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Paradžik T, Podgorski II, Vojvoda Zeljko T, Paradžik M. Ancient Origins of Cytoskeletal Crosstalk: Spectraplakin-like Proteins Precede the Emergence of Cortical Microtubule Stabilization Complexes as Crosslinkers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5594. [PMID: 35628404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) is one of the prerequisites for multicellularity, motility, and tissue specialization. Focal adhesions (FAs) are defined as protein complexes that mediate signals from the ECM to major components of the cytoskeleton (microtubules, actin, and intermediate filaments), and their mutual communication determines a variety of cellular processes. In this study, human cytoskeletal crosstalk proteins were identified by comparing datasets with experimentally determined cytoskeletal proteins. The spectraplakin dystonin was the only protein found in all datasets. Other proteins (FAK, RAC1, septin 9, MISP, and ezrin) were detected at the intersections of FAs, microtubules, and actin cytoskeleton. Homology searches for human crosstalk proteins as queries were performed against a predefined dataset of proteomes. This analysis highlighted the importance of FA communication with the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, as these crosstalk proteins exhibit the highest degree of evolutionary conservation. Finally, phylogenetic analyses elucidated the early evolutionary history of spectraplakins and cortical microtubule stabilization complexes (CMSCs) as model representatives of the human cytoskeletal crosstalk. While spectraplakins probably arose at the onset of opisthokont evolution, the crosstalk between FAs and microtubules is associated with the emergence of metazoans. The multiprotein complexes contributing to cytoskeletal crosstalk in animals gradually gained in complexity from the onset of metazoan evolution.
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Sanchez AD, Branon TC, Cote LE, Papagiannakis A, Liang X, Pickett MA, Shen K, Jacobs-Wagner C, Ting AY, Feldman JL. Proximity labeling reveals non-centrosomal microtubule-organizing center components required for microtubule growth and localization. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3586-3600.e11. [PMID: 34242576 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are polarized intracellular polymers that play key roles in the cell, including in transport, polarity, and cell division. Across eukaryotic cell types, microtubules adopt diverse intracellular organization to accommodate these distinct functions coordinated by specific cellular sites called microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs). Over 50 years of research on MTOC biology has focused mainly on the centrosome; however, most differentiated cells employ non-centrosomal MTOCs (ncMTOCs) to organize their microtubules into diverse arrays, which are critical to cell function. To identify essential ncMTOC components, we developed the biotin ligase-based, proximity-labeling approach TurboID for use in C. elegans. We identified proteins proximal to the microtubule minus end protein PTRN-1/Patronin at the apical ncMTOC of intestinal epithelial cells, focusing on two conserved proteins: spectraplakin protein VAB-10B/MACF1 and WDR-62, a protein we identify as homologous to vertebrate primary microcephaly disease protein WDR62. VAB-10B and WDR-62 do not associate with the centrosome and instead specifically regulate non-centrosomal microtubules and the apical targeting of microtubule minus-end proteins. Depletion of VAB-10B resulted in microtubule mislocalization and delayed localization of a microtubule nucleation complex ɣ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC), while loss of WDR-62 decreased the number of dynamic microtubules and abolished γ-TuRC localization. This regulation occurs downstream of cell polarity and in conjunction with actin. As this is the first report for non-centrosomal roles of WDR62 family proteins, we expand the basic cell biological roles of this important disease protein. Our studies identify essential ncMTOC components and suggest a division of labor where microtubule growth and localization are distinctly regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana D Sanchez
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tess C Branon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Departments of Genetics and Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lauren E Cote
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Xing Liang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Melissa A Pickett
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kang Shen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christine Jacobs-Wagner
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Biology and ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alice Y Ting
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Departments of Genetics and Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica L Feldman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Lu W, Lakonishok M, Gelfand VI. Gatekeeper function for Short stop at the ring canals of the Drosophila ovary. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3207-3220.e4. [PMID: 34089646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth of the Drosophila oocyte requires transport of cytoplasmic materials from the interconnected sister cells (nurse cells) through ring canals, the cytoplasmic bridges that remained open after incomplete germ cell division. Given the open nature of the ring canals, it is unclear how the direction of transport through the ring canal is controlled. In this work, we show that a single Drosophila spectraplakin Short stop (Shot) controls the direction of flow from nurse cells to the oocyte. Knockdown of shot changes the direction of transport through the ring canals from unidirectional (toward the oocyte) to bidirectional. After shot knockdown, the oocyte stops growing, resulting in a characteristic small oocyte phenotype. In agreement with this transport-directing function of Shot, we find that it is localized at the asymmetric actin baskets on the nurse cell side of the ring canals. In wild-type egg chambers, microtubules localized in the ring canals have uniform polarity (minus ends toward the oocyte), while in the absence of Shot, these microtubules have mixed polarity. Together, we propose that Shot functions as a gatekeeper directing transport from nurse cells to the oocyte via the organization of microtubule tracks to facilitate the transport driven by the minus-end-directed microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Margot Lakonishok
