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Cassity-Duffey K, Cabrera M, Habteselassie M, Hassan S, Rema J, Fairchild B. Stacking broiler litter to reduce natural hormones. Poult Sci 2020; 99:1379-1386. [PMID: 32111312 PMCID: PMC7587855 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrone, 17β-estradiol, and testosterone are naturally occurring hormones excreted in broiler litter. With some potential for environmental concern from the hormones, understanding management practices effect on hormone concentrations is beneficial for the poultry industry. As the amount of hormones potentially introduced into the environment is directly related to the concentration at the time of land application, the purpose of this study was to investigate hormone dynamics in stacked broiler litter during the storage period before removal from the farm and/or land application. Stack temperatures and hormones concentrations were monitored at 15, 45, 75 cm, and 105 cm (measured from the stack bottom) in 6 different on-farm stack houses over 4 or 8 wk. Significant differences in temperature were determined by height and by stack. Stack temperatures during the first 4 wk ranged from 41.5°C to 54.5°C, and all stacks reached maximum temperature by 7 D. Highest temperatures were observed at the 45-cm or 75-cm height. Average stack temperatures correlated with the ambient temperature. Hormone concentration did not vary with height within each house. In 5 of the 6 stack houses, the concentrations of 17β-estradiol and/or testosterone significantly decreased after stacking for 4 or 8 wk (35 to 64%) with only one house showing a significant decrease in estrone concentration (72% in 4 wk). The percent change of estrone and 17β-estradiol mineralization during the first 4 wk was negatively correlated with the 7-D temperature of the pile (r2 = 0.80), indicating that the high temperatures observed during stacking may inhibit estrogen mineralization. In this study, hormone degradation decreased with high temperatures. Therefore, stack management favoring at least a period of low temperatures may help promote mineralization of these hormones and reduce any potential for introduction into the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Cabrera
- Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mussie Habteselassie
- Crop and Soil Science Department, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; Poultry Sciences Department, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| | - Sayed Hassan
- Lab for Environmental Analysis, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - John Rema
- Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Brian Fairchild
- Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Acosta LK, Bertó-Roselló F, Xifre-Perez E, Santos A, Ferré-Borrull J, Marsal LF. Stacked Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Gradient-Index Filters with Tunable Multispectral Photonic Stopbands as Sensing Platforms. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:3360-3371. [PMID: 30590008 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the development and optical engineering of stacked nanoporous anodic alumina gradient-index (NAA-GIFs) filters with tunable multispectral photonic stopbands for sensing applications. The structure of these photonic crystals (PC) is formed by stacked layers of NAA produced with sinusoidally modified effective medium. The progressive modification of the sinusoidal period during the anodization process enables the generation and precise tuning of the characteristic photonic stopbands (PSB) (i.e., one per sinusoidal period in the anodization profile) of these PC structures. Four types of NAA-GIFs featuring three distinctive PSBs positioned within the visible spectral region are developed. The sensitivity of the effective medium of these NAA-GIFs is systematically assessed by measuring spectral shifts in the characteristic PSBs upon infiltration of their nanoporous structure with analytical solutions of d-glucose with several concentrations (0.025-1 M). This study provides new insights into the intrinsic relationship between the nanoporous architecture of these PCs and their optical properties, generating opportunities to fabricate advanced optical sensing systems for high-throughput and multiplexed detection of analytes in a single sensing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Acosta
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Avinguda Països Catalans 26 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Francesc Bertó-Roselló
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Avinguda Països Catalans 26 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Elisabet Xifre-Perez
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Avinguda Països Catalans 26 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Abel Santos
- School of Chemical Engineering , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS) , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
| | - Josep Ferré-Borrull
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Avinguda Països Catalans 26 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Lluis F Marsal
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Avinguda Països Catalans 26 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
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Venezia VC, Hsiung AC, Yang WZ, Zhang Y, Zhao C, Lin Z, Grant LA. Second Generation Small Pixel Technology Using Hybrid Bond Stacking. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E667. [PMID: 29495272 DOI: 10.3390/s18020667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, OmniVision’s second generation (Gen2) of small-pixel BSI stacking technologies is reviewed. The key features of this technology are hybrid-bond stacking, deeper back-side, deep-trench isolation, new back-side composite metal-oxide grid, and improved gate oxide quality. This Gen2 technology achieves state-of-the-art low-light image-sensor performance for 1.1, 1.0, and 0.9 µm pixel products. Additional improvements on this technology include less than 100 ppm white-pixel process and a high near-infrared (NIR) QE technology.
