1
|
Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Ngolong Ngea GL, Godana EA, Yang Q, Zhang H. Biodegradation of patulin in fresh pear juice by an aldo-keto reductase from Meyerozyma guilliermondii. Food Chem 2024; 436:137696. [PMID: 37862990 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Bio-enzymes have shown broad application prospects in controlling mycotoxins due to their strong specificity, fast reaction rate and mild reaction conditions. However, the number of enzymes isolated, purified and characterized to degrade patulin (PAT) is limited. We expressed an aldo-keto reductase (MgAKR) from Meyerozyma guilliermondii in Escherichia coli. The results demonstrated that the purified MgAKR could convert PAT into ascladiol in vitro with NADPH serving as a coenzyme. Adding 300 μg/mL MgAKR resulted in an 88 % reduction of PAT in fresh pear juice without affecting its quality in the biodegradation process. The site-directed mutagenesis suggested that the interaction between MgAKR and PAT occurred through the active sites of Lys242 and Leu240. This study serves as a valuable theoretical reference for the development of enzymes aimed at detoxifying PAT in fruit and their derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianhua Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Esa Abiso Godana
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiya Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zoghi A, Darani KK, Hekmatdoost A. Effects of Pretreatments on Patulin Removal from Apple Juices Using Lactobacilli: Binding Stability in Simulated Gastrointestinal Condition and Modeling. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:135-145. [PMID: 32572682 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, researchers have reported the presence of patulin as a mycotoxin in commercial apple products, especially apple juices. The aim of this study was to assess adsorption of patulin from artificially contaminated apple juice using two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 and Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014. Furthermore, effects of five physical and chemical pretreatments on the patulin adsorption were investigated. Results demonstrated that patulin adsorption abilities of both strains increased with NaOH pretreatment but decreased after autoclaving. The NaOH-treated L. plantarum ATCC 8014 showed the best removal rate (59.74%) after 48 h of refrigerated storage, compared with the NaOH-treated L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 (52.36%). Moreover, stability of the LAB-patulin complex was assessed in simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions and a low quantity of patulin was released into the solution. The patulin adsorption process by NaOH-treated L. plantarum ATCC 8014 followed Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that polysaccharide and protein components of the L. plantarum ATCC 8014 cell wall played key roles in patulin adsorption. The major functional groups of the cell wall that were involved in adsorbing patulin included -OH/-NH, -CH2, C=O, and C-O groups. The current results suggest that NaOH-treated L. plantarum ATCC 8014 cells include the potential to detoxify patulin-contaminated apple juices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaleh Zoghi
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, P.O. Box 193954741, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kianoush Khosravi Darani
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, P.O. Box 193954741, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodríguez-Bencomo JJ, Sanchis V, Viñas I, Martín-Belloso O, Soliva-Fortuny R. Formation of patulin-glutathione conjugates induced by pulsed light: A tentative strategy for patulin degradation in apple juices. Food Chem 2020; 315:126283. [PMID: 32000076 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Patulin is a toxic mycotoxin usually associated with apple products. Due to its unhealthy effects for humans, its content is regulated by the food safety authorities. The removal or degradation of this mycotoxin in contaminated apple juices has been studied with different approaches with uneven effectiveness. However, a strategy based on the chemical reaction between patulin and glutathione (GSH), in order to generate the conjugates that are formed during cell detoxification process, is an innovative approach yet to be evaluated. In this work, the formation of patulin-GSH conjugates activated by the application of pulsed light treatments and catalyzed by Fe2+ ions was evaluated. The study of patulin degradation and effect of the GSH/Fe2+ molar ratio showed that a molar ratio of 5 allows an adequate catalytic effect of the metal ions. In addition, mono-substituted patulin-glutathione adducts were identified as the main type of generated conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Rodríguez-Bencomo
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - Vicente Sanchis
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Viñas
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Olga Martín-Belloso
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Robert Soliva-Fortuny
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu M, Wang J, Wang X, Zhu W, Yao X, Su L, Sun J, Yue T, Wang J. Highly efficient and cost-effective removal of patulin from apple juice by surface engineering of diatomite with sulfur-functionalized graphene oxide. Food Chem 2019; 300:125111. [PMID: 31325752 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) contamination of apple juice leads to a serious food safety issue. Developing an excellent adsorbent to efficiently remove PAT is more desirable. Herein, a cost-effective and efficient adsorbent (GO-SH/diatomite) with abundant active sites was successfully fabricated via surface engineering of diatomite with sulfur-functionalized graphene oxide (GO-SH) nanosheets, which exhibited excellent selective adsorption capacity toward PAT. The adsorption behavior, adsorption mechanism, stability and cytotoxicity were investigated by systematic studies. The adsorption results showed that its maximum adsorption capacity was 10.68 μg/mg. Moreover, attributed to the specific interaction between PAT and thiol group, more than 90% of PAT was removed from apple juice without any juice quality deterioration. Importantly, the risk of food safety issue of apple juice caused by residual GO-SH/diatomite was negligible due to the properties of easy removal and excellent biocompatibility, which guaranteed its potential application in apple juice industry for PAT removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manshun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenxin Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaolin Yao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lihong Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sajid M, Mehmood S, Niu C, Yuan Y, Yue T. Effective Adsorption of Patulin from Apple Juice by Using Non-Cytotoxic Heat-Inactivated Cells and Spores of Alicyclobacillus Strains. