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Jonsson H, Andersson A, Mao Z, Nyström L. Age-specific differences in tumour characteristics between screen-detected and non-screen-detected breast cancers in women aged 40-74 at diagnosis in Sweden from 2008 to 2017. J Med Screen 2024:9691413241237616. [PMID: 38454634 DOI: 10.1177/09691413241237616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze differences between screen-detected and non-screen-detected invasive breast cancers by tumour characteristics and age at diagnosis in the nationwide population-based mammography screening program in Sweden. METHODS Data were retrieved from the National Quality Register for Breast Cancer for 2008-2017. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the likelihood for a tumour to be screen-detected by tumour characteristics and age group at diagnosis. RESULTS In total there were 51,429 invasive breast cancers in the target age group for mammography screening of 40-74 years. Likelihood of screen detection decreased with larger tumour size, lymph node metastases, higher histological grade and distant metastasis. Odds ratios (ORs) for negative oestrogen (ER) and progesterone (PgR) were 0.41 and 0.57; for positive HER2, 0.62; for Ki-67 high versus low, 0.49. Molecular sub-types had OR of 0.56, 0.40 and 0.28, respectively, for luminal B-like, HER2-positive and triple negative versus luminal A-like. Adjusting for tumour size (T), lymph node status (N), age, year and county at diagnosis slightly elevated the ORs. Statistically significant interactions between tumour characteristics and age were found (p < 0.05) except for ER and PgR. The age group 40-49 deviated most from the other age groups. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that screen-detected invasive breast cancers had more favourable tumour characteristics than non-screen-detected after adjusting for age, year and county of diagnosis, and even after adjusting for T and N. The trend towards favourable tumour characteristics was less pronounced in the 40-49 age group compared to the other age groups, except for ER and PgR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Jonsson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anne Andersson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Zheng Mao
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lennarth Nyström
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Yang K, Choi YY, Zhang WH, Chen XZ, Song MK, Lee J, Zhang B, Chen ZX, Kim HI, Chen JP. Strategies to improve treatment outcome in gastric cancer: a retrospective analysis of patients from two high-volume hospitals in Korea and China. Oncotarget. 2016;7:44660-44675. [PMID: 27191995 PMCID: PMC5190126 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
China has high incidence of gastric cancer (GC). However, the treatment outcomes of China were unsatisfactory compared to those of Korea. We performed this study to compare tumour characteristics, treatment parameters, and survival outcomes of GC patients between Korea and China based on the databases of two high-volume hospitals, with the aim of identifying indicators of GC prognosis. Data of patients undergoing gastrectomy for GC from 2006 to 2010 were analysed retrospectively. Subgroup survival analyses, stratified by clinicopathologic factors and multivariable analyses, were performed. The interactive roles of chemotherapy and D2 lymphadenectomy for overall survival were also investigated. Among 1365 Chinese and 4981 Korean patients, the proportion of early cancer detection in Chinese patients was much lower relative to that of Korean patients. There were no significant differences between countries in terms of surgical morbidity and mortality. The overall 5-year survival rates were 54.3% and 81.4%; when stratified by clinicopathologic factors, the survival were generally statistically higher in Korean patients. Gender, age, T stage, N stage, extent of lymphadenectomy, radicality of surgery, resection type, and chemotherapy were independently associated with survival in patients without metastasis. Survival rates for stage II and III GC differed significantly between the two countries, but this difference was eliminated among patients who underwent D2 lymphadenectomy or received chemotherapy. These treatments were given to patients with advanced-stage diagnoses (approximately 20% and 80% of patients, respectively). Treatment type was selected as independent prognostic factors in stage I–III and D2/D2+, with chemotherapy resulting in the best prognosis. Many differences in GC tumour characteristics exist between two countries. Early cancer detection and standardized treatment in Korea contribute to superior survival rates. Promotion of an early screening program, training and dissemination of standard D2 lymphadenectomy, and appropriate applications of chemotherapy would improve survival outcomes.
