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Lee BM, Choi M, Shin I, Kim J, Choi Z, Kim K, Choi K, Yang S, So DY, Tae Ju S, Kwon S. Risk communication for labeling all ingredients in consumer products. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2020; 83:509-524. [PMID: 32552538 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1780174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The labeling of all ingredients contained in consumer products has been requested by consumers concerned regarding their safety. Consequently, regulatory agencies have set guidelines for industries on how to provide safety information regarding the ingredients in their products. However, discordant opinions were raised from stakeholders, resulting in the formation of a risk communication forum among industries, regulatory agencies, consumer groups, and academia. There are several methods that might be utilized to provide ingredient information to consumers: (1) listing all ingredients on the label of products, (2) providing major ingredients on the label of products, (3) presenting all ingredients on the websites of each manufacturer, and (4) listing major ingredients on the label of products and the remainder of ingredients (not on the label) on the websites. Each method might have its own advantages and disadvantages with respect to providing the information regarding the names of the ingredients used in consumer products to the consumers. A continuous risk communication forum might be an effective tool to facilitate an improved understanding of chemical information, toxicological science, regulatory guidelines, labeling methods, and consumers' concern. This study suggests that risk communication efforts may be helpful and a good opportunity for stakeholders to exchange opinions and reach a harmonious conclusion on labeling of consumer products ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Mu Lee
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon, South Korea
| | - Mira Choi
- Cosmetics Policy Division, Biopharmaceuticals and Herbal Medicine Bureau, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Insoo Shin
- Communication and Coordination Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Jinyong Kim
- Environment, Safety and Health Department, Chemical Products and Biocides Safety Center, Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute , Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Kyoungeun Kim
- Product Safety and Regulatory Assurance, Yuhan-Kimberly , Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Kyungmoon Choi
- Global Product Stewardship, Procter and Gamble Korea S&D, Co ., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seyun Yang
- Regulatory Affairs Lab, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center , Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Dam Yi So
- Communication and Coordination Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Seon Tae Ju
- Consumer Risk Prevention Bureau, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Seok Kwon
- Global Product Stewardship, Research and Development, Singapore Innovation Center, Procter & Gamble (P&G) International Operations , Singapore
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Intarasaksit P, Pitaksanurat S. Factors influencing appropriate management of household hazardous waste in Nakhon Nayok, Thailand: A multilevel analysis. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2019; 69:313-319. [PMID: 30352009 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1536616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Household hazardous products contain hazardous chemicals, so when discarding these products a household hazardous waste (HHW) stream is created. HHW is a major environmental problem in Thailand, yet HHW has received scant attention so management is often inadequate or inappropriate. The objective of this study was to investigate the factors associated with appropriate HHW management in Thailand. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire completed during randomly assigned household interviews in Nakhon Nayok province, Thailand, between February and May 2017. The proportion of "appropriate management" was presented as percentage with its 95% confidence interval (CI). A multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model was performed to determine the factors associated with appropriate HHW management, with 663 households included. The proportion of appropriate HHW management was 23.4% (95%CI: 20.2% to 26.6%). Both individual and local government administrative organization factors had on an effect on appropriate HHW management, including (a) being female (adjusted odds ratio [OR]:1.59; 95%CI: 1.03 to 2.46); (b) household size (adjusted OR: 1.66; 95%CI: 1.09 to 2.54); (c) knowledge score vis-à-vis HHW management (adjusted OR: 1.78; 95%CI: 1.43 to 2.02); (d) appropriate HHW storage behavior (adjusted OR: 2.48; 95%CI: 1.60 to 3.83); and (e) appropriate HHW use behavior (adjusted OR: 3.97; 95%CI: 2.40 to 6.58). The government of Thailand might consider a program to increase appropriate management of household hazardous waste to mitigate public health and environmental contamination risks. Implications: Household hazardous waste becomes a major concern in many countries, including Thailand. The household hazardous waste management should be started at the source first, because household hazardous waste is mixed with the municipal waste stream. Thus, this study finding will be important for policymakers such as government and local government and can be used to create a specific policy and campaigns for household hazardous waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prat Intarasaksit
- a Faculty of Public Health , Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
