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Lakhani A, Waters D, Dema S. Evaluating an Inpatient Created Art Installation on Perceptions of the Physical Environment, Health Status, and Rehabilitation Motivation. HERD 2022; 15:96-111. [PMID: 35038888 DOI: 10.1177/19375867211069297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A methodology to assess the impact of involving end users in therapeutic activities to address the hospital physical environment is provided. The impact of participating in a recreational art creation program with the aim of developing an art installation on the immediate feelings of participants and their perception of the physical rehabilitation environment (PPRE) and motivation to participate in rehabilitation (MPR) is investigated. BACKGROUND Rehabilitation unit design has largely excluded the perspectives of end users with disability. Including their aesthetic design contributions moves beyond contemporary approaches where their perspectives are considered. METHODS A two-period, mixed-methods pre-post intervention design involving within and between group comparisons is proposed. During Period 1, program participants and nonparticipants completed admission (T1) and discharge (T2) surveys including PPRE and MPR measures developed by the authors. Surveys pre and post each art session were completed. The art installation will be implemented within unit corridors. Period 2 participants will complete a T1 survey and their physical environment perceptions compared to Period 1 participants. RESULTS Participating in the recreational art program significantly improved immediate levels of calmness, happiness, pain, and physical health. There is a positive relationship between environment perception and rehabilitation motivation. CONCLUSIONS People with disability should be actively involved in healthcare environment design. Arts-based programs have relevance to people with neurological injury as it promotes essential sensory stimulation. The methodology and findings can encourage further work which involves end users in the design of healthcare environments and evaluates the impact of their involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Lakhani
- The School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Meadowbrook, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dan Waters
- Austin Health-Royal Talbot Rehabilitation Centre, Kew, Victoria, Australia
| | - Salvatore Dema
- Austin Health-Royal Talbot Rehabilitation Centre, Kew, Victoria, Australia
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Adams RS, Ketchum JM, Nakase-Richardson R, Katz DI, Corrigan JD. Prevalence of Drinking Within Low-Risk Guidelines During the First 2 Years After Inpatient Rehabilitation for Moderate or Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 100:815-819. [PMID: 33782273 PMCID: PMC9344375 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of this retrospective, longitudinal study was to investigate the prevalence of drinking within the recommended limits (i.e., low-risk drinking) after moderate/severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Data were drawn from the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research TBI Model Systems National Database, a longitudinal dataset closely representative of the US adult population requiring inpatient rehabilitation for TBI. The sample included 6348 adults with moderate or severe TBI (injured October 2006-May 2016) who received inpatient rehabilitation at a civilian TBI Model Systems center and completed the alcohol consumption items preinjury and 1 and 2 yrs postinjury. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism guidelines define low-risk drinking as no more than 4 drinks per day for men or 3 drinks per day for women and no more than 14 drinks per week for men or no more than 7 drinks per week for women. Low-risk drinking was common both before and after TBI, with more than 30% drinking in the low-risk level preinjury and more than 25% at 1 and 2 yrs postinjury. Postinjury, most drinkers consumed alcohol in the low-risk level regardless of preinjury drinking level. Definitive research on the long-term outcomes of low-risk alcohol consumption after more severe TBI should be a high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sayko Adams
- Institute for Behavioral Health, Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, 1700 N Wheeling Street, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - Jessica McKinney Ketchum
- Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems, National Data and Statistical Center, Craig Hospital, Englewood, CO
| | | | - Douglas I. Katz
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - John D. Corrigan
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Knippenberg E, Lamers I, Timmermans A, Spooren A. Motivation, Usability, and Credibility of an Intelligent Activity-Based Client-Centred Training System to Improve Functional Performance in Neurological Rehabilitation: An Exploratory Cohort Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:7641. [PMID: 34300092 PMCID: PMC8304931 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: technology-based training systems are increasingly integrated in neurorehabilitation but are rarely combined with a client-centred task-oriented approach. To provide a low-cost client-centred task-oriented system, the intelligent activity-based client-centred task-oriented training (i-ACT) was developed. The objective was to evaluate the usability, credibility and treatment expectancy of i-ACT, and the motivation towards i-ACT use in rehabilitation over time. Additionally, this study will evaluate the upper limb treatment effects after training with i-ACT. (2) Methods: a mixed-method study was performed in four rehabilitation centres. Training with i-ACT was provided during six weeks, three times per week, forty-five minutes per day, additional to conventional care. (3) Results: seventeen persons with central nervous system diseases were included. High scores were seen in the system usability scale (score ≥ 73.8/100), credibility (score ≥ 22.0/27.0)/expectancy (score ≥ 15.8/27.0) questionnaire, and intrinsic motivation inventory (score ≥ 5.2/7.0), except the subscale pressure (score ≤ 2.0/7.0). Results from the interviews corroborate these findings and showed that clients and therapists believe in the i-ACT system as an additional training support system. Upper limb functional ability improved significantly (p < 0.05) over time on the Wolf motor function test. (4) Conclusion: i-ACT is a client-centred task-oriented usable and motivational system which has the potential to enhance upper limb functional training in persons with neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Knippenberg
- Department of Healthcare, Centre of Expertise–Innovation in Care, PXL University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 3500 Hasselt, Limburg, Belgium;
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, REVAL, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Limburg, Belgium; (A.T.); (I.L.)
