1
|
Anderson CC, Moure M, Demski C, Renaud FG. Risk tolerance as a complementary concept to risk perception of natural hazards: A conceptual review and application. Risk Anal 2024; 44:304-321. [PMID: 37259281 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There is a longstanding assumption that if people perceive a risk as high, they will act to reduce it. In fact, research has shown a lack of consistently strong causal relations between risk perception (RP) and mitigative behavior-the so-called "risk perception paradox." Despite a recent increase in research on RP, individuals' risk tolerance (RT; or demand for risk reduction) only rarely appears as a consideration for explaining behavioral response to natural hazards. To address this research gap, we first systematically review relevant literature and find that RT has been directly assessed or operationalized using perceived thresholds related to costs and benefits of risk reduction measures, risk consequences, hazard characteristics, behavioral responses, or affective reactions. It is either considered a component or a result of RP. We then use survey data of individuals' RP, RT, and behavioral intention to assess relations among these variables. Comparing across three European study sites, "behavioral intention" is assessed as the public's willingness to actively support the implementation of nature-based solutions to reduce disaster risk. A series of tests using regression models shows RT significantly explains variance in behavioral intention and significantly contributes additional explanatory power beyond RP in all three sites. In two sites, RT is also a significant partial mediator of the relation between RP and behavior. Taken together, our findings demand further conceptual and empirical research on individuals' RT and its systematic consideration as a determinant for (in)action in response to natural hazards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl C Anderson
- School of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Glasgow, Dumfries, Scotland, UK
- Institute of Geography, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mar Moure
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Demski
- Department of Psychology and the Centre for Climate Change and Social Transformation (CAST), University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Fabrice G Renaud
- School of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Glasgow, Dumfries, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mori T, Machida K, Kudou Y, Kimishima M, Sassa K, Goto-Inoue N, Minei R, Ogura A, Kobayashi Y, Kamiya K, Nakaya D, Yamamoto N, Kashiwagi A, Kashiwagi K. Novel predator-induced phenotypic plasticity by hemoglobin and physiological changes in the brain of Xenopus tropicalis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1178869. [PMID: 37346489 PMCID: PMC10279953 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1178869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms adapt to changes in their environment to survive. The emergence of predators is an example of environmental change, and organisms try to change their external phenotypic systems and physiological mechanisms to adapt to such changes. In general, prey exhibit different phenotypes to predators owing to historically long-term prey-predator interactions. However, when presented with a novel predator, the extent and rate of phenotypic plasticity in prey are largely unknown. Therefore, exploring the physiological adaptive response of organisms to novel predators is a crucial topic in physiology and evolutionary biology. Counterintuitively, Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles do not exhibit distinct external phenotypes when exposed to new predation threats. Accordingly, we examined the brains of X. tropicalis tadpoles to understand their response to novel predation pressure in the absence of apparent external morphological adaptations. Principal component analysis of fifteen external morphological parameters showed that each external morphological site varied nonlinearly with predator exposure time. However, the overall percentage change in principal components during the predation threat (24 h) was shown to significantly (p < 0.05) alter tadpole morphology compared with that during control or 5-day out treatment (5 days of exposure to predation followed by 5 days of no exposure). However, the adaptive strategy of the altered sites was unknown because the changes were not specific to a particular site but were rather nonlinear in various sites. Therefore, RNA-seq, metabolomic, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were performed on the entire brain to investigate physiological changes in the brain, finding that glycolysis-driven ATP production was enhanced and ß-oxidation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were downregulated in response to predation stress. Superoxide dismutase was upregulated after 6 h of exposure to new predation pressure, and radical production was reduced. Hemoglobin was also increased in the brain, forming oxyhemoglobin, which is known to scavenge hydroxyl radicals in the midbrain and hindbrain. These suggest that X. tropicalis tadpoles do not develop external morphological adaptations that are positively correlated with predation pressure, such as tail elongation, in response to novel predators; however, they improve their brain functionality when exposed to a novel predator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Mori
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Machida
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Kudou
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masaya Kimishima
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kaito Sassa
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Goto-Inoue
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Minei
- Department of Computer Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ogura
- Department of Computer Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Keiko Kashiwagi
