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Wang D, Fang L, Shi Y, Zhang H, Gao L, Peng G, Chen H, Li K, Xiao S. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus 3C-Like Protease Regulates Its Interferon Antagonism by Cleaving NEMO. J Virol 2016; 90:2090-101. [PMID: 26656704 PMCID: PMC4733996 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02514-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enteropathogenic coronavirus causing lethal watery diarrhea in piglets. Since 2010, a PEDV variant has spread rapidly in China, and it emerged in the United States in 2013, posing significant economic and public health concerns. The ability to circumvent the interferon (IFN) antiviral response, as suggested for PEDV, promotes viral survival and regulates pathogenesis of PEDV infections, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we show that PEDV-encoded 3C-like protease, nsp5, is an IFN antagonist that proteolytically cleaves the nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) essential modulator (NEMO), an essential adaptor bridging interferon-regulatory factor and NF-κB activation. NEMO is cleaved at glutamine 231 (Q231) by PEDV, and this cleavage impaired the ability of NEMO to activate downstream IFN production and to act as a signaling adaptor of the RIG-I/MDA5 pathway. Mutations specifically disrupting the cysteine protease activity of PEDV nsp5 abrogated NEMO cleavage and the inhibition of IFN induction. Structural analysis suggests that several key residues outside the catalytic sites of PEDV nsp5 probably impact NEMO cleavage by modulating potential interactions of nsp5 with their substrates. These data show that PEDV nsp5 disrupts type I IFN signaling by cleaving NEMO. Previously, we and others demonstrated that NEMO is also cleaved by 3C or 3C-like proteinases of picornavirus and artertivirus. Thus, NEMO probably represents a prime target for 3C or 3C-like proteinases of different viruses. IMPORTANCE The continued emergence and reemergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) underscore the importance of studying how this virus manipulates the immune responses of its hosts. During coevolution with its hosts, PEDV has acquired mechanisms to subvert host innate immune responses for its survival advantage. At least two proteins encoded by PEDV have been identified as interferon (IFN) antagonists, papain-like protease (PLP) and N protein. Here, we report that the PEDV nsp5 gene, which encodes the 3C-like protease of PEDV, is another IFN antagonist. Mechanistically, the cysteine protease activity of PEDV nsp5 mediates proteolysis of NEMO, the key adaptor for IFN synthesis, and NEMO is cleaved at glutamine 231 (Q231). The new molecular details and determinants impacting NEMO scission by PEDV nsp5 delineated in this study are fundamental to our understanding of critical virus-host interactions that determine PEDV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanling Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Kui Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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Tan Y, Wang F, Chen X, Wang J, Zhao Q, Li S, Wang Z, Fu S, Chen C, Yang H. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic study of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus main protease in complex with an inhibitor. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:1608-11. [PMID: 25484208 PMCID: PMC4259222 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14021876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) mainly infects neonatal pigs, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Owing to problems such as long periods of virus shedding, existing vaccines cannot provide complete protection from PEDV infection. The PEDV genome encodes two polyprotein precursors required for genome replication and transcription. Each polyprotein undergoes extensive proteolytic processing, resulting in functional subunits. This process is mainly mediated by its genome-encoded main protease, which is an attractive target for antiviral drug design. In this study, the main protease of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in complex with a Michael acceptor was crystallized. The complex crystals diffracted to 2.5 Å resolution and belonged to space group R3, with unit-cell parameters a = 175.3, b = 175.3, c = 58.7 Å. Two molecules were identified per asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinshan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Shuang Li
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zefang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Fu
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haitao Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
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Li BX, Ma GP, Ge JW, Li YJ. [Porcine aminopeptidase N is a functional receptor for the PEDV coronavirus]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2009; 25:220-225. [PMID: 19634766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes lethal diarrhea in piglets that leads to great economic losses in East Asia. It was reported that aminopeptidase N (APN) was the receptor for Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) and Feline coronavirus (FeCoV) which all belonged to group I coronavirus including PEDV. It was also confirmed previously that porcine aminopeptidase N (pAPN) could bind to PEDV, and anti-pAPN antibodies could inhibit the combination. To investigate whether pAPN was a receptor for PEDV, we transfected MDCK cells with porcine aminopeptidase (pAPN) cDNA and this enabled non-susceptible cells to support PEDV replication and serial viral propagation. Moreover, the infection was blocked by antibodies against pAPN, implying the critical role of pAPN during virus entry. In addition, immunofluorescence assays for detection of pAPN and PEDV antigens, together with neutralization assays using antibodies against pAPN, further confirmed the correlation between pAPN expression and viral replication in pAPN-transfected MDCK cells. These results indicated that pAPN is a functional receptor for PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-xian Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Li BX, Ge JW, Li YJ. Porcine aminopeptidase N is a functional receptor for the PEDV coronavirus. Virology 2007; 365:166-72. [PMID: 17467767 PMCID: PMC7103304 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes lethal diarrhea in piglets that leads to great economic losses in East Asia. It was reported that aminopeptidase N (APN) is the receptor for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) and feline coronavirus (FeCoV) which all belong to group I coronavirus including as well as PEDV. It was also confirmed previously that porcine aminopeptidase N (pAPN) can bind to PEDV, and anti-pAPN antibodies may inhibit the combination. To investigate whether pAPN is a receptor for PEDV, we transfected MDCK cells with porcine aminopeptidase (pAPN) cDNA and this enabled non-susceptible cells to support PEDV replication and serial viral propagation. Moreover, the infection was blocked by antibodies against pAPN, implies the critical role of pAPN during virus entry. In addition, immunofluorescence assays for detection of pAPN and PEDV antigens, together with neutralization assays using antibodies against pAPN, further confirmed the correlation between pAPN expression and viral replication in pAPN-transfected MDCK cells. These results indicate that pAPN is a functional receptor for PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B X Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, 150030, Harbin, China
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