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E344. [PMID: 30149638 PMCID: PMC6162514 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10090344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a major threat to many food products, especially apple and apple products, causing human health risks and economic losses. The aim of this study was to remove PAT from apple juice by using the heat-inactivated (HI) cells and spores of seven Alicyclobacillus strains under controlled conditions. The HI cells and spores of seven strains adsorbed PAT effectively, and the HI cells and spores of Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius DSM 451 (A51) showed maximum PAT adsorption capacity of up to 12.621 μg/g by HI cells and 11.751 μg/g by HI spores at 30 °C and pH 4.0 for 24 h. Moreover, the PAT adsorption process followed the pseudo-first order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm model; thermodynamic parameters revealed that PAT adsorption is a spontaneous exothermic physisorption process. The results also indicated that PAT adsorption is strain-specific. The HI cells and spores of Alicyclobacillus strains are non-cytotoxic, and the bioadsorption of PAT did not affect the quality of the juice. Furthermore, the cell wall surface plays an important role in the adsorption process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sajid
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Sajid Mehmood
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Chen Niu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yahong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most lethal form of cancer in the world. Its development often involves an overactivation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, leading to increased cell proliferation, survival, mobility, and a decrease in apoptosis. Therefore, NF-κB inhibitors are actively sought after for both cancer chemoprevention and therapy, and fungi represent an interesting unexplored reservoir for such molecules. The aim of the present work was to find naturally occurring lung cancer chemopreventive compounds by investigating the metabolites of Penicillium vulpinum, a fungus that grows naturally on dung. Penicillium vulpinum was cultivated in Potato Dextrose Broth and extracted with ethyl acetate. Bioassay-guided fractionation of this extract was performed by measuring NF-κB activity using a HEK293 cell line transfected with an NF-κB-driven luciferase reporter gene. The mycotoxin patulin was identified as a nanomolar inhibitor of TNF-α-induced NF-κB activity. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analyses revealed that its mechanism of action involved an inhibition of p65 nuclear translocation and was independent from the NF-κB inhibitor α (IκBα) degradation process. Enhancing its interest in lung cancer chemoprevention, patulin also exhibited antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and antimigration effects on human lung adenocarcinoma cells through inhibition of the Wnt pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Monteillier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre-Marie Allard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Katia Gindro
- Mycology and Biotechnology group, Plant, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 60, P.O. Box 1012, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Muriel Cuendet
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Giovannoli C, Spano G, Di Nardo F, Anfossi L, Baggiani C. Screening of a Combinatorial Library of Organic Polymers for the Solid-Phase Extraction of Patulin from Apple Juice. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9050174. [PMID: 28531103 PMCID: PMC5450722 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9050174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patulin is a water-soluble mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi. Governmental bodies have placed it under scrutiny for its potential negative health effects, and maximum residue limits are fixed in specific food matrices to protect consumers’ health. Confirmatory analysis of patulin in complex food matrices can be a difficult task, and sample clean-up treatments are frequently necessary before instrumental analyses. With the aim of simplifying the clean-up step, we prepared a 256-member combinatorial polymeric library based on 16 functional monomers, four cross-linkers and four different porogenic solvents. The library was screened for the binding towards patulin in different media (acetonitrile and citrate buffer at pH 3.2), with the goal of identifying polymer formulations with good binding properties towards the target compound. As a proof of concept, a methacrylic acid-co-pentaerithrytole tetraacrylate polymer prepared in chloroform was successfully used as a solid-phase extraction material for the clean-up and extraction of patulin from apple juice. Clean chromatographic patterns and acceptable recoveries were obtained for juice spiked with patulin at concentration levels of 25 (64 ± 12%), 50 (83 ± 5.6%) and 100 μg L−1 (76 ± 4.5%). The within-day and between-day reproducibility evaluated at a concentration level of 25 μg L−1 were 5.6 and 7.6%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giovannoli
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy.