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Graser G, Walters FS, Burns A, Sauve A, Raybould A. A General Approach to Test for Interaction Among Mixtures of Insecticidal Proteins Which Target Different Orders of Insect Pests. J Insect Sci 2017; 17:3065810. [PMID: 28355479 PMCID: PMC5416900 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A shift toward transgenic crops which produce combinations of insecticidal proteins has increased the interest (Syngenta Seeds, Inc., Minnetonka, MN) in studying the potential for interactions amongst those proteins. We present a general testing method which accommodates proteins with nonoverlapping spectrums of activity. Our sequential testing approach first investigates groups of the proteins with overlapping activity; e.g., proteins active against Lepidoptera or Coleoptera, respectively. The Colby method is used to test for interactions within each respective group. Subsequently, the mixture of proteins within each group is regarded as a single entity and tests for interactions between the groups (when combined) is conducted using analysis of variance. We illustrate the method using Cry1Ab, Vip3Aa20, and Cry1F (a mixture of proteins active against Lepidoptera), and mCry3A and eCry3.1Ab (a mixture of proteins active against Coleoptera). These insecticidal proteins are produced by Bt11 × MIR162 × TC1507 × MIR604 × 5307 maize. We detected no interactions between Cry1Ab, Vip3Aa20, and Cry1F in tests using larvae of two different lepidopteran species, and possible slight antagonism between mCry3A and eCry3.1Ab with a coleopteran test species. We detected no effect of (eCry3.1Ab + mCry3A) on the potency of (Cry1Ab + Vip3Aa20 + Cry1F) to lepidopteran larvae, and no effect of (Cry1Ab + Vip3Aa20 + Cry1F) on the potency of (mCry3A + eCry3.1Ab) to coleopteran larvae. We discuss implications of these results for characterization of Bt11 × MIR162 × TC1507 × MIR604 × 5307 maize, and the value of the method for characterizing other transgenic crops that produce several insecticidal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson Graser
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Product Safety, LLC, PO Box 12257, 9 Davis Drive, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Frederick S. Walters
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Product Safety, LLC, PO Box 12257, 9 Davis Drive, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Andrea Burns
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Product Safety, LLC, PO Box 12257, 9 Davis Drive, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Alaina Sauve
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Product Safety, LLC, PO Box 12257, 9 Davis Drive, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Alan Raybould
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Regulatory Affairs, Schwarzwaldallee 215, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland
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Patel NG, Rozen WM, Chow WTH, Chowdhry M, Fitzgerald O'Connor E, Sharma H, Griffiths M, Ramakrishnan VV. Stacked and bipedicled abdominal free flaps for breast reconstruction: considerations for shaping. Gland Surg 2016; 5:115-21. [PMID: 27047780 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2227-684x.2016.02.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stacked and bipedicled abdominal flaps are useful in women who require a large breast reconstruction but have relative paucity of abdominal tissue. A new classification system is described to assist the surgeon in achieving the best possible aesthetic outcome. METHODS A retrospective review of 25 consecutive stacked and/or bipedicled deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap reconstructions was assessed from 2009 to 2014. Demographic data and key variables were prospectively collected in our breast reconstruction database and an aesthetic classification devised. There are four main subtypes, (I) folded; (II) divided; (III) coned; and (IV) divided and folded. Each of these subtypes can be moulded in a symmetrically or asymmetrically fashion depending on the contralateral breast shape together with distribution and consistency of fat within the abdominal flap. RESULTS Of the 25 patients, three-quarter were immediate reconstruction, with an average age of 48 years and a median follow-up of 2 years 10 months. Just over half the patients (57%) had bipedicle flaps with two recipient donor vessels with the remaining 43% had stacked flaps. The most common recipient sites are the thoracodorsal vessels (62%) and intercostal perforators (26%). The average abdominal pannus weight was 610 grams (SD: 320 grams), with a hemi-abdominal weight of 305 grams. Two patients had haematomas, of which one lost their reconstruction. Another patient had a venous congestion flap which was salvaged. CONCLUSIONS Bipedicled or stacked abdominal flaps allow the all four zones of the abdominal tissue to be used in unilateral breast reconstruction. The approach of tailoring the abdominal flaps to match the contralateral breast reconstruction is largely an art form. The paper aims to bring some meaningful system to aid the surgeon to achieve the best possible outcome with the components presented to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakul Gamanlal Patel
- St Andrew's Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 7ET, UK
| | - Warren Matthew Rozen
- St Andrew's Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 7ET, UK
| | - Whitney T H Chow
- St Andrew's Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 7ET, UK
| | - Muhammad Chowdhry
- St Andrew's Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 7ET, UK
| | - Edmund Fitzgerald O'Connor
- St Andrew's Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 7ET, UK
| | - Hrsikesa Sharma
- St Andrew's Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 7ET, UK
| | - Matthew Griffiths
- St Andrew's Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 7ET, UK
| | - Venkat V Ramakrishnan
- St Andrew's Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 7ET, UK
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