- Hiroshima University Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arthurs JW, Pauli JL, Palmiter RD. Activation of Parabrachial Tachykinin 1 Neurons Counteracts Some Behaviors Mediated by Parabrachial Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Neurons. Neuroscience 2023; 517:105-116. [PMID: 36898496 PMCID: PMC10103625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Many threats activate parabrachial neurons expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRPPBN) which transmit alarm signals to forebrain regions. Most CGRPPBN neurons also express tachykinin 1 (Tac1), but there are also Tac1-expressing neurons in the PBN that do not express CGRP (Tac1+;CGRP- neurons). Chemogenetic or optogenetic activation of all Tac1PBN neurons in mice elicited many physiological/behavioral responses resembling the activation of CGRPPBN neurons, e.g., anorexia, jumping on a hot plate, avoidance of photostimulation; however, two key responses opposed activation of CGRPPBN neurons. Activating Tac1PBN neurons did not produce conditioned taste aversion and it elicited dynamic escape behaviors rather than freezing. Activating Tac1+;CGRP- neurons, using an intersectional genetic targeting approach, resembles activating all Tac1PBN neurons. These results reveal that activation of Tac1+;CGRP- neurons can suppress some functions attributed to the CGRPPBN neurons, which provides a mechanism to bias behavioral responses to threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe W Arthurs
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, United States
| | - Jordan L Pauli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, United States
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Triana-Del Rio R, Ranade S, Guardado J, LeDoux J, Klann E, Shrestha P. The modulation of emotional and social behaviors by oxytocin signaling in limbic network. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1002846. [PMID: 36466805 PMCID: PMC9714608 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1002846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides can exert volume modulation in neuronal networks, which account for a well-calibrated and fine-tuned regulation that depends on the sensory and behavioral contexts. For example, oxytocin (OT) and oxytocin receptor (OTR) trigger a signaling pattern encompassing intracellular cascades, synaptic plasticity, gene expression, and network regulation, that together function to increase the signal-to-noise ratio for sensory-dependent stress/threat and social responses. Activation of OTRs in emotional circuits within the limbic forebrain is necessary to acquire stress/threat responses. When emotional memories are retrieved, OTR-expressing cells act as gatekeepers of the threat response choice/discrimination. OT signaling has also been implicated in modulating social-exposure elicited responses in the neural circuits within the limbic forebrain. In this review, we describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the neuromodulation by OT, and how OT signaling in specific neural circuits and cell populations mediate stress/threat and social behaviors. OT and downstream signaling cascades are heavily implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by emotional and social dysregulation. Thus, a mechanistic understanding of downstream cellular effects of OT in relevant cell types and neural circuits can help design effective intervention techniques for a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayali Ranade
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Jahel Guardado
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joseph LeDoux
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eric Klann
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Prerana Shrestha
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kryklywy JH, Lu A, Roberts KH, Rowan M, Todd RM. Lateralization of autonomic output in response to limb-specific threat. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0011-22.2022. [PMID: 36028330 PMCID: PMC9463978 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0011-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In times of stress or danger, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) signals the fight or flight response. A canonical function of ANS activity is to globally mobilize metabolic resources, preparing the organism to respond to threat. Yet a body of research has demonstrated that, rather than displaying a homogenous pattern across the body, autonomic responses to arousing events - as measured through changes in electrodermal activity (EDA) - can differ between right and left body locations. Surprisingly, an attempt to identify a function of ANS asymmetry consistent with its metabolic role has not been investigated. In the current study, we investigated whether asymmetric autonomic responses could be induced through limb-specific aversive stimulation. Participants were given mild electric stimulation to either the left or right arm while EDA was monitored bilaterally. In a group-level analyses, an ipsilateral EDA response bias was observed, with increased EDA response in the hand adjacent to the stimulation. This effect was observable in ∼50% of individual particpants. These results demonstrate that autonomic output is more complex than canonical interpretations suggest. We suggest that, in stressful situations, autonomic outputs can prepare either the whole-body fight or flight response, or a simply a limb-localized flick, which can effectively neutralize the threat while minimizing global resource consumption. These findings are consistent with recent theories proposing evolutionary leveraging of neural structures organized to mediate sensory responses for processing of cognitive emotional cues.Significance statementThe present study constitutes novel evidence for an autonomic nervous response specific to the side of the body exposed to direct threat. We identify a robust pattern of electrodermal response at the body location that directly receives aversive tactile stimulation. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time in contemporary research that the ANS is capable of location-specific outputs within single effector organs in response to small scale threat. This extends the canonical view of the role of ANS responses in stressful or dangerous stresses - that of provoking a 'fight or flight' response - suggesting a further role of this system: preparation of targeted limb-specific action, i.e., a flick.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Lu
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
| | | | - Matt Rowan
- Peter A. Allard School of Law, University of British Columbia
| | - Rebecca M Todd