| | - Giulia Spano
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy.
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy.
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy.
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ianiri G, Idnurm A, Castoria R. Transcriptomic responses of the basidiomycete yeast Sporobolomyces sp. to the mycotoxin patulin. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:210. [PMID: 26956724 PMCID: PMC4784387 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium expansum, the causal agent of blue mold of stored pome fruits, and several other species of filamentous fungi. This mycotoxin has genotoxic, teratogenic and immunotoxic effects in mammals, and its presence in pome fruits and derived products represents a serious health hazard. Biocontrol agents in the Pucciniomycotina, such as the yeasts Sporobolomyces sp. strain IAM 13481 and Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae strain LS11, are able to resist patulin and degrade it into the less toxic compounds desoxypatulinic acid and ascladiol. RESULTS In this investigation we applied a transcriptomic approach based on RNAseq to annotate the genome of Sporobolomyces sp. IAM 13481 and then study the changes of gene expression in Sporobolomyces sp. exposed to patulin. Patulin treatment leads to ROS production and oxidative stress that result in the activation of stress response mechanisms controlled by transcription factors. Upregulated Sporobolomyces genes were those involved in oxidation-reduction and transport processes, suggesting the activation of defense mechanisms to resist patulin toxicity and expel the mycotoxin out of the cells. Other upregulated genes encoded proteins involved in metabolic processes such as those of the glutathione and thioredoxin systems, which are essential to restore the cellular redox homeostasis. Conversely, patulin treatment decreased the expression of genes involved in the processes of protein synthesis and modification, such as transcription, RNA processing, translation, protein phosphorylation and biosynthesis of amino acids. Also, genes encoding proteins involved in transport of ions, cell division and cell cycle were downregulated. This indicates a reduction of metabolic activity, probably due to the high energy requirement by the cells or metabolic arrest while recovering from the insult caused by patulin toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Complex mechanisms are activated in a biocontrol yeast in response to patulin. The genes identified in this study can pave the way to develop i) a biodetoxification process of patulin in juices and ii) a biosensor for the rapid and cost-effective detection of this mycotoxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ianiri
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del Molise, Via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
- Present address: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Alexander Idnurm
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Raffaello Castoria
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del Molise, Via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Klitgaard A, Frandsen RJN, Holm DK, Knudsen PB, Frisvad JC, Nielsen KF. Combining UHPLC-High Resolution MS and Feeding of Stable Isotope Labeled Polyketide Intermediates for Linking Precursors to End Products. J Nat Prod 2015; 78:1518-1525. [PMID: 26132344 DOI: 10.1021/np500979d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the results from stable isotope labeled precursor feeding studies combined with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for the identification of labeled polyketide (PK) end-products. Feeding experiments were performed with (13)C8-6-methylsalicylic acid (6-MSA) and (13)C14-YWA1, both produced in-house, as well as commercial (13)C7-benzoic acid and (2)H7-cinnamic acid, in species of Fusarium, Byssochlamys, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. Incorporation of 6-MSA into terreic acid or patulin was not observed in any of six evaluated species covering three genera, because the 6-MSA was shunted into (2Z,4E)-2-methyl-2,4-hexadienedioic acid. This indicates that patulin and terreic acid may be produced in a closed compartment of the cell and that (2Z,4E)-2-methyl-2,4-hexadienedioic acid is a detoxification product toward terreic acid and patulin. In Fusarium spp., YWA1 was shown to be incorporated into aurofusarin, rubrofusarin, and antibiotic Y. In A. niger, benzoic acid was shown to be incorporated into asperrubrol. Incorporation levels of 0.7-20% into the end-products were detected in wild-type strains. Thus, stable isotope labeling is a promising technique for investigation of polyketide biosynthesis and possible compartmentalization of toxic metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Klitgaard