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Jongeneel WP, Delmaar JE, Bokkers BGH. Health impact assessment of a skin sensitizer: Analysis of potential policy measures aimed at reducing geraniol concentrations in personal care products and household cleaning products. Environ Int 2018; 118:235-244. [PMID: 29890471 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A methodology to assess the health impact of skin sensitizers is introduced, which consists of the comparison of the probabilistic aggregated exposure with a probabilistic (individual) human sensitization or elicitation induction dose. The health impact of potential policy measures aimed at reducing the concentration of a fragrance allergen, geraniol, in consumer products is analysed in a simulated population derived from multiple product use surveys. Our analysis shows that current dermal exposure to geraniol from personal care and household cleaning products lead to new cases of contact allergy and induce clinical symptoms for those already sensitized. We estimate that this exposure results yearly in 34 new cases of geraniol contact allergy per million consumers in Western and Northern Europe, mainly due to exposure to household cleaning products. About twice as many consumers (60 per million) are projected to suffer from clinical symptoms due to re-exposure to geraniol. Policy measures restricting geraniol concentrations to <0.01% will noticeably reduce new cases of sensitization and decrease the number of people with clinical symptoms as well as the frequency of occurrence of these clinical symptoms. The estimated numbers should be interpreted with caution and provide only a rough indication of the health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Jongeneel
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - J E Delmaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - B G H Bokkers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Park JY, Lim M, Yang W, Lee K. Exposure factors for cleaning, automotive care, and surface protection products for exposure assessments. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 99:128-134. [PMID: 27890563 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Accurately measuring the usage patterns of consumer products (CPs) is important to conduct realistic exposure assessments. We determined the exposure factors for 18 consumer products: household bleach, mold stain remover, all-purpose cleaner, washing machine cleaner, air conditioner cleaner, glass cleaner, drain cleaner, adhesive remover, liquid snow chain, tire shine spray, wheel cleaner, rain repellent, car wax spray, leather polish, furniture polish, anti-fog product, fabric waterproofing spray, and rust inhibitor. Field survey staff visited homes and collected product use information via face-to-face interviews. In total, 10,000 participants (5010 men and 4990 women) aged 15 years and older completed the questionnaire. Household bleach had the highest use rate of 47.4% and use rates for the other products ranged from 0.8 to 21.7%. The use rates of many CPs differed by age group and gender. Many household cleaning products were used regularly, but some products, such as air conditioner cleaner and liquid snow chain, were used in specific seasons or for specific purposes; therefore, they were used less frequently compared to cleaning products. These exposure factor data will be useful as input data for exposure and risk assessments and setting safety guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Park
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyoung Lim
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonho Yang
- Department of Occupational Health, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Wieck S, Olsson O, Kümmerer K. Possible underestimations of risks for the environment due to unregulated emissions of biocides from households to wastewater. Environ Int 2016; 94:695-705. [PMID: 27448707 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of household products as possible sources of biocidal active substances in municipal wastewater and their regulation under the Biocidal Products Regulation (EU) 528/2012. In 131 households, we investigated the prevalence of products used to control pests, washing and cleaning agents and select personal care products with high release to wastewater. Inventories of these products were established with the help of barcode scanning. All uses of biocidal active substances were evaluated regarding their assessment under the Biocidal Products Regulation. 2963 products were scanned in total, with 48% being washing and cleaning agents, 43% personal care products and 9% products used to control pests. Biocidal active substances were found in each household. These were observed primarily in washing and cleaning agents and personal care products (90%), while only a small percentage of the observations of biocidal active substances was in biocidal products. 64% of the observations of biocidal active substances were in applications that do not fall under the Biocidal Products Regulation and are thus not subject to its environmental risk assessment. This study shows clearly that risks for the environment are underestimated because unregulated emissions to wastewater occur. It demonstrates that there are gaps in the current chemical legislation that lead to a release of substances into wastewater that were not subject to environmental risk assessment under the Biocidal Products Regulation. This is one example of the limitations of scientific risk assessment of chemicals - its complexity is immense. From our point of view, the results underline the importance of a sustainable use of the substances as this is the only way to decrease yet unidentified risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Wieck
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
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Bressy A, Carré C, Caupos É, de Gouvello B, Deroubaix JF, Deutsch JC, Mailler R, Marconi A, Neveu P, Paulic L, Pichon S, Rocher V, Severin I, Soyer M, Moilleron R. Cosmet'eau-Changes in the personal care product consumption practices: from whistle-blowers to impacts on aquatic environments. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:13581-4. [PMID: 27179812 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Cosmet'eau project (2015-2018) investigates the "changes in the personal care product (PCP) consumption practices: from whistle-blowers to impacts on aquatic environments." In this project, the example of PCPs will be used to understand how public health concerns related to micropollutants can be addressed by public authorities-including local authorities, industries, and consumers. The project aims to characterize the possible changes in PCP consumption practices and to evaluate the impact of their implementation on aquatic contamination. Our goals are to study the whistle-blowers, the risk perception of consumers linked with their practices, and the contamination in parabens and their substitutes, triclosan, and triclocarban from wastewater to surface water. The project investigates the following potential solutions: modifications of industrial formulation or changes in consumption practices. The final purpose is to provide policy instruments for local authorities aiming at building effective strategies to fight against micropollutants in receiving waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adèle Bressy
- Leesu, UMR-MA 102, École des Ponts, UPEC, AgroParisTech, UPE, Champs-sur-Marne, France.
