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Santhanam S, Chen C, Oh B, McConnell KW, Azadian MM, Patel JJ, Gardner EE, Tanabe Y, Poon ASY, George PM. Wirelessly Powered-Electrically Conductive Polymer System for Stem Cell Enhanced Stroke Recovery. Adv Electron Mater 2023; 9:2300369. [PMID: 38045756 PMCID: PMC10691593 DOI: 10.1002/aelm.202300369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Effective stroke recovery therapeutics remain limited. Stem cell therapies have yielded promising results, but the harsh ischemic environment of the post-stroke brain reduces their therapeutic potential. Previously, we developed a conductive polymer scaffold system that enabled stem cell delivery with simultaneous electrical modulation of the cells and surrounding neural environment. This wired polymer scaffold proved efficacious in optimizing ideal conditions for stem cell mediated motor improvements in a rodent model of stroke. To further enable preclinical studies and enhance translational potential, we identified a method to improve this system by eliminating its dependence upon a tethered power source. We have herein developed a wirelessly powered, electrically conductive polymer system that eases therapeutic application and enables full mobility. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate that the wirelessly powered scaffold is able to stimulate neural stem cells in vitro, as well as in vivo in a rodent model of stroke. This system modulates the stroke microenvironment and increases the production of endogenous stem cells. In summation, this novel, wirelessly powered conductive scaffold can serve as a mobile platform for a wide variety of therapeutics involving electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Santhanam
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., MC5778, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Byeongtaek Oh
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., MC5778, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kelly W. McConnell
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., MC5778, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matine M. Azadian
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., MC5778, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jainith J. Patel
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., MC5778, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Emily E. Gardner
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., MC5778, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yuji Tanabe
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ada S. Y. Poon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul M. George
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., MC5778, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Takeuchi M, Tokutake K, Watanabe K, Ito N, Aoyama T, Saeki S, Kurimoto S, Hirata H, Hasegawa Y. A Wirelessly Powered 4-Channel Neurostimulator for Reconstructing Walking Trajectory. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7198. [PMID: 36236295 PMCID: PMC9572656 DOI: 10.3390/s22197198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A wirelessly powered four-channel neurostimulator was developed for applying selective Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) to four peripheral nerves to control the ankle and knee joints of a rat. The power of the neurostimulator was wirelessly supplied from a transmitter device, and the four nerves were connected to the receiver device, which controlled the ankle and knee joints in the rat. The receiver device had functions to detect the frequency of the transmitter signal from the transmitter coil. The stimulation site of the nerves was selected according to the frequency of the transmitter signal. The rat toe position was controlled by changing the angles of the ankle and knee joints. The joint angles were controlled by the stimulation current applied to each nerve independently. The stimulation currents were adjusted by the Proportional Integral Differential (PID) and feed-forward control method through a visual feedback control system, and the walking trajectory of a rat's hind leg was reconstructed. This study contributes to controlling the multiple joints of a leg and reconstructing functional motions such as walking using the robotic control technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Takeuchi
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Tokutake
- Department of Human Enhancement and Hand Surgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keita Watanabe
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Ito
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Aoyama
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sota Saeki
- Department of Human Enhancement and Hand Surgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kurimoto
- Department of Human Enhancement and Hand Surgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hirata
- Department of Human Enhancement and Hand Surgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Hasegawa
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Tetsuka H, Pirrami L, Wang T, Demarchi D, Shin SR. Wirelessly Powered 3D Printed Hierarchical Biohybrid Robots with Multiscale Mechanical Properties. Adv Funct Mater 2022; 32:2202674. [PMID: 36313126 PMCID: PMC9603592 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202202674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The integration of flexible and stretchable electronics into biohybrid soft robotics can spur the development of new approaches to fabricate biohybrid soft machines, thus enabling a wide variety of innovative applications. Inspired by flexible and stretchable wireless-based bioelectronic devices, we have developed untethered biohybrid soft robots that can execute swimming motions, which are remotely controllable by the wireless transmission of electrical power into a cell simulator. To this end, wirelessly-powered, stretchable, and lightweight cell stimulators were designed to be integrated into muscle bodies without impeding the robots' underwater swimming abilities. The cell stimulators function by generating controlled monophasic pulses of up to ∼9 V in biological environments. By differentiating induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) directly on the cell stimulators using an accordion-inspired, three-dimensional (3D) printing construct, we have replicated the native myofiber architecture with comparable robustness and enhanced contractibility. Wirelessly modulated electrical frequencies enabled us to control the speed and direction of the biohybrid soft robots. A maximum locomotion speed of ∼580 μm/s was achieved in robots possessing a large body size by adjusting the pacing frequency. This innovative approach will provide a platform for building untethered and biohybrid systems for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tetsuka
