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Tang JJ, Zhong ZH, Li ZC, Guo QK, Li SY, Guo YX, Jiang B, Li AX. Quantitative detection of parasitic ciliate Cryptocaryon irritans in seawater with an optimized sample processing method. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:623-630. [PMID: 35176179 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan Cryptocaryon irritans is one of the most important ectoparasites of marine fish, causing 'white spot disease' and mass mortality in aquaculture. To accurately predict disease outbreaks and develop prevention strategies, improved detection methods are required that are sensitive, convenient and rapid. In this study, a pair of specific primers based on the C. irritans 18S rRNA gene was developed and used in a real-time PCR (qPCR) assay. This assay was able to detect five theronts in 1 L of natural seawater. Furthermore, a linear model was established to analyse the log of Ct value and parasite abundance in seawater (y = -2.9623x + 24.2930), and the coefficient of determination (R2 ) value was 0.979. A lysis buffer was optimized for theront DNA extraction and used for storage sample. This method was superior to the commercial water DNA kit, and there was no significant degradation of DNA at room temperature for 24-96 hr. A dilution method was developed to manage qPCR inhibitors and used to investigate natural seawater samples in a net cage farm with diseased fish, and the findings were consistent with the actual situation. This study provides a valuable tool for assisting in the early monitoring and control of cryptocaryoniasis in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Kai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - An-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Xie X, Zheng C, Zahid A, Kong J, Qian D, Yin F, Lou B. Updating specific PCR primer for detection of Cryptocaryon irritans from reared Larimichthys polyactis. Exp Parasitol 2021; 223:108081. [PMID: 33549536 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Artificial breeding of small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) was recently achieved, providing a bright future for its commercial farming. In May 2019, a disease outbreak occurred among small yellow croakers in an aquaculture farm near Xiangshan Bay, charactering by white spots spotted on the surface of fish skin, gills and fins. The parasite was preliminarily identified as Cryptocaryon irritans based on morphological feature of the parasite and the symptoms on fish. However, the previously published specific primer pairs failed to confirm the existence of C. iriitans. Six nucleotides mismatches were discovered after mapping specific forward primer back to targeted gene. Therefore, an updated PCR specific primer was developed within the 9th highly variable region of 18S rRNA gene and conserved in all C. irritans sequences available in GenBank database. The specificity was verified in silico by Primer-BLAST against GenBank nucleotide. Laboratory cultured ciliates (Mesanophrys, Pseudokeronopsis and Uronema) as well as natural microbial community samples collected from sea water and river water was used as negative control to verify the specificity of the primer in situ. Besides, tank transfer method was used to evaluate the treatment of the parasite infection. By tank transfer method, 2.00 ± 0.61 out of 10 fish that already sever infected were successfully survived after 8 days treatment, meanwhile the control group died out at d 6. More loss to the treatment group during first five days was observed and may attribute to the combined effect from infection and stress the recent domesticated fish suffered during rotation. Therefore, tank transfer method was also effective to prevent small yellow croaker from further infection, however the loss of the small yellow croaker suffered from stress during rotation also needs to be carefully concerned. In conclusion, this study reported the first diagnose of C. irritans infection on small yellow croaker, provided updated specific primer to detect C. irritans infection on fish body and reported the effect of tank transfer on small yellow croaker treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Aysha Zahid
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Jindong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Dong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Fei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| | - Bao Lou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China.