| | - Ilse Lamers
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, REVAL, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Limburg, Belgium; (A.T.); (I.L.)
- Noorderhart, Rehabilitation and MS Center, 3900 Pelt, Limburg, Belgium
| | - Annick Timmermans
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, REVAL, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Limburg, Belgium; (A.T.); (I.L.)
| | - Annemie Spooren
- Department of Healthcare, Centre of Expertise–Innovation in Care, PXL University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 3500 Hasselt, Limburg, Belgium;
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, REVAL, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Limburg, Belgium; (A.T.); (I.L.)
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Ottiger B, Van Wegen E, Keller K, Nef T, Nyffeler T, Kwakkel G, Vanbellingen T. Getting into a "Flow" state: a systematic review of flow experience in neurological diseases. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2021; 18:65. [PMID: 33879182 PMCID: PMC8059246 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-021-00864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flow is a subjective psychological state that people report when they are fully involved in an activity to the point of forgetting time and their surrounding except the activity itself. Being in flow during physical/cognitive rehabilitation may have a considerable impact on functional outcome, especially when patients with neurological diseases engage in exercises using robotics, virtual/augmented reality, or serious games on tablets/computer. When developing new therapy games, measuring flow experience can indicate whether the game motivates one to train. The purpose of this study was to identify and systematically review current literature on flow experience assessed in patients with stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Additionally, we critically appraised, compared and summarized the measurement properties of self-reported flow questionnaires used in neurorehabilitation setting. DESIGN A systematic review using PRISMA and COSMIN guidelines. METHODS MEDLINE Ovid, EMBASE Ovid, CINAHL EBSCO, SCOPUS were searched. Inclusion criteria were (1) peer-reviewed studies that (2) focused on the investigation of flow experience in (3) patients with neurological diseases (i.e., stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis and/or Parkinson's disease). A qualitative data synthesis was performed to present the measurement properties of the used flow questionnaires. RESULTS Ten studies out of 911 records met the inclusion criteria. Seven studies measured flow in the context of serious games in patients with stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Three studies assessed flow in other activities than gaming (song-writing intervention and activities of daily living). Six different flow questionnaires were used, all of which were originally validated in healthy people. None of the studies presented psychometric data in their respective research population. CONCLUSION The present review indicates that flow experience is increasingly measured in the physical/cognitive rehabilitation setting in patients with neurological diseases. However, psychometric properties of used flow questionnaires are lacking. For exergame developers working in the field of physical/cognitive rehabilitation in patients with neurological diseases, a valid flow questionnaire can help to further optimize the content of the games so that optimal engagement can occur during the gameplay. Whether flow experiences can ultimately have positive effects on physical/cognitive parameters needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Ottiger
- Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Spitalstrasse 31, 6000, Luzern 16, Switzerland
| | - Erwin Van Wegen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Keller
- Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Spitalstrasse 31, 6000, Luzern 16, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Nef
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Nyffeler
- Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Spitalstrasse 31, 6000, Luzern 16, Switzerland
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gert Kwakkel
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Tim Vanbellingen
- Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Spitalstrasse 31, 6000, Luzern 16, Switzerland.
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.