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Csoma ZR, Dalmády S, Ábrahám R, Rózsa T, Rácz K, Kemény L. [Infantile haemangioma: clinical and demographic characteristics, experiences in the treatment]. Orv Hetil 2017; 158:1535-1544. [PMID: 28942665 DOI: 10.1556/650.2017.30838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infantile haemangiomas are the most common vascular tumours of infancy. The vast majority of the lesions do not require dermatological treatment due to their unique clinical course and the high rate of spontaneous regression. Approximately 10-15% of the tumours result in severe complications and sequale, requiring special management and close follow-up. AIM The aim of the present study was to assess the data of the patients treated with infantile haemangiomas, and to summarize the results of the therapy during 4.5 years of study period, in the Paediatric Dermatology Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Dermatology and Allergology, at the University of Szeged. METHOD Demographic data of the infants (gender, gestational age and weight, perinatal history of the infant and medical history of mothers), exact date of the visits at Paediatric Dermatology Outpatient Clinic and tumour characteristics (number, subtype, anatomical localisation and complications) were analysed in details. Treatment modalities and therapy intervals, outcomes and the adverse events of the therapies were also discussed in the survey. RESULTS During the study period, 96 infants with 163 infantile haemangiomas were observed. 54 patients required regular observations, while 42 infants required local or systemic beta-blocker therapy. All of the tumours treated with local or systemic therapy showed marked clinical regression; adverse effects were observed in only 6 cases. The gestational age and gestational weight of infants requiring beta-blocker therapy was significantly lower as compared to children needed only observation. CONCLUSIONS Systemic propranolol is currently the first-line treatment modality for complicated infantile haemangiomas. Our results confirm the significant therapeutic efficacy of propranolol. Early introduction of the treatment is relevant; unfortunately a great proportion of patients are referred late to Paediatric Dermatology Centres. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(39): 1535-1544.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsanett Renáta Csoma
- Bőrgyógyászati és Allergológiai Klinika, Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Szeged, Korányi fasor 6., 6720
| | - Szandra Dalmády
- Bőrgyógyászati és Allergológiai Klinika, Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Szeged, Korányi fasor 6., 6720
| | - Rita Ábrahám
- Bőrgyógyászati és Allergológiai Klinika, Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Szeged, Korányi fasor 6., 6720
| | - Tamás Rózsa
- Bőrgyógyászati és Allergológiai Klinika, Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Szeged, Korányi fasor 6., 6720
| | - Katalin Rácz
- Gyermekgyógyászati Klinika és Gyermekegészségügyi Központ, Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Szeged
| | - Lajos Kemény
- Bőrgyógyászati és Allergológiai Klinika, Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Szeged, Korányi fasor 6., 6720.,Magyar Tudományos Akadémia-Szegedi Tudományegyetem Dermatológiai Kutatócsoport, Szeged
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de Munck L, de Bock GH, Otter R, Reiding D, Broeders MJM, Willemse PHB, Siesling S. Digital vs screen-film mammography in population-based breast cancer screening: performance indicators and tumour characteristics of screen-detected and interval cancers. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:517-24. [PMID: 27490807 PMCID: PMC4997549 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Full-field digital mammography (FFDM) has replaced screen-film mammography (SFM) in most breast cancer screening programs due to technological advantages such as possibilities to adjust contrast, better image quality and transfer capabilities. This study describes the performance indicators during the transition from SFM to FFDM and the characteristics of screen-detected and interval cancers. METHODS Data of the Dutch breast cancer screening program, region North from 2004 to 2010 were linked to The Netherlands Cancer Registry (N=902 868). Performance indicators and tumour characteristics of screen-detected and interval cancers were compared between FFDM and SFM. RESULTS After initial screens, recall rates were 2.1% (SFM) and 3.0% (FFDM; P<0.001). The positive predictive values (PPV) were 25.6% (SFM) and 19.9% (FFDM; P=0.002). Detection rates were similar, as were all performance indicators after subsequent screens. Similar percentages of low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) were found for SFM and FFDM. Invasive cancers diagnosed after subsequent screens with FFDM were more often of high-grade (P=0.024) and ductal type (P=0.030). The incidence rates of interval cancers were similar for SFM and FFDM after initial (2.69/1000 vs 2.51/1000; P=0.787) and subsequent screens (2.30 vs 2.41; P=0.652), with similar tumour characteristics. CONCLUSIONS FFDM resulted in similar rates of screen-detected and interval cancers, indicating that FFDM performs as well as SFM in a breast cancer screening program. No signs of an increase in low-grade DCIS (which might connote possible overdiagnosis) were seen. Nonetheless, after initial screening, which accounts for 12% of all screens, FFDM resulted in higher recall rate and lower PPV that requires attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda de Munck
- Department of Research, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, PO Box 19079, Utrecht 3501 DB, The Netherlands
| | - Geertruida H de Bock
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Renée Otter
- Department of Research, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, PO Box 19079, Utrecht 3501 DB, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Reiding
- National Cancer Screening Programme, region North, PO Box 425, Groningen 9700 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Mireille JM Broeders
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
- Dutch Reference Centre for Screening, PO Box 6873, Nijmegen 6503 GJ, The Netherlands
| | - Pax HB Willemse
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Siesling
