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Han Y, Matthews B, Roberts D, Talley KR, Bauers SR, Perkins C, Zhang Q, Zakutayev A. Combinatorial Nitrogen Gradients in Sputtered Thin Films. ACS Comb Sci 2018; 20:436-442. [PMID: 29771115 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.8b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput synthesis and characterization methods can significantly accelerate the rate of experimental research. For physical vapor deposition (PVD), these methods include combinatorial sputtering with intentional gradients of metal/metalloid composition, temperature, and thickness across the substrate. However, many other synthesis parameters still remain out of reach for combinatorial methods. Here, we extend combinatorial sputtering parameters to include gradients of gaseous elements in thin films. Specifically, a nitrogen gradient was generated in a thin film sample library by placing two MnTe sputtering sources with different gas flows (Ar and Ar/N2) opposite of one another during the synthesis. The nitrogen content gradient was measured along the sample surface, correlating with the distance from the nitrogen source. The phase, composition, and optoelectronic properties of the resulting thin films change as a function of the nitrogen content. This work shows that gradients of gaseous elements can be generated in thin films synthesized by sputtering, expanding the boundaries of combinatorial science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Han
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Bethany Matthews
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, United States
| | - Dennice Roberts
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kevin R. Talley
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Sage R. Bauers
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Craig Perkins
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Heere M, Mühlbauer MJ, Schökel A, Knapp M, Ehrenberg H, Senyshyn A. Energy research with neutrons (ErwiN) and installation of a fast neutron powder diffraction option at the MLZ, Germany. J Appl Crystallogr 2018; 51:591-595. [PMID: 29896055 PMCID: PMC5988003 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576718004223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A fast and medium-resolution neutron powder diffraction option for ‘energy research with neutrons’ (ErwiN) at the high-flux FRM II neutron source at the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) is described. The need for rapid data collection and studies of small sample volumes in the range of cubic millimetres are the main driving forces for the concept of a new high-throughput monochromatic diffraction instrument at the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Germany. A large region of reciprocal space will be accessed by a detector with sufficient dynamic range and microsecond time resolution, while allowing for a variety of complementary sample environments. The medium-resolution neutron powder diffraction option for ‘energy research with neutrons’ (ErwiN) at the high-flux FRM II neutron source at the MLZ is foreseen to meet future demand. ErwiN will address studies of energy-related systems and materials with respect to their structure and uniformity by means of bulk and spatially resolved neutron powder diffraction. A set of experimental options will be implemented, enabling time-resolved studies, rapid parametric measurements as a function of external parameters and studies of small samples using an adapted radial collimator. The proposed powder diffraction option ErwiN will bridge the gap in functionality between the high-resolution powder diffractometer SPODI and the time-of-flight diffractometers POWTEX and SAPHiR at the MLZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heere
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Martin J Mühlbauer
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Alexander Schökel
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Michael Knapp
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Helmut Ehrenberg
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anatoliy Senyshyn
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
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