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rasmus J N Frandsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dorte K Holm
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter B Knudsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens C Frisvad
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristian F Nielsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Van de Perre E, Jacxsens L, Van Der Hauwaert W, Haesaert I, De Meulenaer B. Screening for the presence of patulin in molded fresh produce and evaluation of its stability in the production of tomato products. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:304-309. [PMID: 24320608 DOI: 10.1021/jf404192n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A screening for the presence of patulin in molded fresh produce was conducted. Patulin was present in 11% of the sweet bell peppers and in 8% of the soft red fruits, but not in onions. Patulin was also found in tomatoes, but could not be detected in derived tomato products. When the production process of tomato concentrates was simulated, none of the evaluated hypotheses could however explain a complete degradation of patulin. It was thus concluded that the tomato varieties used for further processing are probably less susceptible to infestation by patulin-producing molds compared to tomatoes used for the fresh market. This was confirmed by screening for patulin throughout the production process of tomato concentrate, gazpacho, and salmorejo in three different countries; all 191 samples were negative for patulin. Therefore, it can be concluded that no health risk can be associated with derived tomato products considering this particular mycotoxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Van de Perre
- NutriFOODchem Unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Song W, Li C, Moezzi B. Simultaneous determination of bisphenol A, aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and patulin in food matrices by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2013; 27:671-680. [PMID: 23418146 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Bisphenol A has been widely used in plastic containers and this has raised safety concerns for fetuses, infants, and young children. Aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and patulin are among the most toxic regulated mycotoxins found as contaminants in agricultural crops and animal products. To facilitate the analysis of these chemicals for regulatory purposes, we have developed an analytical method enabling their simultaneous detection in beverages and food products. METHODS Analytes were extracted from food matrices such as cereal, peanut butter, cereal-based baby formula and fruit juices, and enriched by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using negative electrospray ionization with selected reaction monitoring, and matrix-matched external calibration was used for quantitation. RESULTS The method was validated by analysis of five types of food and beverage samples fortified with different levels of these analytes. The SPE clean-up and matrix-matched external calibration were critical for the success of this method. The quantitation limits for these analytes ranged from 0.08 to 2.0 ppb, and the overall recoveries of the analytical method were within 66 to 127%. CONCLUSIONS This quantitative method provided several advantages including minimal sample pretreatment, rapid and simultaneous analyte determination, high sensitivity and confirmatory identification. This method could be applied to a variety of food and beverages matrices where bisphenol A and these three mycotoxins may be present in suspect food products. Published 2013. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Song
- Food and Drug Laboratory Branch, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway G365, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guo CX, Yue TL, Yuan YH, Wang ZL, Wang L, Cai R. [Study on mechanism of inactivated cider yeast adsorbing patulin by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy]. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi 2013; 33:672-676. [PMID: 23705430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of patulin adsorption by inactivated cider yeast was studied by chemical modification and FTIR The results of patulin removal by various modified yeast biomass showed that the ability of patulin biosorption by acetone-treated yeast and NaOH-treated yeast increased siginificantly, while the methylation of amino group and esterification of carboxylate functionalities of yeast cell surface caused a decrease in patulin binding, which indicated that amino group and carboxyl group presented in the cell walls of yeast might be involved in the binding of patulin to the yeast. The FTIR analysis indicated that the main functional groups were amino group, carboxyl group and hydroxy group which are associated with protein and polysaccharides.