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rodríguez M, Ceric F, Murgas P, Harland B, Torrealba F, Contreras M. Interoceptive Insular Cortex Mediates Both Innate Fear and Contextual Threat Conditioning to Predator Odor. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 13:283. [PMID: 31998093 PMCID: PMC6962178 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The insular cortex (IC), among other brain regions, becomes active when humans experience fear or anxiety. However, few experimental studies in rats have implicated the IC in threat responses. We have recently reported that inactivation of the primary interoceptive cortex (pIC) during pre-training, or the intra-pIC blockade of protein synthesis immediately after training, impaired the consolidation of auditory fear conditioning. The present study was designed to investigate the role of the pIC in innate and learned defensive responses to predator odor. Freezing behavior was elicited by single or repetitive exposures to a collar that had been worn by a domestic cat. Sessions were video-recorded and later scored by video observation. We found that muscimol inactivation of the pIC reduced the expression of freezing reaction in response to a single or repeated exposure to cat odor. We also found that pIC inactivation with muscimol impaired conditioning of fear to the context in which rats were exposed to cat odor. Furthermore, neosaxitoxin inactivation of the pIC resulted in a prolonged and robust reduction in freezing response in subsequent re-exposures to cat odor. In addition, freezing behavior significantly correlated with the neural activity of the IC. The present results suggest that the IC is involved in the expression of both innate and learned fear responses to predator odor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Rodríguez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Ceric
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Afectiva, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Murgas
- Centro de Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bruce Harland
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Fernando Torrealba
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Contreras
- Centro de Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tops M, Huijbregts SCJ, Buisman-Pijlman FTA. Commentary: Intranasal Oxytocin Treatment Increases Eye-Gaze Behavior toward the Owner in Ancient Japanese Dog Breeds. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1473. [PMID: 30174635 PMCID: PMC6107786 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mattie Tops
- Department of Clinical, Neuro & Developmental Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stephan C J Huijbregts
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies-Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Femke T A Buisman-Pijlman
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
O'Brien CE, Jozet-Alves C, Mezrai N, Bellanger C, Darmaillacq AS, Dickel L. Maternal and Embryonic Stress Influence Offspring Behavior in the Cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:981. [PMID: 29249984 PMCID: PMC5717421 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress experienced during prenatal development-either applied to reproducing females (maternal stress), directly to developing offspring (embryonic stress) or in combination-is associated with a range of post-natal behavioral effects in numerous organisms. We conducted an experiment to discern if maternal and embryonic stressors affect the behavior of hatchlings of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, a species with features that allow for the examination of these stress types in isolation. Separating the impact of stress transmitted through the mother vs. stress experienced by the embryo itself will help clarify the behavioral findings in viviparous species for which it is impossible to disentangle these effects. We also compared the effect of a naturally-occurring (predator cue) and an "artificial" (bright, randomly-occurring LED light) embryonic stressor. This allowed us to test the hypothesis that a threat commonly faced by a species (natural threat) would be met with a genetically-programmed and adaptive response while a novel one would confound innate defense mechanisms and lead to maladaptive effects. We found that the maternal stressor was associated with significant differences in body patterning and activity patterns. By contrast, embryonic exposure to stressors increased the proportion of individuals that pursued prey. From these results, it appears that in cuttlefish, maternal and embryonic stressors affect different post-natal behavior in offspring. In addition, the effect of the artificial stressor suggests that organisms can sometimes react adaptively to a stressor even if it is not one that has been encountered during the evolutionary history of the species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E O'Brien
- Normandie Univ., UNICAEN, Rennes 1 Univ., UR1, CNRS, UMR 6552 ETHOS, Caen, France
| | | | - Nawel Mezrai
- Normandie Univ., UNICAEN, Rennes 1 Univ., UR1, CNRS, UMR 6552 ETHOS, Caen, France
| | - Cécile Bellanger
- Normandie Univ., UNICAEN, Rennes 1 Univ., UR1, CNRS, UMR 6552 ETHOS, Caen, France
| | | | - Ludovic Dickel
- Normandie Univ., UNICAEN, Rennes 1 Univ., UR1, CNRS, UMR 6552 ETHOS, Caen, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Laub BG, Budy P. Assessing the likely effectiveness of multispecies management for imperiled desert fishes with niche overlap analysis. Conserv Biol 2015; 29:1153-1163. [PMID: 25627117 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A critical decision in species conservation is whether to target individual species or a complex of ecologically similar species. Management of multispecies complexes is likely to be most effective when species share similar distributions, threats, and response to threats. We used niche overlap analysis to assess ecological similarity of 3 sensitive desert fish species currently managed as an ecological complex. We measured the amount of shared distribution of multiple habitat and life history parameters between each pair of species. Habitat use and multiple life history parameters, including maximum body length, spawning temperature, and longevity, differed significantly among the 3 species. The differences in habitat use and life history parameters among the species suggest they are likely to respond differently to similar threats and that most management actions will not benefit all 3 species equally. Habitat restoration, frequency of stream dewatering, non-native species control, and management efforts in tributaries versus main stem rivers are all likely to impact each of the species differently. Our results demonstrate that niche overlap analysis provides a powerful tool for assessing the likely effectiveness of multispecies versus single-species conservation plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Laub
- Department of Watershed Sciences, The Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5210 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, U.S.A
| | - Phaedra Budy
- Department of Watershed Sciences, The Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5210 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, U.S.A
- U.S. Geological Survey, Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Utah State University, 5290 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|