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Bastos Gomes G, Jerry DR, Miller TL, Hutson KS. Current status of parasitic ciliates Chilodonella spp. (Phyllopharyngea: Chilodonellidae) in freshwater fish aquaculture. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:703-715. [PMID: 27474174 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater fish farming contributes to more than two-thirds of global aquaculture production. Parasitic ciliates are one of the largest causes of production loss in freshwater farmed fishes, with species from the genus Chilodonella being particularly problematic. While Chilodonella spp. include 'free-living' fauna, some species are involved in mortality events of fish, particularly in high-density aquaculture. Indeed, chilodonellosis causes major productivity losses in over 16 species of farmed freshwater fishes in more than 14 countries. Traditionally, Chilodonella species are identified based on morphological features; however, the genus comprises yet uncharacterized cryptic species, which indicates the necessity for molecular diagnostic methods. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the biology, ecology and geographic distribution of harmful Chilodonella spp. and examines pathological signs, diagnostic methods and treatments. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics and the ability to culture Chilodonella spp. in vitro will enable the development of preventative management practices and sustained freshwater fish aquaculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bastos Gomes
- Marine Biology and Aquaculture Sciences, College of Science and Engineering and Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - D R Jerry
- Marine Biology and Aquaculture Sciences, College of Science and Engineering and Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - T L Miller
- Marine Biology and Aquaculture Sciences, College of Science and Engineering and Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Fish Health Laboratory, Department of Fisheries Western Australia, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - K S Hutson
- Marine Biology and Aquaculture Sciences, College of Science and Engineering and Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Lokanathan Y, Mohd-Adnan A, Kua BC, Nathan S. Cryptocaryon irritans recombinant proteins as potential antigens for sero-surveillance of cryptocaryonosis. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:1069-1083. [PMID: 27086498 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cryptocaryonosis is a major problem for mariculture, and the absence of suitable sero-surveillance tools for the detection of cryptocaryonosis makes it difficult to screen Cryptocaryon irritans-infected fish, particularly asymptomatic fish. In this study, we proposed a serum-based assay using selected C. irritans proteins to screen infected and asymptomatic fish. Eight highly expressed genes were chosen from an earlier study on C. irritans expressed sequence tags and ciliate glutamine codons were converted to universal glutamine codons. The chemically synthesized C. irritans genes were then expressed in an Escherichia coli expression host under optimized conditions. Five C. irritans proteins were successfully expressed in E. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. These proteins were used as antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to screen sera from experimentally immunized fish and naturally infected fish. Sera from both categories of fish reacted equally well with the expressed C. irritans recombinant proteins as well as with sonicated theronts. This study demonstrated the utility of producing ciliate recombinant proteins in a heterologous expression host. An ELISA was successfully developed to diagnose infected and asymptomatic fish using the recombinant proteins as antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lokanathan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - A Mohd-Adnan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - B-C Kua
- National Fish Health Research Centre (NaFisH), Fisheries Research Institute, Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - S Nathan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Zhan Z, Stoeck T, Dunthorn M, Xu K. Identification of the pathogenic ciliate Pseudocohnilembus persalinus (Oligohymenophorea: Scuticociliatia) by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Eur J Protistol 2013; 50:16-24. [PMID: 24287159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many scuticociliatid ciliates are regarded as devastating pathogens in aquaculture. Among these, Pseudocohnilembus persalinus is a facultative pathogen that often results in refractory diseases of mariculture fish. Although traditional silver staining methods have been successfully used to identify these ciliates, their identification is hampered by their small size and their morphological similarity to closely related species. We designed an alternative method of identification of P. persalinus using an SSU-rDNA targeted oligonucleotide probe labeled with a fluorochrome, and optimized in a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol. The assay results in a clear identification by strong fluorescence signals from the oligonucleotide probe. The method can be used for quick and early detection of P. persalinus infections on host fish, as well as other susceptible organisms in aquiculture water. It may also be used in studies of the geographical distribution of this scuticociliate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Zhan
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Department of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67653, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stoeck
- Department of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67653, Germany
| | - Micah Dunthorn
- Department of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67653, Germany
| | - Kuidong Xu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Chen ZM. [Ciliated protozoan in sputum of a pneumonia patient]. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2007; 25:197. [PMID: 18038776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Cover CE, Kreamer GL. Diagnostic exercise: mortality in rainbow trout. Lab Anim Sci 1995; 45:98-100. [PMID: 7752624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C E Cover
- Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine, E.I. Du Pont Co., Newark, DE 19714, USA
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