Collapse
|
13
|
Horváth E, Kálmán N, Pesti M, Iwata K, Kunsági-Máté S. Thermodynamic and kinetic processes during the unfolding of BSA in the presence of the mycotoxin patulin. Acta Biol Hung 2012; 63:389-98. [PMID: 22963919 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.63.2012.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the mycotoxin patulin on the thermodynamics and kinetics of the transition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in aqueous solution were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Photoluminescence methods. Results show that in the presence of patulin, the free enthalpy change during the transition of BSA was decreased by an average of ∼ 46 kJ/mol, the free energy change was decreased by ∼ 4 kJ/mol, and the activation energy fell from ∼ 1546 to ∼ 840 kJ/mol. These results indicate that the bioactivity of patulin is based on the kinetic rather than on the thermodynamic properties of the transition. This is the first evidence of the direct interaction of patulin with the free thiol-containing BSA, a process which could contribute to the adverse cyto- and genotoxic effects induced by patulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Horváth
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dai Z, Huang Y, Sadee W, Blower P. Chemoinformatics analysis identifies cytotoxic compounds susceptible to chemoresistance mediated by glutathione and cystine/glutamate transport system xc-. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1896-906. [PMID: 17367118 DOI: 10.1021/jm060960h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione detoxification has been broadly implicated in resistance to chemotherapy. This study explores the relationship between chemical structure and GSH-mediated chemoresistance. System xc-, the heterodimeric cystine/glutamate exchanger composed of SLC7A11 and SLC3A2, plays a role in maintaining cellular glutathione (GSH) levels. Previous results show that SLC7A11 expression negatively correlates with drug potency across the National Cancer Institute's 60 cell lines for compounds susceptible to GSH-mediated chemoresistance. The number of significant SLC7A11-drug correlations was much greater than those of other genes tested, suggesting that SLC7A11 plays a critical role. Approximately 15% of a curated set of 3045 compounds yielded significant negative SLC7A11 correlations. These compounds tend to contain structural features amenable to GSH reactivity, such as Mannich bases. In cell lines strongly expressing SLC7A11, the potency of selected compounds, was enhanced by inhibition of SLC7A11. This system provides a rapid screen for detecting susceptibility of anticancer drugs to GSH-mediated resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zunyan Dai
- Program of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmacology and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
de Champdoré M, Bazzicalupo P, De Napoli L, Montesarchio D, Di Fabio G, Cocozza I, Parracino A, Rossi M, D'Auria S. A new competitive fluorescence assay for the detection of patulin toxin. Anal Chem 2007; 79:751-7. [PMID: 17222046 DOI: 10.1021/ac0618526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patulin is a toxic secondary metabolite of a number of fungal species belonging to the genera Penicillum and Aspergillus. It has been mainly isolated from apples and apple products contaminated with the common storage-rot fungus of apples, Penicillum expansum, but it has also been extracted from rotten fruits, moldy feeds, and stored cheese. Human exposure to patulin can lead to serious health problems, and according to a long-term investigation in rats, the World Health Organization has set a tolerable weekly intake of 7 ppb body weight. The content of patulin in foods has been restricted to 50 ppb in many countries. Conventional analytical detection methods involve chromatographic analyses, such as HPLC, GC, and, more recently, techniques such as LC/MS and GC/MS. However, extensive protocols of sample cleanup are required prior to the analysis, and to accomplish it, expensive analytical instrumentation is necessary. An immunochemical analytical method, based on highly specific antigen-antibody interactions, would be desirable, offering several advantages compared to conventional techniques, i.e., low cost per sample, high selectivity, high sensitivity, and high throughput. In this paper, the synthesis of two new derivatives of patulin is described, along with their conjugation to the bovine serum albumin for the production of polyclonal antibodies. Finally, a fluorescence competitive immunoassay was developed for the on-line detection of patulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella de Champdoré
