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Thangarajh M, Zhang A, Gill K, Ressom HW, Li Z, Varghese RS, Hoffman EP, Nagaraju K, Hathout Y, Boca SM. Discovery of potential urine-accessible metabolite biomarkers associated with muscle disease and corticosteroid response in the mdx mouse model for Duchenne. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219507. [PMID: 31310630 PMCID: PMC6634414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urine is increasingly being considered as a source of biomarker development in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), a severe, life-limiting disorder that affects approximately 1 in 4500 boys. In this study, we considered the mdx mice-a murine model of DMD-to discover biomarkers of disease, as well as pharmacodynamic biomarkers responsive to prednisolone, a corticosteroid commonly used to treat DMD. Longitudinal urine samples were analyzed from male age-matched mdx and wild-type mice randomized to prednisolone or vehicle control via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. A large number of metabolites (869 out of 6,334) were found to be significantly different between mdx and wild-type mice at baseline (Bonferroni-adjusted p-value < 0.05), thus being associated with disease status. These included a metabolite with m/z = 357 and creatine, which were also reported in a previous human study looking at serum. Novel observations in this study included peaks identified as biliverdin and hypusine. These four metabolites were significantly higher at baseline in the urine of mdx mice compared to wild-type, and significantly changed their levels over time after baseline. Creatine and biliverdin levels were also different between treated and control groups, but for creatine this may have been driven by an imbalance at baseline. In conclusion, our study reports a number of biomarkers, both known and novel, which may be related to either the mechanisms of muscle injury in DMD or prednisolone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathula Thangarajh
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Children’s National Health Systems, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Aiping Zhang
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Children’s National Health Systems, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Kirandeep Gill
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Habtom W. Ressom
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Zhenzhi Li
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Rency S. Varghese
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Eric P. Hoffman
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, N.Y., United States of America
| | - Kanneboyina Nagaraju
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, N.Y., United States of America
| | - Yetrib Hathout
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, N.Y., United States of America
| | - Simina M. Boca
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mora ME, Bari SE, Awruch J, Delfino JM. On how the conformation of biliverdins influences their reduction to bilirubins: a biological and molecular modeling study. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 11:4661-72. [PMID: 14527563 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic 2,18-bridged biliverdin (2) is excreted in rat bile without reduction to the corresponding bilirubin. Conformational analysis, employing an optimized Monte Carlo method and a mixed Monte Carlo/stochastic dynamics, reveals that biliverdin IXalpha (1) and the cyclic analogue 2 adopt 'lock washer' conformations, stabilized by the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds between N23...H22N and, to a lesser extent, between N23...H24N. Although 2 is very similar in overall shape to 1, the former adopts a 'locked lock washer' conformation unable to undergo fluctuations, thus possibly hampering a proper recognition by biliverdin reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Mora
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
The distribution and relative proportions of the four isomers of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-biliverdin-IX were investigated using urinary samples from seven healthy adults. The biliverdins from samples were adsorbed on talc, and the adsorbed biliverdins were then soaked in a solution of methanol and concentrated sulfuric acid for derivation to the dimethyl esters. The esters were passed to a reversed-phase cartridge for clean-up, then quantitated by HPLC on a reversed-phase column. The analyses revealed that the biliverdins in 24-h urine were comprised of 6.4 +/- 2.5 nmol alpha- and 9.3 +/- 5.4 nmol beta-isomers. The HPLC analyses suggested the presence of a delta-isomer in a much smaller amount, but no gamma-isomer was detected. The identifications of alpha- and beta-isomers were performed with co-chromatography and absorption spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hirota
- School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Japan
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Makos BK, Youson JH. Tissue levels of bilirubin and biliverdin in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., before and after biliary atresia. Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol 1988; 91:701-10. [PMID: 2907434 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(88)90953-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
1. Liver, intestine, kidney, muscle and epidermis from larvae, juvenile adults and upstream migrants of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., were assayed for the presence of biliverdin and bilirubin. Urine was also examined for these bile pigments in juveniles and upstream migrants. 2. Bilirubin concentration increased dramatically in the liver and caudal intestine following loss of larval bile ducts while biliverdin levels were highest in the liver of upstream migrants and rose sharply in the caudal intestine immediately following the atresia. 3. Small amounts of bile pigment were present in larval kidneys but high concentrations were found in this organ in upstream migrants. The urine of the latter possessed biliverdin. 4. Mucus of the epidermis may be a vehicle for transport and release of bilirubin in upstream migrants. 5. These data indicate that lampreys utilize different avenues for bile pigment storage and elimination over the course of their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Makos
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
The amount and isomeric composition of urinary biliverdin in rabbits were analysed by h.p.l.c. Physiological values were maintained after the injection of haemin. On the other hand, when haemoglobins from several mammalian species were injected into rabbits, the excretion of biliverdin-IX alpha and biliverdin-IX beta were increased 6-18-fold and 32-66-fold respectively over physiological excretion. Injection of myoglobin resulted in a 44-fold increase in excretion of the IX alpha-isomer. Coupled oxidation with ascorbate of haemoglobin and myoglobin by oxygen produced mainly the IX alpha- and IX beta-isomers from haemoglobin and the IX alpha-isomer from myoglobin. The destruction of part of the haem from injected haemoproteins by non-enzymic chemical degradation would account for the observed respective increases in the excretion of biliverdin isomers. The excretion of biliverdin isomers after the injection of phenylhydrazine into rabbits was similar to that after the injection of haemoglobin.
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Bruss ML, Cornelius CE, Himes JA. Effect of bilirubin infusion on excretion of bilirubin and biliverdin in rabbits. Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol 1983; 76:339-44. [PMID: 6139208 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(83)90335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous infusion of bilirubin (BR) at 171 micrograms/min/kg into rabbits resulted in biliary concentration of BR increasing from 3.8 (control) to 243 mg/dl and BR excretion increasing from 1.7 to 66 micrograms/min/kg. BR infusion resulted in biliary concentrations of biliverdin (BV) increasing from 9.1 to 30 g/dl and BV excretion increasing from 4.2 to 8.2 micrograms/min/kg. BR infusion produced a progressive decline in bile flow. BV was the predominant bile pigment in control rabbits fed either an alfalfa-based or chlorophyll-free diet. These results imply that rabbits can oxidize BR to BV.
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