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Feldner HA, Howell D, Kelly VE, McCoy SW, Steele KM. "Look, Your Muscles Are Firing!": A Qualitative Study of Clinician Perspectives on the Use of Surface Electromyography in Neurorehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2019; 100:663-675. [PMID: 30392855 PMCID: PMC6435407 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the perceived value, benefits, drawbacks, and ideas for technology development and implementation of surface electromyography recordings in neurologic rehabilitation practice from clinical stakeholder perspectives. DESIGN A qualitative, phenomenological study was conducted. In-depth, semistructured interviews and focus groups were completed. Sessions included questions about clinician perspectives and demonstrations of surface electromyography systems to garner perceptions of specific system features. SETTING The study was conducted at hospital systems in a large metropolitan area. PARTICIPANTS Adult and pediatric physical therapists, occupational therapists, and physiatrists from inpatient, outpatient, and research settings (N=22) took part in the study. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Interviews and focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, then coded for analysis into themes. RESULTS Four major themes emerged: (1) low-tech clinical practice and future directions for rehabilitation; (2) barriers to surface electromyography uptake and potential solutions; (3) benefits of surface electromyography for targeted populations; and (4) essential features of surface electromyography systems. CONCLUSIONS Surface electromyography systems were not routinely utilized for assessment or intervention following neurologic injury. Despite recognition of potential clinical benefits of surface electromyography use, clinicians identified limited time and resources as key barriers to implementation. Perspectives on design and surface electromyography system features indicated the need for streamlined, intuitive, and clinically effective applications. Further research is needed to determine feasibility and clinical relevance of surface electromyography in rehabilitation intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Feldner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
| | - Darrin Howell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Valerie E Kelly
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Sarah Westcott McCoy
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Katherine M Steele
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a robust and time-efficient approach to improve multiple health indices including maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Despite the intense nature of HIIT, data in untrained adults report greater enjoyment of HIIT versus continuous exercise (CEX). However, this has yet to be investigated in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). OBJECTIVE To examine differences in enjoyment in response to CEX and HIIT in persons with SCI. DESIGN Repeated measures, within-subjects design. SETTING University laboratory in San Diego, CA. PARTICIPANTS Nine habitually active men and women (age = 33.3 ± 10.5 years) with chronic SCI. INTERVENTION Participants performed progressive arm ergometry to volitional exhaustion to determine VO2peak. During subsequent sessions, they completed CEX, sprint interval training (SIT), or HIIT in randomized order. OUTCOME MEASURES Physical activity enjoyment (PACES), affect, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), VO2, and blood lactate concentration (BLa) were measured. RESULTS Despite a higher VO2, RPE, and BLa consequent with HIIT and SIT (P < 0.05), PACES was significantly higher (P = 0.03) in response to HIIT (107.4 ± 13.4) and SIT (103.7 ± 12.5) compared to CEX (81.6 ± 25.4). Fifty-five percent of participants preferred HIIT and 45% preferred SIT, with none identifying CEX as their preferred exercise mode. CONCLUSION Compared to CEX, brief sessions of submaximal or supramaximal interval training elicit higher enjoyment despite higher metabolic strain. The long-term efficacy and feasibility of HIIT in this population should be explored considering that it is not viewed as more aversive than CEX.
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Zheng Z, Fu Q, Zhao H, Swanson AR, Weitlauf AS, Warren ZE, Sarkar N. Design of an Autonomous Social Orienting Training System (ASOTS) for Young Children With Autism. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2017. [PMID: 28644796 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2016.2598727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Social communication is among the core areas of impairment for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The training of social orientation is important for improving social communication of children with ASD. In recent years, technology-assisted ASD intervention had gained momentum due to its potential advantages in terms of precision, sustainability, flexibility and cost. In this paper, we propose a closed-loop autonomous computer system, named ASOTS, for training social orientation skills to young children with ASD. This system is designed to detect and track a child's attention in response to social orientation bids and help the child towards appropriate social orientation when needed. Response to name, an important social orientation skill, was used to demonstrate the functionality of the proposed system. Ten toddlers with ASD participated in a pilot user study to show whether the system could be used on young children who have been diagnosed with ASD. Another pilot user study with 10 TD infants tested whether this system has a potential to be applied for early detection for infants who were younger than the age when ASD diagnoses can be done. This was done intentionally to separately demonstrate utility and functionality for the clinical population of interest and to demonstrate functionality beyond current clinical identification capacity (i.e., infants). The results showed that the proposed system and the protocol were well tolerated by both groups, successfully captured young children's attention, and elicited the desired behavior.