- Institutes of Protein Biochemistry and of Genetics & Biophysics, CNR, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ricelli A, Baruzzi F, Solfrizzo M, Morea M, Fanizzi FP. Biotransformation of patulin by Gluconobacter oxydans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:785-92. [PMID: 17114325 PMCID: PMC1800745 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02032-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A bacterium isolated from patulin-contaminated apples was capable of degrading patulin to a less-toxic compound, ascladiol. The bacterium was identified as Gluconobacter oxydans by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, whereas ascladiol was identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance. Degradation of up to 96% of patulin was observed in apple juices containing up to 800 microg/ml of patulin and incubated with G. oxydans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ricelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Katerere DR, Stockenström S, Balducci G, Shephard GS. Determination of patulin in apple juice: comparative evaluation of four analytical methods. J AOAC Int 2007; 90:162-6. [PMID: 17373447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The performance of 4 purification methods for the analysis of patulin in apple juice was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Samples were spiked with patulin at 10, 20, 50, 100, and 150 ppb (ng/mL) and extracted by one of 4 methods (3 solid-phase extraction and one liquid-liquid extraction), and then analyzed by HPLC-UV under the same isocratic conditions. The methods were validated for recovery, linearity, and precision at high and low concentrations. Recoveries were all >70% for spiking range 10-150 ppb. The relative standard deviation for repeatability was found to meet European Union Directive requirements. In addition, all the methods showed baseline separation from hydroxymethylfurfural.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Katerere
- Programme on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis (PROMEC), Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
White S, O'Callaghan J, Dobson ADW. Cloning and molecular characterization of Penicillium expansum genes upregulated under conditions permissive for patulin biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 255:17-26. [PMID: 16436057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2005.00051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is commonly associated with patulin production in pomaceous fruits. Both the full-length isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (idh) gene and a 470 bp fragment of the 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (6-msas) gene have been cloned from P. expansum. In addition, we cloned a 715 bp fragment of a putative ATP-binding cassette transporter gene peab1, together with part of two putative cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes P-450 1 and P-450 2. Increased expression of all five genes was observed under patulin-permissive conditions, indicating not only their likely involvement in patulin biosynthesis but indicating for the first time that regulation of patulin biosynthesis in P. expansum is mediated at the level of gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra White
- Department of Microbiology, and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, National University of Ireland Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Iha MH, Sabino M. Determination of patulin in apple juice by liquid chromatography. J AOAC Int 2006; 89:139-43. [PMID: 16512238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed and validated in-house for the determination of patulin (PAT), a toxic mold metabolite, in apple juice. The sample was extracted with ethyl acetate-hexane and analyzed by liquid chromatography equipped with a C18 column and diode array detector. The mobile phase used for the quantification was water-ethanol, at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The method showed a mean recovery of 84.8%, the relative standard deviation obtained in the precision study was <7.7%, the quantification and detection limits were 7 and 3 microg/L, respectively, and the linear range for PAT in apple juice was 2.6-650 microg/L. The ruggedness was evaluated by an intralaboratory experiment, in which 5 factors were studied, and only one was found to influence the observed results. The developed method is fast, practical, and simple; the solvents (except hexane) and reagents used were nontoxic. The results of the validation confirmed the efficiency of the method, which is sensitive enough to be used in studies required to quantify PAT in apple juice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Iha
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz - Laboratório I de Ribeirão Preto, Rua Minas, 877, CEP 14085-410, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rasmussen TB, Skindersoe ME, Bjarnsholt T, Phipps RK, Christensen KB, Jensen PO, Andersen JB, Koch B, Larsen TO, Hentzer M, Eberl L, Hoiby N, Givskov M. Identity and effects of quorum-sensing inhibitors produced by Penicillium species. Microbiology (Reading) 2005; 151:1325-1340. [PMID: 15870443 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.27715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) communication systems are thought to afford bacteria with a mechanism to strategically cause disease. One example is Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which infects immunocompromised individuals such as cystic fibrosis patients. The authors have previously documented that blockage of the QS systems not only attenuates Ps. aeruginosa but also renders biofilms highly susceptible to treatment with conventional antibiotics. Filamentous fungi produce a battery of secondary metabolites, some of which are already in clinical use as antimicrobial drugs. Fungi coexist with bacteria but lack active immune systems, so instead rely on chemical defence mechanisms. It was speculated that some of these secondary metabolites could interfere with bacterial QS communication. During a screening of 100 extracts from 50 Penicillium species, 33 were found to produce QS inhibitory (QSI) compounds. In two cases, patulin and penicillic acid were identified as being biologically active QSI compounds. Their effect on QS-controlled gene expression in Ps. aeruginosa was verified by DNA microarray transcriptomics. Similar to previously investigated QSI compounds, patulin was found to enhance biofilm susceptibility to tobramycin treatment. Ps. aeruginosa has developed QS-dependent mechanisms that block development of the oxidative burst in PMN neutrophils. Accordingly, when the bacteria were treated with either patulin or penicillic acid, the neutrophils became activated. In a mouse pulmonary infection model, Ps. aeruginosa was more rapidly cleared from the mice that were treated with patulin compared with the placebo group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bovbjerg Rasmussen