| | - Catherine Carré
- Leesu, UMR-MA 102, École des Ponts, UPEC, AgroParisTech, UPE, Champs-sur-Marne, France
- Ladyss, UMR 7533, Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Émilie Caupos
- Leesu, UMR-MA 102, École des Ponts, UPEC, AgroParisTech, UPE, Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - Bernard de Gouvello
- Leesu, UMR-MA 102, École des Ponts, UPEC, AgroParisTech, UPE, Champs-sur-Marne, France
- CSTB, Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | | | | | - Romain Mailler
- SIAAP, Direction du Développement et de la Prospective, Colombes, France
| | | | - Pascale Neveu
- Ville de Paris, Services techniques de l'eau et de l'assainissement, Paris, France
| | | | - Sébastien Pichon
- SIAAP, Direction du Développement et de la Prospective, Colombes, France
| | - Vincent Rocher
- SIAAP, Direction du Développement et de la Prospective, Colombes, France
| | | | - Mathilde Soyer
- Leesu, UMR-MA 102, École des Ponts, UPEC, AgroParisTech, UPE, Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - Régis Moilleron
- Leesu, UMR-MA 102, École des Ponts, UPEC, AgroParisTech, UPE, Champs-sur-Marne, France.
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Rosner D. Swimming upstream: probing the problem of pollution. Milbank Q 2015; 93:8-11. [PMID: 25752342 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Panescu D, Nerheim M, Kroll M. Electrical safety of conducted electrical weapons relative to requirements of relevant electrical standards. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2013; 2013:5342-5347. [PMID: 24110943 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2013.6610756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION TASER(®) conducted electrical weapons (CEW) deliver electrical pulses that can inhibit a person's neuromuscular control or temporarily incapacitate. TASER X26, X26P, and X2 are among CEW models most frequently deployed by law enforcement agencies. The X2 CEW uses two cartridge bays while the X26 and X26P CEWs have only one. The TASER X26P CEW electronic output circuit design is equivalent to that of any one of the two TASER X2 outputs. The goal of this paper was to analyze the nominal electrical outputs of TASER X26, X26P, and X2 CEWs in reference to provisions of several international standards that specify safety requirements for electrical medical devices and electrical fences. Although these standards do not specifically mention CEWs, they are the closest electrical safety standards and hence give very relevant guidance. METHODS The outputs of two TASER X26 and two TASER X2 CEWs were measured and confirmed against manufacturer and other published specifications. The TASER X26, X26P, and X2 CEWs electrical output parameters were reviewed against relevant safety requirements of UL 69, IEC 60335-2-76 Ed 2.1, IEC 60479-1, IEC 60479-2, AS/NZS 60479.1, AS/NZS 60479.2 and IEC 60601-1. Prior reports on similar topics were reviewed as well. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Our measurements and analyses confirmed that the nominal electrical outputs of TASER X26, X26P and X2 CEWs lie within safety bounds specified by relevant requirements of the above standards.