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Abstract
The tight coordination of diverse cytoskeleton elements is required to support several dynamic cellular processes involved in development and tissue homeostasis. The spectraplakin-family of proteins are composed of multiple domains that provide versatility to connect different components of the cytoskeleton, including the actin microfilaments, microtubules and intermediates filaments. Spectraplakins act as orchestrators of precise cytoskeletal dynamic events. In this review, we focus on the prototypical spectraplakin MACF1, a protein scaffold of more than 700 kDa that coordinates the crosstalk between actin microfilaments and microtubules to support cell-cell connections, cell polarity, vesicular transport, proliferation, and cell migration. We will review over two decades of research aimed at understanding the molecular, physiological and pathological roles of MACF1, with a focus on its roles in developmental and cancer. A deeper understanding of MACF1 is currently limited by technical challenges associated to the study of such a large protein and we discuss ideas to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Cusseddu
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amélie Robert
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Côté
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Abstract
The cytoskeleton is an essential element of a eukaryotic cell which informs both form and function and ultimately has physiological consequences for the organism. Equally as important as the major cytoskeletal networks are crosslinkers which coordinate and regulate their activities. One such category of crosslinker is the spectraplakins, a family of giant, evolutionarily conserved crosslinking proteins with the rare ability to interact with each of the three major cytoskeletal networks. In particular, a mammalian spectraplakin isotype called MACF1 (microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1), also known as ACF7 (actin crosslinking factor 7), has been of particular interest in the years since its discovery; MACF1 has come under such scrutiny due to the mounting list of biological phenomena in which it has been implicated. This review is an overview of the current knowledge on the structure and function of the known spectraplakin isotypes with an emphasis on MACF1, recent studies on MACF1, and finally, an analysis of the potential of MACF1 to advance medicine. Impact statement Spectraplakins are a highly conserved group of proteins which have the rare ability to bind to each of the three major cytoskeletal networks. The mammalian spectraplakin MACF1/ACF7 has proven to be instrumental in many cellular processes (e.g. signaling and cell migration) since its identification and, as such, has been the focus of various research studies. This review is a synthesis of scientific reports on the structure, confirmed functions, and implicated roles of MACF1/ACF7 as of 2019. Based on what has been revealed thus far in terms of MACF1/ACF7’s role in complex pathologies such as metastatic cancers and inflammatory bowel disease, it appears that MACF1/ACF7 and the continued study thereof hold great potential to both enhance the design of future therapies for various diseases and vastly expand scientific understanding of organismal physiology as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A King
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Han Liu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Lane TR, Fuchs E, Slep KC. Structure of the ACF7 EF-Hand-GAR Module and Delineation of Microtubule Binding Determinants. Structure 2017; 25:1130-1138.e6. [PMID: 28602822 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spectraplakins are large molecules that cross-link F-actin and microtubules (MTs). Mutations in spectraplakins yield defective cell polarization, aberrant focal adhesion dynamics, and dystonia. We present the 2.8 Å crystal structure of the hACF7 EF1-EF2-GAR MT-binding module and delineate the GAR residues critical for MT binding. The EF1-EF2 and GAR domains are autonomous domains connected by a flexible linker. The EF1-EF2 domain is an EFβ-scaffold with two bound Ca2+ ions that straddle an N-terminal α helix. The GAR domain has a unique α/β sandwich fold that coordinates Zn2+. While the EF1-EF2 domain is not sufficient for MT binding, the GAR domain is and likely enhances EF1-EF2-MT engagement. Residues in a conserved basic patch, distal to the GAR domain's Zn2+-binding site, mediate MT binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Lane
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kevin C Slep
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Abstract
Morphogenesis of the hermaphrodite gonad of Caenorhabditis elegans is directed by the U-shaped migration of the gonadal leader cells, which are called distal tip cells (DTCs). The nuclei of migrating DTCs are always positioned at the leading edge of the cells, even as these cells turn dorsally to contact the hypodermis and intestine. When the DTCs turn dorsally, VAB-10B1/spectraplakin acts in nuclear translocation by regulating the polarized growth of microtubules. The function of spectraplakin in nuclear positioning may be evolutionarily conserved. Here we discuss the possible reason for leading-edge positioning of the DTC nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon-Song Kim
- Department of Bioscience; Kwansei Gakuin University; Sanda, Japan
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