- Center for Biomedical Microbiology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette E Skindersoe
- Center for Biomedical Microbiology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bjarnsholt
- Center for Biomedical Microbiology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Richard K Phipps
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Ostrup Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jens Bo Andersen
- Center for Biomedical Microbiology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birgit Koch
- Center for Biomedical Microbiology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten Hentzer
- Carlsberg Research Center, Biosector, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Leo Eberl
- Department of Microbiology, University of Zürich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niels Hoiby
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Michael Givskov
- Center for Biomedical Microbiology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
In the present study, an attempt was made to identify glutathione (GSH) adducts of patulin in precision-cut rat liver slices, which were used as a model system to study the metabolism and biological effects of this mycotoxin. Patulin disappeared in the slices but none of the GSH adducts, previously demonstrated in the chemical reaction of patulin with GSH, could be detected by HPLC. After incubation with various concentrations of patulin, a concentration-dependent decline of the GSH level was observed in the slices. For example, only 25% of the GSH of controls was found with 200 microM patulin. The activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and of drug metabolizing phase I and phase II enzymes, assayed by the hydroxylation and conjugation of testosterone, were also reduced. On the other hand, incubation with patulin markedly increased lipid peroxidation in the slices. The effects of patulin on enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation may be a consequence of the GSH decline, which cannot be accounted for by a direct reaction of patulin with GSH due to the high concentration of GSH in hepatocytes. The decrease of GSH level and GST activity may be related to the putative mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of patulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pfeiffer
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fliege R, Metzler M. Electrophilic properties of patulin. Adduct structures and reaction pathways with 4-bromothiophenol and other model nucleophiles. Chem Res Toxicol 2000; 13:363-72. [PMID: 10813653 DOI: 10.1021/tx9901478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin patulin (PAT) is believed to exert its cytotoxic and chromosome-damaging effects by forming covalent adducts with essential cellular thiols. Since the chemical structures of such adducts are unknown to date, we have studied the reaction of PAT and its O-acetylated derivative with the monofunctional thiol model compound 4-bromothiophenol (BTP), which was chosen due to analytical advantages. By means of analytical and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, 16 adducts of PAT and 3 adducts of acetyl-PAT were isolated and their chemical structures elucidated by (1)H and (13)C NMR, IR, and UV spectroscopy. Time course studies and analysis of daughter product formation from isolated intermediate adducts led to a detailed scheme for the reaction of PAT with BTP. The structures of adducts of PAT formed with other model nucleophiles, e. g., the aliphatic thiol 2-mercaptoethanol and the aromatic amine 4-bromoaniline, were also elucidated and found to corroborate the reaction scheme. In addition, one further reaction pathway was observed with 2-mercaptoethanol, which appears to be independent from those found for BTP. Our study with model nucleophiles provides insights into the electrophilic reactivity of PAT and proved to be useful for the structure elucidation of PAT adducts with biological nucleophiles of toxicological relevance, as will be reported by Fliege and Metzler [(2000) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 13, 373-381].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Fliege
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Karlsruhe, P.O. Box 6980, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