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Deziel NC, Viet SM, Rogers JW, Camann DE, Marker DA, Heikkinen MSA, Yau AY, Stout DM, Dellarco M. Comparison of wipe materials and wetting agents for pesticide residue collection from hard surfaces. Sci Total Environ 2011; 409:4442-8. [PMID: 21816452 PMCID: PMC3178880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Different wipe materials and wetting agents have been used to collect pesticide residues from surfaces, but little is known about their comparability. To inform the selection of a wipe for the National Children's Study, the analytical feasibility, collection efficiency, and precision of Twillwipes wetted with isopropanol (TI), Ghost Wipes (GW), and Twillwipes wetted with water (TW), were evaluated. Wipe samples were collected from stainless steel surfaces spiked with high and low concentrations of 27 insecticides, including organochlorines, organophosphates, and pyrethroids. Samples were analyzed by GC/MS/SIM. No analytical interferences were observed for any of the wipes. The mean percent collection efficiencies across all pesticides for the TI, GW, and TW were 69.3%, 31.1%, and 10.3% at the high concentration, respectively, and 55.6%, 22.5%, and 6.9% at the low concentration, respectively. The collection efficiencies of the TI were significantly greater than that of GW or TW (p<0.0001). Collection efficiency also differed significantly by pesticide (p<0.0001) and spike concentration (p<0.0001). The pooled coefficients of variation (CVs) of the collection efficiencies for the TI, GW, and TW at high concentration were 0.08, 0.17, and 0.24, respectively. The pooled CV of the collection efficiencies for the TI, GW, and TW at low concentration were 0.15, 0.19, and 0.36, respectively. The TI had significantly lower CVs than either of the other two wipes (p=0.0008). Though the TI was superior in terms of both accuracy and precision, it requires multiple preparation steps, which could lead to operational challenges in a large-scale study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan M. Viet
- Westat, 1600 Research Blvd, Rockville, Maryland 20850
- Corresponding Author: Westat, 1600 Research Blvd, Rockville, Maryland 20850, , Phone: 301.610.5514, Fax: 301.610.4900
| | | | - David E. Camann
- Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78228-0510
| | | | | | - Alice Y. Yau
- Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78228-0510
| | - Daniel M. Stout
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Michael Dellarco
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Children’s Study, 6100 Executive Boulevard, Suite 3A01, Bethesda, MD 20892-7510
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Loftness V, Hakkinen B, Adan O, Nevalainen A. Elements that contribute to healthy building design. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115:965-70. [PMID: 17589608 PMCID: PMC1892106 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The elements that contribute to a healthy building are multifactorial and can be discussed from different perspectives. OBJECTIVES WE PRESENT THREE VIEWPOINTS OF DESIGNING A HEALTHY BUILDING: the importance of sustainable development, the role of occupants for ensuring indoor air quality, and ongoing developments related to indoor finishes with low chemical emissions and good fungal resistance. DISCUSSION Sustainable design rediscovers the social, environmental, and technical values of pedestrian and mixed-use communities, using existing infrastructures including "main streets" and small-town planning principles and recapturing indoor-outdoor relationships. This type of design introduces nonpolluting materials and assemblies with lower energy requirements and higher durability and recyclability. Building occupants play a major role in maintaining healthy indoor environments, especially in residences. Contributors to indoor air quality include cleaning habits and other behaviors; consumer products, furnishings, and appliances purchases, as well as where and how the occupants use them. Certification of consumer products and building materials as low-emitting products is a primary control measure for achieving good indoor air quality. Key products in this respect are office furniture, flooring, paints and coatings, adhesives and sealants, wall coverings, wood products, textiles, insulation, and cleaning products. Finishing materials play a major role in the quality of indoor air as related to moisture retention and mold growth. CONCLUSIONS Sustainable design emphasizes the needs of infrastructure, lower energy consumption, durability, and recyclability. To ensure good indoor air quality, the product development for household use should aim to reduce material susceptibility to contaminants such as mold and should adopt consumer-oriented product labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Loftness
- Carnegie Mellon University, School of Architecture, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Olaf Adan
- TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Aino Nevalainen
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Environmental Health, Kuopio, Finland
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Abstract
The use of portable air cleaning devices in residential settings has been steadily growing over the last 10 years. Three out of every 10 households now contain a portable air cleaning device. This increased use of air cleaners is accompanied by, if not influenced by, a fundamental belief by consumers that the air cleaners are providing an improved indoor air environment. However, there is a wide variation in the performance of air cleaners that is dependent on the specific air cleaner design and various indoor factors. The most widely used method in the United States to assess the performance of new air cleaners is the procedure described in the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM) AC-1-2002. This method describes both the test conditions and the testing protocol. The protocol yields a performance metric that is based on the measured decay rate of contaminant concentrations with the air cleaner operating compared with the measured decay rate with the air cleaner turned off. The resulting metric, the clean air delivery rate (CADR), permits both an intercomparison of performance among various air cleaners and a comparison of air cleaner operation to other contaminant removal processes. In this article, we comment on the testing process, discuss its applicability to various contaminants, and evaluate the resulting performance metrics for effective air cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Shaughnessy
- University of Tulsa, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indoor Air Program, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74114, USA.
