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Wang CX, Wang TT, Zhang KD, Li MY, Shen QC, Lu SY, Zhang J. Pan-KRAS inhibitors suppress proliferation through feedback regulation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2696-2708. [PMID: 35352018 PMCID: PMC9525295 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is currently one of the most lethal cancers worldwide. Several basic studies have confirmed that Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS) is a key driver gene for the occurrence of PDAC, and KRAS mutations have also been found in most patients in clinical studies. In this study, two pan-KRAS inhibitors, BI-2852 and BAY-293, were chosen as chemical probes to investigate their antitumor potency in PDAC. Their inhibitory effects on KRAS activation were validated in vitro and their antiproliferative potency in PDAC cell lines were profiled, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of approximately 1 μM, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of pan-KRAS inhibitors in the treatment of PDAC. However, feedback regulation in the KRAS pathway weakened inhibitor activity, which was observed by a 50 times difference in BAY-293 from in vitro activity. Furthermore, pan-KRAS inhibitors effectively inhibited cell proliferation in 3D organoids cultured from PDAC patient samples; however, there were some variations between individuals. These results provide a sufficient theoretical foundation for KRAS as a clinical therapeutic target and for the application of pan-KRAS inhibitors in the treatment of PDAC, with important scientific significance in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Kun-Dong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Ming-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qian-Cheng Shen
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shao-Yong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Pirlog R, Calin GA. KRAS mutations as essential promoters of lymphangiogenesis via extracellular vesicles in pancreatic cancer. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e161454. [PMID: 35838046 PMCID: PMC9282924 DOI: 10.1172/jci161454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS) gene mutations are present in more than 90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs). KRASG12D is the most frequent alteration, promoting preneoplastic lesions and associating with a more aggressive phenotype. These tumors possess increased intratumoral lymphatic networks and frequent lymph node (LN) metastases. In this issue of the JCI, Luo, Li, et al. explored the relationship between the presence of the KRASG12D mutation and lymphangiogenesis in PDAC. The authors used in vitro and in vivo models and an elegant mechanistic approach to describe an alternative pathway for lymphangiogenesis promotion. KRASG12D induced SUMOylation of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1) via SAE1 and SUMO2 activation. SUMOylated hnRNPA1 was loaded into extracellular vesicles (EVs) and internalized by human endothelial lymphatic cells (HLEC). Further, SUMOylated hnRNPA1 promoted lymphangiogenesis and LN metastasis by stabilizing prospero homeodomain protein 1 (PROX1) mRNA. These data provide mechanistic insight into cancer lymphangiogenesis with the potential for developing biomarkers and RAS pathway therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Pirlog
- Research Center for Functional Genomics Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology, and
| | - George A. Calin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology, and
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Velez-Delgado A, Donahue KL, Brown KL, Du W, Irizarry-Negron V, Menjivar RE, Lasse Opsahl EL, Steele NG, The S, Lazarus J, Sirihorachai VR, Yan W, Kemp SB, Kerk SA, Bollampally M, Yang S, Scales MK, Avritt FR, Lima F, Lyssiotis CA, Rao A, Crawford HC, Bednar F, Frankel TL, Allen BL, Zhang Y, Pasca di Magliano M. Extrinsic KRAS Signaling Shapes the Pancreatic Microenvironment Through Fibroblast Reprogramming. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 13:1673-1699. [PMID: 35245687 PMCID: PMC9046274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Oncogenic Kirsten Rat Sarcoma virus (KRAS) is the hallmark mutation of human pancreatic cancer and a driver of tumorigenesis in genetically engineered mouse models of the disease. Although the tumor cell-intrinsic effects of oncogenic Kras expression have been widely studied, its role in regulating the extensive pancreatic tumor microenvironment is less understood. METHODS Using a genetically engineered mouse model of inducible and reversible oncogenic Kras expression and a combination of approaches that include mass cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing we studied the effect of oncogenic KRAS in the tumor microenvironment. RESULTS We have discovered that non-cell autonomous (ie, extrinsic) oncogenic KRAS signaling reprograms pancreatic fibroblasts, activating an inflammatory gene expression program. As a result, fibroblasts become a hub of extracellular signaling, and the main source of cytokines mediating the polarization of protumorigenic macrophages while also preventing tissue repair. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides fundamental knowledge on the mechanisms underlying the formation of the fibroinflammatory stroma in pancreatic cancer and highlights stromal pathways with the potential to be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wenting Du
- Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | | | - Nina G Steele
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephanie The
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Wei Yan
- Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Samantha B Kemp
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Sion Yang
- Life Sciences and Arts College, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael K Scales
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Cancer Biology Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Arvind Rao
- Cancer Biology Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Institute of Data Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Howard C Crawford
- Cancer Biology Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Filip Bednar
- Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Timothy L Frankel
- Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cancer Biology Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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van der Valk J, Verlaan I, de Laat SW, Moolenaar WH. Expression of pp60v-src alters the ionic permeability of the plasma membrane in rat cells. J Biol Chem 1987; 262:2431-4. [PMID: 2434484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane potential of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-infected Rat-1 cells, expressing the pp60v-src protein kinase, is markedly less negative (by approximately 30 mV) than that of their normal counterparts. By contrast, the membrane potential of Rat-1 cells infected with Kirsten sarcoma virus is virtually unaltered. The RSV-induced membrane depolarization is shown to be due to a severalfold increase in the cation permeability ratio (PNa/PK) of the plasma membrane. When cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of RSV (ts LA29), encoding a src protein with heat-labile kinase activity, are shifted from the nonpermissive to the permissive temperature, a rapid and sustained membrane depolarization is observed. Conversely, thermal inactivation of the ts LA29 pp60v-src kinase activity rapidly restores the membrane potential to near normal levels. Addition of epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, or insulin to uninfected cells fails to cause a detectable change in membrane potential. We conclude that, unlike growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, pp60v-src can induce, either directly or indirectly, a major change in the membrane permeability to monovalent cations.
