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Jordan SC, Lorant T, Choi J, Kjellman C, Winstedt L, Bengtsson M, Zhang X, Eich T, Toyoda M, Eriksson BM, Ge S, Peng A, Järnum S, Wood KJ, Lundgren T, Wennberg L, Bäckman L, Larsson E, Villicana R, Kahwaji J, Louie S, Kang A, Haas M, Nast C, Vo A, Tufveson G. IgG Endopeptidase in Highly Sensitized Patients Undergoing Transplantation. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:442-453. [PMID: 28767349 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1612567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor-specific antibodies create an immunologic barrier to transplantation. Current therapies to modify donor-specific antibodies are limited and ineffective in the most highly HLA-sensitized patients. The IgG-degrading enzyme derived from Streptococcus pyogenes (IdeS), an endopeptidase, cleaves human IgG into F(ab')2 and Fc fragments inhibiting complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, which suggests that IdeS might be useful for desensitization. We report on the combined experience of two independently performed open-label, phase 1-2 trials (conducted in Sweden and the United States) that assessed the efficacy of IdeS with regard to desensitization and transplantation of a kidney from an HLA-incompatible donor. METHODS We administered IdeS to 25 highly HLA-sensitized patients (11 patients in Uppsala or Stockholm, Sweden, and 14 in Los Angeles) before the transplantation of a kidney from an HLA-incompatible donor. Frequent monitoring for adverse events, outcomes, donor-specific antibodies, and renal function was performed, as were renal biopsies. Immunosuppression after transplantation consisted of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and glucocorticoids. Patients in the U.S. study also received intravenous immune globulin and rituximab after transplantation to prevent antibody rebound. RESULTS Recipients in the U.S. study had a significantly longer cold ischemia time (the time elapsed between procurement of the organ and transplantation), a significantly higher rate of delayed graft function, and significantly higher levels of class I donor-specific antibodies than those in the Swedish study. A total of 38 serious adverse events occurred in 15 patients (5 events were adjudicated as being possibly related to IdeS). At transplantation, total IgG and HLA antibodies were eliminated. A total of 24 of 25 patients had perfusion of allografts after transplantation. Antibody-mediated rejection occurred in 10 patients (7 patients in the U.S. study and 3 in the Swedish study) at 2 weeks to 5 months after transplantation; all these patients had a response to treatment. One graft loss, mediated by non-HLA IgM and IgA antibodies, occurred. CONCLUSIONS IdeS reduced or eliminated donor-specific antibodies and permitted HLA-incompatible transplantation in 24 of 25 patients. (Funded by Hansa Medical; ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT02224820 , NCT02426684 , and NCT02475551 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley C Jordan
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Tomas Lorant
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Jua Choi
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Christian Kjellman
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Lena Winstedt
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Mats Bengtsson
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Xiaohai Zhang
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Torsten Eich
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Mieko Toyoda
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Britt-Marie Eriksson
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Shili Ge
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Alice Peng
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Sofia Järnum
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Kathryn J Wood
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Torbjorn Lundgren
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Lars Wennberg
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Lars Bäckman
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Erik Larsson
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Rafael Villicana
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Joe Kahwaji
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Sabrina Louie
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Alexis Kang
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Mark Haas
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Cynthia Nast
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Ashley Vo
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
| | - Gunnar Tufveson
- From the Comprehensive Transplant Center (S.C.J., J.C., M.T., S.G., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunotherapy Program (S.C.J., J.C., A.P., R.V., J.K., S.L., A.K., A.V.), Transplant Immunology Laboratory (S.C.J., M.T., S.G.), HLA Laboratory (X.Z.), and the Department of Pathology (M.H., C.N.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences (T. Lorant, L.B., G.T.), the Section of Molecular and Morphological Pathology (M.B., E.L.) and the Section of Clinical Immunology (T.E.), Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences (B.-M.E.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Hansa Medical, Lund (C.K., L. Winstedt, S.J.), and the Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (T. Lundgren, L. Wennberg) - all in Sweden; and the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (K.J.W.)
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