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Abstract
The transition metals nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co) are common causes of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Given the high frequency with which these allergens can be associated with hand eczema in those responsible for domestic work, it has been suggested that contamination of household consumer products with these metals may be of relevance to the causation/chronicity of hand dermatitis. Dose-response studies using 48 h occlusive patch test conditions in sensitized individuals show that >/=90% of sensitized patients fail to react below 1 p.p.m., even on irritated skin. Assessment under more realistic exposure conditions has shown that in the presence of irritants and/or following repeated exposures, such individuals rarely react to levels below 10 p.p.m. On the basis of this information, it was recommended a decade ago that household (and other consumer) products should not contain more than 5 p.p.m. of each of Ni, Cr or Co and that, for an even greater degree of protection, the ultimate target level should be 1 p.p.m. The data generated since the original recommendations were made serve to reinforce the validity of these recommendations. Indeed, it is our view that typically the level of each of these transition metals should not normally exceed 1 p.p.m. Then, where consumer products meet this guideline fully, modern quantitative risk assessment shows clearly that elicitation of ACD is highly improbable, and the chance of the induction of sensitization is even lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Basketter
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize available data on the effectiveness of antimicrobial ingredients in consumer products such as hand lotions and soaps and to discuss the implications of such use on antimicrobial resistance. DATA SOURCES We searched the MEDLINE database, 1966 to 2001, using the search term resistance qualified with the terms consumer product(s), OR soap, OR lotion, OR triclosan, and LexisNexis and the World Wide Web using the search strategy antimicrobial resistance AND consumer product. DATA EXTRACTION English-language articles were selected that provided information on the use of antimicrobial ingredients in consumer products and the effect of this use on antimicrobial resistance. DATA SYNTHESIS Despite the recent substantial increase in the use of antimicrobial ingredients in consumer products, the effects of this practice have not been studied extensively. No data support the efficacy or necessity of antimicrobial agents in such products, and a growing number of studies suggest increasing acquired bacterial resistance to them. Studies also suggest that acquired resistance to the antimicrobial agents used in consumer products may predispose bacteria to resistance against therapeutic antibiotics, but further research is needed. Considering available data and the critical nature of the antibiotic-resistance problem, it is prudent to avoid the use of antimicrobial agents in consumer products. CONCLUSIONS The use of common antimicrobials for which acquired bacterial resistance has been demonstrated should be discontinued in consumer products unless data emerge to conclusively show that such resistance has no effect on public health and that such products are effective at preventing infection. Ultimately, antibiotic resistance must be controlled through judicious use of antibiotics by health care professionals and the public.
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Neumann CM, Giffin S, Hall R, Henderson M, Buhler DR. Oregon's Toxic Household Products Law. J Public Health Policy 2001; 21:342-59. [PMID: 11021047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
In 1991, Oregon became the first state in the U.S. to require the addition of an aversive agent to ethylene glycol-containing antifreeze and methanol-containing windshield wiper fluid. This new law, entitled "Toxic Household Products (THP) Act," was designed to reduce pediatric and animal poisonings from accidental ingestion of these two potentially lethal consumer automotive products. While not the stated intention of the law, addition of aversive agents to consumer automotive products could also reduce adult poisonings associated with intentional (suicides or alcoholics ingesting methanol-containing windshield wiper fluid) or accidental exposures. This law went into effect April 30, 1995, following settlement of a lawsuit brought by the Chemical Manufacturing Specialties Association (CSMA), a trade group representing the five largest manufacturers of ethylene glycol-based antifreeze in the U.S. This paper discusses the major policy issues that arose following the passage of Oregon's THP Act. Major provisions of the law are provided along with a discussion of CSMA's opposition to the Act's implementation. A description of the eventual settlement that was reached with CSMA as well as the major components of Oregon Health Division's (OHD) enforcement program are also highlighted. Data are presented for 1987 through 1998 on the number of exposures and severity of effects for pediatric cases (children < 6 years old) following exposure to both of these potentially lethal automotive products. However, because of the low incidence of exposures each year, these data are insufficient to draw any conclusions on the impact of the THP Act.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Neumann
- Department of Public Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331-6404, USA
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Abstract