In our studies on the electrophilic properties of the mycotoxin patulin (PAT), we have now investigated the nonenzymatic reaction of PAT with the thiol-containing tripeptide glutathione and its metabolic degradation product N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Adduct formation in aqueous phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was studied by analytical HPLC/DAD, and most of the products were isolated by preparative HPLC. Structure elucidation was carried out mainly by means of high-resolution NMR experiments and comparison of the data with those previously obtained for PAT adducts formed with simple model nucleophiles such as 4-bromothiophenol and 2-mercaptoethanol [Fliege, R., and Metzler, M. (2000) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 13, 363-372]. The assigned structures were confirmed by UV spectroscopy, formation of daughter products from isolated adducts, and partly FAB-MS. The reaction pathways of PAT with NAC were qualitatively the same as those previously observed for the aliphatic thiol model compound 2-mercaptoethanol. Due to the chiral nature of NAC and the new chiral center generated during the reaction with PAT, two diastereomers of each adduct were formed and observed in HPLC analysis. The major products formed in the reaction of PAT with GSH were of the same structural type as obtained with NAC. In addition, three cyclic adducts were formed with GSH, arising from the nucleophilic activity of the alpha-amino groups of the glutamic acid and the cysteine residue. In contrast, free cysteine yielded a markedly different adduct pattern, possibly due to the preferred formation of mixed thiol/amine-type adducts involving the alpha-amino group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Fliege
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Karlsruhe, P.O. Box 6980, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sheu F, Shyu YT. Analysis of patulin in apple juice by diphasic dialysis extraction with in situ acylation and mass spectrometric determination. J Agric Food Chem 1999; 47:2711-2714. [PMID: 10552550 DOI: 10.1021/jf9812329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A procedure combining diphasic dialysis extraction with in situ acylation and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) determination was developed for detection and quantification of the mycotoxin patulin in apple juice. Apple juice samples spiked with 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine were dialyzed using methane chloride and acetic anhydride inside dialysis tubing. Patulin was derivatized into its acetate and collected in the tubing after diphasic dialysis and was directly determined using GC/MS with the selective ion monitoring mode without further concentration and cleanup steps. Quantification was carried out by a calibration curve with an internal standard of correlation. The appropriate parameters of both dialysis and derivatization were examined. The linear range of the calibration curve was found to be 10-250 microg/L for patulin, and the limit of quantification was 10 microg/L. Levels of patulin ranging from 0 to 107.2 microg/L with 77-109% recovery were found in 10 apple samples. The technique combining diphasic dialysis extraction and acylation was demonstrated and showed potential for other applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Sheu
- Department of Horticulture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, 10660 Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The production of mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites by Penicillium expansum on blackcurrant and cherry juice has been studied at 10 degrees C and 25 degrees C under storage imitated conditions. P. expansum was able to synthesize extracellular patulin under all conditions, and together with extracellular chaetoglobosin A when unlimited oxygen was available. Patulin, the chaetoglobosins A and C, the communesins A and B and the expansolides A and B could be detected intracellularly depending on the conditions. The metabolites were detected using thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection by comparison to standards. A method to detect the expansolides A and B by TLC was developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T O Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Krivobok S, Seigle-Murandi F, Steiman R, Benoit-Guyod JL, Bartoli MH. Antitumoral activity of patulin and patulin-cysteine adducts. Pharmazie 1994; 49:277-9. [PMID: 8197228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A comparison between the cytotoxicity and the anti-tumoral activity of patulin and patulin-cysteine adducts has been conducted. In vitro assays using L 1210 and P 388 cells showed that patulin-cysteine adducts had less cytotoxic activity than patulin (IC50 was 4 fold of IC50 patulin). In vivo, cysteine not only reduced the toxicity of patulin but also reduced its antitumoral activity against L 1210 and P 388 mouse leukemias (respectively of 25.7% and 46.6% with 3 mg.kg-1.d-1). By addition on patulin at the 4 or 7 position, cysteine might interfere with the lactone function and the -CH2- in in position 6 which are responsible for the antitumoral activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Krivobok
- Laboratoire de Botanique, Cryptogamie, Biologie Cellulaire et Génétique, UFR de Pharmacie, Université, J. Fourier (Grenoble I), Meylan, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fremy JM, Gleizes E, de Méo M, Laget M. Degradation of patulin using ammoniation. IARC Sci Publ 1991:41-45. [PMID: 8778046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Fremy
- Section of Natural Toxins, CNEVA-LCHA, Paris
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
BRACK A. Isolation of gentisinal alcohol in addition to patulin from the culture filtrate of a Penicillium strain and via some derivatives of gentisinal alcohol. Helv Chim Acta 1947; 30:1-8. [PMID: 20294125 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19470300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|