyed passive film to metal sulfides such as FeS2, MoS2, and MoS3. As a result, no hysteresis loop occurs in the cyclic polarization curve in these conditions. This research contributes to the understanding of Type 316 stainless-steel corrosion behavior, offering implications for the disposal of radioactive waste in geological repositories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jung-Gu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon-Si 16419, Republic of Korea; (J.-S.Y.); (N.T.C.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-W.K.)
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Liu W, Meng Y, Zhao J, Wen W, Gong M, Wu S, Li S, Yu M, Liu J. Electrochemical and Mechanical Properties of Cathodically Protected X80 Steel in Different Temperature Soil. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:5526. [PMID: 36013667 PMCID: PMC9412431 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For the application of X80 pipelines in Northeast China, it is important to establish the correct cathodic protection (CP) potential. To achieve this, potentiodynamic polarization; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS); a slow strain rate test (SSRT); and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fracture morphology analysis were carried out for an X80 steel gas pipeline at several temperatures in Heilongjiang Province, China. The results show that the hydrogen evolution potential of X80 steel in soil at different temperatures was about -900 mV (vs. CSE). The generated hydrogen atoms can be adsorbed on the surface of the pipelines to reduce the surface energy, or they can be diffused into the substrate and accumulate to the critical concentration, inducing the decohesion between different structures and generating additional plastic deformation through dislocation motion. With the peak impedance potential as the minimum potential and the hydrogen embrittlement potential as the maximum potential, the CP potential of X80 steel in the soil at 30 °C, 45 °C, and 60 °C ranged from -900 mV to -1100 mV (vs. CSE), temperatures at which the X80 steel does not corrode or cause hydrogen embrittlement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- PipeChina Science and Technology Institute, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Yanbing Meng
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- PipeChina North Pipeline Company, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Wen Wen
- PipeChina Science and Technology Institute, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Ming Gong
- PipeChina North Pipeline Company, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Shixiong Wu
- School of Material Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Songmei Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mei Yu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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Berlanga-Labari C, Catalán L, Palacio JF, Pérez G, Astrain D. Corrosion Behavior in Volcanic Soils: In Search of Candidate Materials for Thermoelectric Devices. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14247657. [PMID: 34947255 PMCID: PMC8708181 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermoelectric generators have emerged as an excellent solution for the energy supply of volcanic monitoring stations due to their compactness and continuous power generation. Nevertheless, in order to become a completely viable solution, it is necessary to ensure that their materials are able to resist in the acidic environment characteristic of volcanoes. Hence, the main objective of this work is to study the resistance to corrosion of six different metallic materials that are candidates for use in the heat exchangers. For this purpose, the metal probes have been buried for one year in the soil of the Teide volcano (Spain) and their corrosion behavior has been evaluated by using different techniques (OM, SEM, and XRD). The results have shown excessive corrosion damage to the copper, brass, and galvanized steel tubes. After evaluating the corrosion behavior and thermoelectric performance, AISI 304 and AISI 316 stainless steels are proposed for use as heat exchangers in thermoelectric devices in volcanic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Berlanga-Labari
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics (INAMAT2), Engineering Department, Public University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Leyre Catalán
- Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Engineering Department, Public University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (L.C.); (G.P.); (D.A.)
| | - José F. Palacio
- Centre of Advanced Surface Engineering (AIN), Carretera de Pamplona 1, 31191 Cordovilla, Spain;
| | - Gurutze Pérez
- Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Engineering Department, Public University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (L.C.); (G.P.); (D.A.)
| | - David Astrain
- Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Engineering Department, Public University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (L.C.); (G.P.); (D.A.)
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Zhang C, Liao Y, Gao X, Zhao J, Yuan Y, Liao R. Research Advances of Soil Corrosion of Grounding Grids. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:513. [PMID: 34063248 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A grounding grid plays the role of discharging current and balancing voltage to ensure the safety of the power system. However, soil corrosion can damage the grounding grid, which then can endanger the safe operation of power system. This paper reviewed recent research advances of soil corrosion of grounding grid. The cause, mechanism, types, and influencing factors of soil corrosion of grounding grids were summarized, and the corresponding detection technology and protective measures were also introduced. The paper pointed out that soil corrosion is a serious threat to the grounding grid system. Moreover, the impact mechanism of AC stray current, new corrosion detection technology, and better protective measures still need in-depth research.
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