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Lansdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139 USA
- Future Mobility Research Department, Toyota Research Institute of North America, Toyota Motor North America, 1555 Woodridge Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105 USA
| | - Lorenzo Pirrami
- iPrint Institute, HEIA-FR, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Fribourg-1700, Switzerland
| | - Ting Wang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Lansdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139 USA
| | - Danilo Demarchi
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin 10129, Italy
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Lansdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139 USA
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Abstract
An emerging class of targeted therapy relies on light as a spatially and temporally precise stimulus. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinical example in which optical illumination selectively activates light-sensitive drugs, termed photosensitizers, destroying malignant cells without the side effects associated with systemic treatments such as chemotherapy. Effective clinical application of PDT and other light-based therapies, however, is hindered by challenges in light delivery across biological tissue, which is optically opaque. To target deep regions, current clinical PDT uses optical fibers, but their incompatibility with chronic implantation allows only a single dose of light to be delivered per surgery. Here we report a wireless photonic approach to PDT using a miniaturized (30 mg, 15 mm3) implantable device and wireless powering system for light delivery. We demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of this approach by activating photosensitizers (chlorin e6) through thick (>3 cm) tissues inaccessible by direct illumination, and by delivering multiple controlled doses of light to suppress tumor growth in vivo in animal cancer models. This versatility in light delivery overcomes key clinical limitations in PDT, and may afford further opportunities for light-based therapies.
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Abstract
We present an implantable micropump with a miniature form factor and completely wireless operation that enables chronic drug administration intended for evaluation and development of cancer therapies in freely moving small research animals such as rodents. The low power electrolysis actuator avoids the need for heavy implantable batteries. The infusion system features a class E inductive powering system that provides on-demand activation of the pump as well as remote adjustment of the delivery regimen without animal handling. Micropump performance was demonstrated using a model anti-cancer application in which daily doses of 30 μL were supplied for several weeks with less than 6% variation in flow rate within a single pump and less than 8% variation across different pumps. Pumping under different back pressure, viscosity, and temperature conditions were investigated; parameters were chosen so as to mimic in vivo conditions. In benchtop tests under simulated in vivo conditions, micropumps provided consistent and reliable performance over a period of 30 days with less than 4% flow rate variation. The demonstrated prototype has potential to provide a practical solution for remote chronic administration of drugs to ambulatory small animals for research as well as drug discovery and development applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Cobo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB-140, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, USA
| | - Roya Sheybani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB-140, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, USA
| | - Heidi Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB-140, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, USA
| | - Ellis Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB-140, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 3651 Watt Way, VHE-602, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0241, USA
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Kim S, Zoschke K, Klein M, Black D, Buschick K, Toepper M, Tathireddy P, Harrison R, Solzbacher F. Switchable Polymer Based Thin Film Coils as a Power Module for Wireless Neural Interfaces. Sens Actuators A Phys 2007; 136:467-474. [PMID: 18438447 PMCID: PMC2344127 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2006.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Reliable chronic operation of implantable medical devices such as the Utah Electrode Array (UEA) for neural interface requires elimination of transcutaneous wire connections for signal processing, powering and communication of the device. A wireless power source that allows integration with the UEA is therefore necessary. While (rechargeable) micro batteries as well as biological micro fuel cells are yet far from meeting the power density and lifetime requirements of an implantable neural interface device, inductive coupling between two coils is a promising approach to power such a device with highly restricted dimensions. The power receiving coils presented in this paper were designed to maximize the inductance and quality factor of the coils and microfabricated using polymer based thin film technologies. A flexible configuration of stacked thin film coils allows parallel and serial switching, thereby allowing to tune the coil's resonance frequency. The electrical properties of the fabricated coils were characterized and their power transmission performance was investigated in laboratory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kim
- Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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