- Department of Research, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, PO Box 19079, Utrecht 3501 DB, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Technology & Services Research, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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Bachmann C, Bachmann R, Kraemer B, Brucker SY, Staebler A, Fend F, Rothmund R, Wallwiener D. Prevalence and distribution pattern of nodal metastases in advanced ovarian cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2016; 5:483-487. [PMID: 27703680 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2016.982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the relevance of pelvic and para-aortic lymph node involvement and the tumour characteristics affecting nodal metastases and survival in primary advanced ovarian cancer. A total of 130 consecutive patients were retrospectively investigated. All the patients received stage-related surgery with pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy. The median follow-up was 53.5 months. The clinicopathological parameters and distribution pattern of nodal metastases were evaluated. Lymph node metastases were detectable in 74.62% of the cases. Overall, both pelvic and para-aortic nodes were affected in 35.9% of the patients, whereas 13.3% had metastases only in the pelvic and 13.3% only in the para-aortic lymph nodes. Histological grade 1/2 and 3, serous and endometrioid histology were independent predictors of nodal metastasis. Serous and endometrioid cancers have shown a predilection for metastasis to the pelvic lymph nodes alone, both to the pelvic and the para-aortic nodes, or the para-aortic nodes alone. Overall survival was significantly positively affected by serous histology with positive nodes (P=0.043). It is crucial to investigate the risk factors and metastatic patterns of such patients in a multicenter analysis to evaluate individual subgroups. Prospective studies are required to investigate the prognostic effect of lymphadenectomy in advanced ovarian cancer and its association with histology and distribution pattern of nodal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Bachmann
- Department of Gynecology, University of Tübingen, D-72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Bachmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kraemer
- Department of Gynecology, University of Tübingen, D-72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Anette Staebler
- Department of Pathology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Department of Pathology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Rothmund
- Department of Gynecology, University of Tübingen, D-72070 Tübingen, Germany
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Sung H, Garcia-Closas M, Chang-Claude J, Blows FM, Ali HR, Figueroa J, Nevanlinna H, Fagerholm R, Heikkilä P, Blomqvist C, Giles GG, Milne RL, Southey MC, McLean C, Mannermaa A, Kosma VM, Kataja V, Sironen R, Couch FJ, Olson JE, Hallberg E, Olswold C, Cox A, Cross SS, Kraft P, Tamimi RM, Eliassen AH, Schmidt MK, Bolla MK, Wang Q, Easton D, Howat WJ, Coulson P, Pharoah PDP, Sherman ME, Yang XR. Heterogeneity of luminal breast cancer characterised by immunohistochemical expression of basal markers. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:298-304. [PMID: 26679376 PMCID: PMC4742579 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Luminal A breast cancer defined as hormone receptor positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative is known to be heterogeneous. Previous study showed that luminal A tumours with the expression of basal markers ((cytokeratin (CK) 5 or CK5/6) or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)) were associated with poorer prognosis compared with those that stained negative for basal markers. Prompted by this study, we assessed whether tumour characteristics and risk factors differed by basal marker status within luminal A tumours. METHODS We pooled 5040 luminal A cases defined by immunohistochemistry (4490 basal-negative ((CK5 (or CK5/6))- and EGFR-) and 550 basal-positive ((CK5 (or CK5/6+)) or EGFR+)) from eight studies participating in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. Case-case comparison was performed using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS Tumour characteristics and risk factors did not vary significantly by the expression of basal markers, although results suggested that basal-positive luminal tumours tended to be smaller and node negative, and were more common in women with a positive family history and lower body mass index. CONCLUSIONS Most established breast cancer risk factors were similar in basal-positive and basal-negative luminal A tumours. The non-significant but suggestive differences in tumour features and family history warrant further investigations.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Body Mass Index
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Keratin-5/metabolism
- Keratin-6/metabolism
- Menarche
- Menopause
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Staging
- Parity
- Prognosis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Risk Factors
- Tumor Burden
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuna Sung
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, 20850 MD, USA
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Closas
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG London, UK
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fiona M Blows
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, CB1 8RN Cambridge, UK
| | - H Raza Ali
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, CB2 0RE Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonine Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, 20850 MD, USA
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO Box 700, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rainer Fagerholm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO Box 700, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Heikkilä
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO Box 400, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO Box 400, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Catriona McLean
- Anatomical Pathology, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Rd, Prahran, 3181, 3053 Victoria, Australia
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, PO Box 100, 70029 KYS Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, PO Box 100, 70029 KYS Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vesa Kataja
- Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Central Finland Health Care District, Adm Bldg 6/2, Keskussairaalantie 19, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Reijo Sironen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, PO Box 100, 70029 KYS Kuopio, Finland
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Stabile 2-42, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905 MN, USA
| | - Janet E Olson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, 55905 MN, USA
| | - Emily Hallberg
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, 55905 MN, USA
| | - Curtis Olswold
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, 55905 MN, USA
| | - Angela Cox
- Sheffield Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, S10 2RX Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon S Cross
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, S10 2RX Sheffield, UK
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manjeet K Bolla
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN Cambridge, UK
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN Cambridge, UK
| | - Douglas Easton
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, CB1 8RN Cambridge, UK
| | - William J Howat
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, CB2 0RE Cambridge, UK
| | - Penny Coulson
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG London, UK
| | - Paul DP Pharoah
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, CB1 8RN Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, 20850 MD, USA
| | - Xiaohong R Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, 20850 MD, USA
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