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Stein RB, Tai JY, Scolnick EM. Molecular cloning of the temperature-sensitive 371 Kirsten murine sarcoma virus and expression in Escherichia coli of the mutant and wild-type viral Kirsten ras p21 proteins. J Virol 1986; 60:782-6. [PMID: 3022010 PMCID: PMC288958 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.60.2.782-786.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent fibroblasts infected with the ts371 Kirsten murine sarcoma virus (KiMuSV) are temperature sensitive for the maintenance of transformation because of the production of an abnormal p21 protein. We cloned the ts371 KiMuSV provirus from the genome of a conditionally transformed nonproducer cell line, ts371 KiMuSV NRK clone 5 (T. Y. Shih, M. O. Weeks, H. A. Young, and E. M. Scolnick, J. Virol. 31:546-556, 1979). The molecularly cloned virus had 1,000-fold lower transformed focus-forming activity at 39 degrees C than at 34 degrees C. The ts371-v-Ki-ras gene differed from the wild type (wt) by a single point mutation, resulting in the substitution of arginine for glutamine at amino acid residue 43 of the encoded p21. A second difference from the published sequence for wt v-Ki-ras (N. Tsuchida, T. Ryder, and E. Ohtsubo, Science 217:937-939, 1982) at amino acid residue 37 was found. However, on sequencing the wt v-Ki-ras in this region, we found that it also contained a glutamate at residue 37. Preliminary characterization of bacterially expressed wt and ts371-v-Ki-ras p21 proteins is discussed.
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Abstract
We have constructed recombinant plasmids capable of expressing in Escherichia coli the intact ras p21 protein encoded by Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. The Ki-ras gene was inserted into an expression vector carrying the E. coli tryptophan promoter and E. coli lipoprotein transcriptional terminator. The resulting plasmids direct the synthesis of large quantities of p21 protein, which represented 20% of the total cellular protein. The Ki-ras p21 protein is immunoprecipitated with monoclonal antibody to p21, and exhibits guanine nucleotide binding activity and autophosphorylation activity. The purified Ki-ras p21 expressed in E. coli has shown to have intact N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequences predicted by the nucleotide sequences and migrate as -23K in SDS/polyacrylamide gels.
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Iwamoto A, Masuda M, Yoshikura H. Synthesis of proviral DNA in inbred mouse-derived clones of cells expressing different Fv-1 phenotypes. J Gen Virol 1985; 66 ( Pt 10):2265-9. [PMID: 2995562 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-66-10-2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of proviral DNAs by B-tropic murine leukaemia viruses (MLVs) was examined in N-type and dually permissive mutant cells derived from two inbred mouse strains, DDD and G, both of which are N-type. In the N-type cells, formation of circular proviral DNA was strongly suppressed relative to that of linear DNA. Mutation resulting in loss of the N-type Fv-1 restriction resulted in efficient formation of circular DNA by the previously restricted B-tropic MLV. This showed that Fv-1 restriction and inhibition of closed circular DNA formation were controlled by the same gene. The efficiency of formation of circular proviral DNA by the defective Kirsten murine sarcoma virus was determined by the tropism of the helper virus.
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Rhim JS, Jay G, Arnstein P, Price FM, Sanford KK, Aaronson SA. Neoplastic transformation of human epidermal keratinocytes by AD12-SV40 and Kirsten sarcoma viruses. Science 1985; 227:1250-2. [PMID: 2579430 DOI: 10.1126/science.2579430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations have begun to dissect the number and nature of genetic alterations associated with cancer cells. In the present study, primary human epidermal keratinocytes acquired indefinite life-span in culture but did not undergo malignant conversion in response to infection with a hybrid of adenovirus 12 and simian virus 40. Addition of Kirsten murine sarcoma virus, which contains a K-ras oncogene, to these cells induced morphological alterations associated with the acquisition of neoplastic properties. These findings demonstrate the malignant transformation of human primary epithelial cells in culture and support a multiple-step process for neoplastic conversion.
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Devouge MW, Mukherjee BB, Pena SD. Kirsten murine sarcoma virus-coded p21ras may act on multiple targets to effect pleiotropic changes in transformed cells. Virology 1982; 121:327-44. [PMID: 6289520 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Cultured rat embryo cells are resistant to neoplastic transformation by chemical carcinogens unless they are extensively subcultured or infected with a murine leukemia virus (MuLV) first. We found that, in normal cultured cells, MuLV activates expression of rat genes that are the progenitors of sarcoma virus genes, but not those of endogenous "leukemia" virus. Elevated levels of sarcoma virus-related RNA in normal cells infected with MuLV were indistinguishable from the levels in cells transformed spontaneously or by a carcinogen or a sarcoma virus. Because of previous reports that some carcinomas in rats also contain elevated levels of sarcoma virus-related RNA, we believe these events can be explained by a molecular genetic model which may be generally valid for initiation of carcinogenesis. The basic elements of the model are: transcriptional activation of all the multiple copies of normal rat progenitors of sarcoma virus genes is required before cellular transformation can be initiated, and initiation occurs when a spontaneous or induced mutation in any one active copy of these same genes generates a dominant transforming function.
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