A follow-up to a population-based case-control study of pediatric brain tumors in Los Angeles County, California, involving mothers of 224 cases and 218 controls, investigated the risk of household pesticide use from pregnancy to diagnosis. Risk was significantly elevated for prenatal exposure to flea/tick pesticides -odds ratio (OR) = 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-2.6-, particularly among subjects less than 5 years old at diagnosis (OR = 2.5; CI, 1. 2-5.5). Prenatal risk was highest for mothers who prepared, applied, or cleaned up flea/tick products themselves (OR = 2.2; CI, 1.1-4.2; for subjects <5 years of age, OR = 5.4; CI, 1.3-22.3). A significant trend of increased risk with increased exposure was observed for number of pets treated (p = 0.04). Multivariate analysis of types of flea/tick products indicated that sprays/foggers were the only products significantly related to risk (OR =10.8; CI, 1.3-89.1). Elevated risks were not observed for termite or lice treatments, pesticides for nuisance pests, or yard and garden insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, or snail killer. Certain precautions,if ignored, were associated with significant increased risk: evacuating the house after spraying or dusting for pests (OR = 1.6; CI, 1.0-2.6), delaying the harvest of food after pesticide treatment (OR = 3.6; CI, 1.0-13.7), and following instructions on pesticide labels (OR = 3. 7;CI, 1.5-9.6). These findings indicate that chemicals used in flea/tick products may increase risk of pediatric brain tumors and suggest that further research be done to pinpoint specific chemicals involved.
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Bruynzeel DP, Coenraads PJ, Meinardi MM, van Joost T. [Dermatologically tested, can it be done in a better fashion?]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1993; 137:1908-10. [PMID: 8413690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D P Bruynzeel
- Academisch Ziekenhuis Vrije Universiteit, afd. Dermatologie, Amsterdam
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Bentley
- Department of International Health, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Hurst R. Using federal standards to determine adequacy of consumer product's precautionary labeling. Vet Hum Toxicol 1986; 28:557-62. [PMID: 3788042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The results of the present investigation indicate that a majority of the more hazardous products provided some type of warning, although they may not necessarily contain the specific phrases required by the Act. In contrast, products that were deemed minimally hazardous were more likely to omit important precautionary information. In addition, our study also demonstrated that the primary labeling deficiency was the lack of comprehensive first aid information. For the health care professional, the importance of clear, correct, concise and complete first aid information for each potential route of exposure is well appreciated; however, it appears that the manufacturers are reluctant to provide complete first aid information on their product labels. Many manufacturers or sellers offer arguments against providing comprehensive precautionary and first aid information such as: the consumer never reads the label; if the warning label is "too busy", the warning's effect will be minimized; or a seller may lose a competitive edge if his/her product contains a panel of hazard warnings while his/her competitor's identical product provides no warning which may lead a consumer to believe that the competitor's product is safer. While the above arguments may be viable, they are significantly weakened when one considers the potential health risks or costly litigation that may ensue as a result of an inadequate label. Therefore, it is imperative that product manufacturers and sellers become aware of all of the potential hazards associated with their products, and disseminate all of this information through sufficient warning labels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Rapoport KA, Markova ZS, Pyleva ZA, Mitrofanova NG, Ionkina SF. [Hygienic characteristics of the formula composition of synthetic detergents and cleaning agents and their regulation]. Gig Sanit 1984:23-5. [PMID: 6468975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
Consumer products account for 6.8 million injuries per year. The current method of prioritizing regulation of consumer products and prevention of related injuries is the Hazard Index, developed by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. This Index, however, is based on an arbitrary weighting scale and fails to include any estimate of a denominator for injuries. A new Index, the Product Injury Index, based on an objective cost-based weighting procedure, and incorporating an injury ratio is proposed and applied to existing data. The relative rankings on the two scales are compared, and the advantages of the new scale are discussed.
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Rapid resoil: a health care carpet appearance problem. Hosp Adm Can 1976; 18:24-5. [PMID: 10241859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Sautmin AI, Markova ZS. [Development of scientific research in the area of the hygiene of household chemical substances]. Gig Sanit 1976:76-9. [PMID: 770239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ware MS. Frozen foods in the home. b. Low-temperature household equipment. R Soc Health J 1974; 94:246-9. [PMID: 4445489 DOI: 10.1177/146642407409400515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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