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Särkämö T. Cognitive, emotional, and neural benefits of musical leisure activities in aging and neurological rehabilitation: A critical review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2017; 61:414-418. [PMID: 28461128 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Music has the capacity to engage auditory, cognitive, motor, and emotional functions across cortical and subcortical brain regions and is relatively preserved in aging and dementia. Thus, music is a promising tool in the rehabilitation of aging-related neurological illnesses, such as stroke and Alzheimer disease. As the population ages and the incidence and prevalence of these illnesses rapidly increases, music-based interventions that are enjoyable and effective in the everyday care of the patients are needed. In addition to formal music therapy, musical leisure activities, such as music listening and singing, which patients can do on their own or with a caregiver, are a promising way to support psychological well-being during aging and in neurological rehabilitation. This review article provides an overview of current evidence on the cognitive, emotional, and neural effects of musical leisure activities both during normal aging and in the rehabilitation and care of stroke patients and people with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppo Särkämö
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Siltavuorenpenger 1B, PO Box 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Rehabilitation trials and postacute care to lessen impairments and disability after stroke, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury almost never include training to promote long-term self-management of skills practice, strengthening and fitness. Without behavioral training to develop self-efficacy, clinical trials, and home-based therapy may fail to show robust results. RECENT FINDINGS Behavioral theories about self-management and self-efficacy for physical activity have been successfully incorporated into interventions for chronic diseases, but rarely for neurologic rehabilitation. The elements of behavioral training include education about the effects of practice and exercise that are relevant to the person, goal setting, identification of possible barriers, problem solving, feedback about performance, tailored instruction, decision making, and ongoing personal or social support. Mobile health and telerehabilitation technologies offer new ways to remotely enable such training by monitoring activity from wearable wireless sensors and instrumented exercise devices to allow real-world feedback, goal setting, and instruction. SUMMARY Motivation, sense of responsibility, and confidence to practice and exercise in the home can be trained to increase adherence to skills practice and exercise both during and after formal rehabilitation. To optimize motor learning and improve long-term outcomes, self-management training should be an explicit component of rehabilitation care and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce H Dobkin
- Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Reed Neurologic Research Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Dan B. Rehabilitative and therapeutic neuroarchitecture. Dev Med Child Neurol 2016; 58:1098. [PMID: 27704543 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gunn M, Shank TM, Eppes M, Hossain J, Rahman T. User Evaluation of a Dynamic Arm Orthosis for People With Neuromuscular Disorders. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2015; 24:1277-1283. [PMID: 28055882 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2015.2492860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an online survey conducted with users of a functional upper extremity orthosis called the Wilmington Robotic EXoskeleton (WREX). The WREX is a passive anti-gravity arm orthosis that allows people with neuromuscular disabilities to move their arms in three dimensions. The paper also describes the design of a novel lightweight 3-D printed WREX used for ambulatory children. Three different versions of the WREX are now offered to patients. Two can be mounted on a wheelchair and one to a body jacket for ambulatory patients. An online user survey with 55 patients was conducted to determine the benefits of the various WREXs. The survey asked ten questions related to upper extremity function with and without the WREX as well as subjective impressions of the device. Results show a statistically significant improvement in arm function for everyday tasks with the WREX.
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Chantsoulis M, Mirski A, Rasmus A, Kropotov JD, Pachalska M. Neuropsychological rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury patients. Ann Agric Environ Med 2015; 22:368-379. [PMID: 26094541 DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1152097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss the basic forms of neuropsychological rehabilitation for patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). More broadly, we discussed cognitive rehabilitation therapy (CRT) which constitutes a fundamental component in therapeutic interaction at many centres worldwide. Equally presented is a comprehensive model of rehabilitation, the fundamental component of which is CRT. It should be noted that the principles of this approach first arose in Poland in the 1970s, in other words, several decades before their appearance in other programmemes. Taken into consideration are four factors conditioning the effectiveness of such a process: comprehensiveness, earlier interaction, universality and its individualized character. A comprehensive programmeme of rehabilitation covers: cognitive rehabilitation, individual and group rehabilitation with the application of a therapeutic environment, specialist vocational rehabilitation, as well as family psychotherapy. These training programmemes are conducted within the scope of the 'Academy of Life,' which provides support for the patients in their efforts and shows them the means by which they can overcome existing difficulties. Equally emphasized is the close cooperation of the whole team of specialists, as well as the active participation of the family as an essential condition for the effectiveness of rehabilitation and, in effect, a return of the patient to a relatively normal life. Also presented are newly developing neurothechnologies and the neuromarkers of brain injuries. This enables a correct diagnosis to be made and, as a result, the selection of appropriate methods for neuropsychological rehabilitation, including neurotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrzej Mirski
- Department of Neuropsychology, Andrzej Frycz-Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Rasmus
- Institute of Psychology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Juri D Kropotov
- Laboratory for Neurobiology of Action Programming, Institute of the Human Brain of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Psychology, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maria Pachalska
- Department of Neuropsychology, Andrzej Frycz-Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland; Institute of Psychology, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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